Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 21

! !

"
# $ %& % %
"
# $ %
' % (
' ) ( % *
&

! " ! #
$ % &'() '( * + , -
. &(% *

) ) ) )
+
! " #

/ 0 1# 2" " 13 4 5 +
! 6 ''71
3 4 + ! ! %
* 13 4 ! " +
$ % * 5 ! 1 '871 9 !
! 872!
: % 22 ) 8 ;*
$

' &(

) * $ + !! #%

#
%& ' " &( " #

< % *
! 1 = =
+ # + %
= = + *# ∆ 1 #
0 # > !
1 ! #
?/ % ! * = ) = < /@
% ! " * @ % ! *
A B
= =1 )#) ! " 9
)

/. = 0- 77
@
!0

;77
0 /

.(-
! '77
/. -

/
77
/. -

7 ?
7 ( ' 8 7
!! #% ∆! .%%-

#
%& '* + , "
- # & #

, * + $ %

% ( ,-
/ ! # +
C 1 B "
1 D 1 !
+ ! # " # +
(% E ) < + ! 1
! + F

7 7 7
σ= 7 7 7 % *
7 7 %E

/ ! D α +
+ % *1 β +
.

! 1
+ " F

/ ( −β )
( )
= Φ /1 = / ( −β ) % *
/ ( +α )

< % + %− + +

7 7
−β
−β 7 7

%= = 7 −β 7 %− = 7 7 % *
∂/ −β
7 7 +α
7 7

< $ )< ,

(β )
−β + 7 7

(β )
,= (% 0
% −1 = ) 7 −β + 7

(α )
7 7 α +

< σ # +
0 D C 1
+ ε ! 1
+ ε 9 #
+ < F
2

−β
7 7
−β
− −β
< = 00 = 7 7 %(*
−β
α
7 7

< < 9 # +

−β
−β / = −β
% −β *
7 7
% −β *
∂ ∂" −β
"=

= −β / = −β
% −β *
3=

= 7
% −β *
7

α
α/ =α
% +α *
7 7
% +α *

/ +

ε= (3 + 3 ) 0
%&*

< εF

% −β * 7 7
ε= 7 % −β * 7 %'*
7 7 % +α *

B G 7 7H∆ 1 ε = % + ∆ E 7* C +
σ33)ε33 # 0)∆ 1 D
D "
ε33 1 D 9 ! ?
% ! *1 1
+ # !
4

" 1 1
# 7/ )

) (

! +
% 1+ 1+ 1 1 + 1I *
5

& & (

< 1 % ! 1 ! 1
! * <
" " < ?
/
+ + !

) ! $ %
.

)
) !"
!2
)
!"
)
) !1
!"
σ
) )
!1 ) !1
!2

)
!2
ε = −ν ε --
ε =σ ε = −ν ε = −ν
σ
ε = −ν ε --
σ σ σ --
ε = −ν ε = −ν
ε = ε -- =
σ σ
ε -- = −ν ε = −ν
ε -- = −ν ε = −ν
) ) ) ) ) )

%& $'0 " ' ( 6# 7

? + 9 + +
%0 (* > # !
+ 1
8

# <
ν C

σ
σ )
! 2
)
!" σ
)
! 1

σ
+ / 0 # " 6

< + " # )
C + " 1
! < F

0 % % % 1
" ( ( 2 3 4 % % 5
( 2 3 43 ( % 5
% 5 % 5 , %
%

( )= → ( + )= ( + )
%2*
( + ) = ( )+ ( )
0 0 6 0 6
σ σ σ σ
ε = ε = −ν ε = −ν

ε = −ν σ ε =
σ
ε =
σ
−ν
σ
σ σ σ
ε -- = −ν σ
ε -- = −ν ε -- = −ν −ν

0 # '*
(# 6 #
6

< )
) " 1
#

# . # ,
C !

σ σ 66 σ 77
ε = −ν −ν
, , ,
σ 66 σ σ 77
ε 66= −ν −ν %8*
, , ,
σ 77 σ σ 66
ε 77= −ν −ν
, , ,
6 "

σ
/2 ε =
1 $
σ -
ε -= $=
3 $ % + ν*
σ -
ε -=
$
2
" /2
+ 7- & 6

< ' + " #


J ! ε -

, ! 4 % !5 %

<
+ <
+ #' <

ε −ν −ν 7 7 7 σ
ε −ν −ν 7 7 7 σ
ε -- −ν −ν 7 7 7 σ --
= K
ε - 7 7 7 +ν 7 7 σ -
ε - 7 7 7 7 +ν 7 σ -
ε 7 7 7 7 7 +ν σ

! 1 + 3 4
+ +
" # ! J !
!

