EXPERIMENT NO: 3

TITLE:

STUDY OF FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION TECHNIQUE &

MEASUREMENT OF BANDWIDTH.

OBJECTIVE:

TO STUDY THE PROCESS OF FREQUENCY MODULATION & MEASURE THE

MODULATION INDEX OF FM SIGNAL
TO STUDY THE DEMODULATION OF FM.
THEORY:

Frequency Modulation (FM) is a system in which the frequency of the carrier is

varied in accordance with the signal amplitude. In FM system the amplitude of the carrier
remains const. In FM the information is being carried by the carrier in its freq. Variation and
not in the amplitude. This is the great advantage in FM., because the noise generally affects
the amplitude of a waveform.

An unmodulated carrier written as ---

Ec = A Sin (  ct +  )

Where,  c = carrier freq.

If instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal. Is

m(t) = Em Cos  mt

The instantaneous freq. of the FM carrier is given by

f(t) = fc + kEm Cos  mt

Where, k is proportionality constant

 m = modulating freq.
fmax = fc + kEm
Maximum deviation in frequency is  f =kEm
Modulation index mf for FM is defined

mf = f
fm

(*If mf of the order of one then it will be a N.B.F.M system. If mf >>1 then it will be a
W.B.F.M system. B.W/NBFM=2fm and B.W/WBFM=2  f.)
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

. Simulation Diagram of FM signal generation

RESULTS:

WAVEFORMS:

FM Modulated Wave
 TABLE:
Ec fc fm (Hz) Em Tmax fmin Tmin fmax  f= m=
(Hz) (Hz) 
(V) (V) (sec) (Hz) (sec) fmax- fmin /2 f/fm

DEMODULATION:

At the receiver the information contained in the modulation of carrier has to be extracted. Slope detection
is one of demodulating FM signal.

The information in an FM signal resides in the instantaneous frequency . Hence a

frequency selective network with a transfer function of the form over the FM band
would yield an output proportional to the instantaneous frequency. Therefore, a simple tuned circuit
followed by an envelope detector can serve as a frequency demodulator.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Simulation diagram of FM signal demodulation using Differentiator and Envelope Detector

RESULTS:

WAVEFORMS:

DEMODULATED WAVEFORMS

TABLE:
Em fm E0 f0

(V) (Hz) (V) (Hz)

DISCUSSION: