ADHESIVES

Submitted By: Krischan Gelasan, Liezyl Anne Javier, Lizter Altomera and Ian Balicas
Submitted To: Engr. Mary Angeline Bermoy
CETEST24P
Reporting (Group #5 - E22)

• Adhesive, also known as glue, cement, mucilage or paste, is any non metallic
substance applied to one or both surfaces of two separate items that binds them together
and resists their separation.
• These include the ability to bind different materials together, to distribute stress more
efficiently across the joint, the cost effectiveness of an easily mechanized process, an
improvement in aesthetic design, and increased design flexibility.
• Disadvantages of adhesive use include decreased stability at high temperatures, relative
weakness in bonding large objects with a small bonding surface area, and greater
difficulty in separating objects during testing.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:
• In the course of time and during their development, adhesives have gained a stable
position in an increasing number of production processes.
• There is hardly any product in our surroundings that does not contain at least one
adhesive.

HISTORY OF ADHESIVES:
• The earliest use of adhesives was discovered in Italy.
• Most early adhesives were animal glues by rendering animal products.
• The first adhesives were gums and other plant resins.
• The modern adhesive age began about 1910 with the development of phenol
formaldehyde adhesives for the plywood industry.
TYPES OF ADHESIVES:
1. Natural Adhesives - are made from organic sources such as vegetable matters,
starch, natural resins or from animals. Often referred as bioadhesives. When we
combine these natural products with additives and resins, they become the strong
natural adhesives we all rely on.

TYPES
OF USES
NATURAL ADHESIVES
Cellulose - is made from a natural
Polymer found in trees and woody Used on the cellophane wrapper,
cigarette packs etc.
plants.

Fish glue - is made by heating the painting media, coatings and

skin or bones of fish in water.
Casein glue - obtained from milk,
curd.
Starch - A carbohydrate extracted
from vegetable plants such as corn,
rice, wheat, and potatoes.
grounds, in the gilding of the
illuminated manuscripts
Mostly in ply woods, flush doors
and attachment of laminates
Bookbinding, paper bags and
wallpaper paste

Animal glue - created by prolonged

boiling of animal connective tissue. Bookbinding, wood joining and etc
 2. Synthetic Adhesives - are based on elastomers, thermoplastic, emulsion and
thermoset. The adhesive industry has been hard at work to create synthetic
adhesives that outshine natural glues. The first commercially produced synthetic
adhesive was Karlsons.

Types of Synthetic Adhesives:

1. Thermoplastic adhesives - are fusible, soluble and creep resistant. They have good
resistance to oils but poor resistance to water.
• Polyvinyl acetate is the principal constituent of the PVA emulsion adhesive.
• Cyanoacacrylates are a special type of acrylic resin. It works best on smaller
surfaces, using a very small amount of glue that provides high bond strength on plastic
and rubber materials.
• Hot Melt Adhesives are thermoplastic polymers that are tough and solid at room
temperature. But are very liquid at elevated temperatures. Hot Melts are used for fast
assembly of structures designed to be only lightly loaded.

2. Thermosetting adhesives - set as a result of the building up of molecular chains to

produce a rigid cross linked structure.
• Types of thermosetting adhesives:
1 - Resorcinol resins
2 - Polyesters (unsaturated)
3 - Polyamides
4 - Epoxy resins
5 - PRF ( pheno - resorcinol - formaldehyde resin)
6 - Melamine - Urea - Formaldehyde (MUF)
 TYPES
OF USES
THERMOSETTING ADHESIVES
Resorcinol resins - is water Wood and porous materials.
resistance, they are used to make It provides a waterproof, structural
exterior plywood. bond.
Polyesters - usually made to harden
by chemical action rather than by the Glass fiber binder
evaporation of solvents and thus cure
with little shrinkage.

Polyamides - High performance

adhesives requiring higher curing Metals
temperature and bonding pressures
(up to 0.7 MPA)
Epoxy resins - Have good strength
and chemical resistance, do not
produce volatiles during curing, and
have low shrinkage.
PRF - (phenol-resorcinol-
formaldehyde resin)
Adhesive bond is strong and
waterproof.
MUF - (Melamine-Urea-
Formaldehyde)
Cures at moderate temperature and
duration.
Emits litter formaldehyde gas.
DISADVANTAGES OF THERMOSETTING ADHESIVES:
• Low durability
• Techniques for inspection is limited
• Do not remain stable at high temperature
• Require time to attain strength after application
• Are highly expensive

ADHESIVES FAILURE:
Adhesives can fail at several different points. If a substrate and adhesive are
incompatible, adhesive failure can happen. For example, certain plastics may have
plasticizers that seep into the surface over time and cause adhesive failure in some spots.
Additionally, some surfaces can cause the adhesive to improperly cure.
Common failures are:

- Cohesive
- Adhesive (Interfacial)
- Mixed fracture
- Alternating crack path

USES OF ADHESIVES
- Physically interlocks materials.
- Physically interlocks and chemically bonds materials.
- Dissolves plastics, which then re-harden similar to welding.
- Binds to water and hydroxyl groups on substrate surface.
- Viscosity of adhesive holds materials together.
- Interlocks and binds to water hydroxyl.
PROPERTIES:
- Adhesion to a variety of substrates allows bonding of dissimilar materials
if necessary.
- High damping capacity of the adhesive dissipates dynamic stresses of
vibration, motion, & impact throughout the bond & peel stresses at the
bond line.
- Flexibility and damping resistance resists thermal expansion stresses
when the coefficients of thermal expansion are different between adhesive
and substrates.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE:
- Resists end-use or post-processing temperatures to maintain adhesive chemistry and
the physical bond .
- Withstands physical shock at a range of temperatures .
- Maintains adhesive performance despite exposure to UV light, rain, salt water, and
other weathering conditions.

ADVANTAGES OF ADHESIVES:
- The ability to join two material to give light-weight, but strong and stiff, structures.
- This can also join metallic and non metallic materials.
- An improved stress distribution in the joints.
- Most convenient and most cost effective joining technique.
- An improvement in the appearance of the joined structure.
- An improvement to corrosion resistance.
DISADVANTAGES OF ADHESIVES:
- The temperature it can withstand is limited unlike the welding and riveting.
- The strength and toughness of adhesive in tension or shear is very low compared to
many metals.

ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF ADHESIVES:

• Aerospace:

- To replace mechanical fasteners

- with adhesives stems from desire to prolong
- aircraft life and to reduce costly maintenance.
- Over 50% of the airframe of modern military
- aircraft may be carbon fiber reinforced
- plastics (cfrp) with adhesives.
- Where operating temperature range is -80C.
- to +80C, and salt spraying conditions may to +80C, and salt spraying conditions may
be severe.

• Building
- Some examples include:
- Resinous grouts for anchoring bolts, ties.
- Joining and attaching internal building panels and elements
- Attachment of brick slips to concrete
- Joints between precast concrete units

• Civil engineering
Whilst unsaturated polyesters, polyurethanes and acrylics all have their place among the
applications for thermosetting adhesives, epoxy resins remain the major candidate
materials essentially in non-structural situations such as:
- Industrial flooring in the form of either pourable self-leveling or trowelled filled
compositions.
- water-proofing membranes on concrete bridge decks
- skid resistance layers on roads and other surfaces
- resin mortars or concrete (for repair, etc.)
- low viscosity formulations for the injection and sealing for cracks.