ε −ν −ν 7 7 7 σ
ε −ν −ν 7 7 7 σ
ε -- −ν −ν 7 7 7 σ --
= K
ε - 7 7 7 +ν 7 7 σ -
ε - 7 7 7 7 +ν 7 σ -
ε 7 7 7 7 7 +ν σ

ε σ −ν −ν 7 7 7
ε 66 σ 66 −ν −ν 7 7 7
ε 77 σ 77 −ν −ν 7 7 7
ε= σ= 9= %;*
ε 7 σ 7 7 7 7 +ν 7 7
ε 67 σ 67 7 7 7 7 +ν 7
ε σ 6
7 7 7 7 7 +ν
6

< 5 ! ! "
D + 1 + L
F

ε :=9 :! σ ! % 7*

5 ! (" < + 5 1
<1

σ : = 3 :! ε ! % *
$

< B
+ F

ν
σ = ε + (ε +ε +ε ) ( = 1: = )
− ν
ν
σ = ε + (ε +ε) (+ε = 1: = )
− ν
ν ( = 1: = )
σ := ε :+ ε !!δ ν
− ν
:
σ = ε + (ε + ε + ε ) % *
− ν ( = 1: = )
σ = {ε } ( = 1: = )
σ = {ε } ( = 1: = )
σ = {ε }
)

( & &

< 3 4 % 28;) 8&2*


!

9 < 8 % !
+ # * 1 σ
ε ! ! '
< '
1ε : = 9 :! σ ! 1ε : = ε : σ! =σ !

ε :=9 :! σ! = 9 :! σ! → 9 :! = 9 : !
ε : =ε :
ε :=9 : ! σ ! = 9 :! σ! → 9 : ! = 9 :!
σ ! =σ !
> F

9 :! = 9 : ! = 9 :!
% *
3 :! = 3 : ! = 3 :!

< B ) + ! #
.

( 6 ' ' /& &(

< "
! !
+ + #
! )
C ) ! 1
+
1 4 !
#

) " ! # $ $
$ %

' .
) %0 2 * < +

M= 0% *
7

N # # ! 0
) 1 1
1 B
10 σD ε1%D
*1 F

ε
M= {σ(ε )D}{ ε}
7
2

0 % 1 ! D
+ 9 + D7 7 < 3 4
) 1 F

ε
ε σ
M ≈ D7 7 ε ε = 67 = 67
7

!0

0
7

#
%& 2 , #

< 2 0 O ) 7

< ! 4 # 0) <
B ! ! ε σ

' . * *
< 8 1 # D !
! ! A
# ! <
! ! ∆ < M
!
F

M= 0 ( )∆ D = 0 ( )∆ D
D D
4

) 9 ) 9

9 9
) )

8 8

, 3 , 3
8 8

3 3

, ,

+ 8 & #

A M1 P
< 0 + 9 Q
#

M= 0 ( )∆ D = σ Q Q∆ D
D D
0

< " $ $ )? 4
+ 6

M = σ Q Q∆ D =

(σ Q ∆ ) +
D 6∂ Q

+ (σ Q ∆ )1
∂ ∂
M= σQ ∆ ++ σQ ∆ +
6 ∂ Q 6 ∂ Q
7

< + 1
! ! ∂ σ QE ∂ Q = 7 3 &
+ # + #
+ # "
+ # '

M= σQ ∆ +
6 ∂ Q
5

A " P
< Q <
1! ! F


M= σQ ∆ +
6 ∂ Q

/ 1 + M + F

∂ ∂
M= σQ ∆ +σQ ∆ Q +
6 ∂ Q ∂
σQ

< %σ QOσQ *1
F

∂ ∂
M= σQ ∆ + ∆ Q +
6 ∂ Q ∂
∆ε Q
M = σ Q ∆ε Q +
6
< F

ε
<= σ : ε " % (*
:
; 7
8

, ' # : ! $ %

' ) ( % *
! 1
+ M+

3 & "
< + +

ε
M+ = σQ εQ
7
/+ + σ ε 1 +

ε
<" = σ0 ε % &*
7

<
R F

M + = σ Qε Q

< 3 4 +
F

M + = σ Qε Q = σ Q 5 Q4 σ 4 = ε Q < Q4 ε 4

< " = σ F 9 Fσ = ε F 3 Fσ % '*

< " = σ 0 9 σ = ε 0 3ε % 2*
' 0 % (

= "
< + < !
#
- < 9 < +

< " = σ :ε : = σ : 9 :! σ ! = ε : 3 :! ε !

9 F

∂ <" ∂ <"
9 :! = = = 9! :
∂σ : ∂σ ! ∂σ ! ∂σ :

B < F

∂ <" ∂ <"
3 :! = = = 3! :
∂ε : ∂ε ! ∂ε ! ∂ε :

$ 9 < % %

You might also like