Newton's Laws of Motion Linear Momentum Damped harmoinic oscillator Relativistic Physics

1. F ⃗ =0 → ⃗a=0 ⃗p =m ⃗v ⃗ =−k ⃗x ⃗f =−b ⃗v (friction)

F 1 u
⃗ d ⃗p γ u= βu =

√
⃗ = dp ⃗p =m⋅⃗v
√
Impulse= c
()
2
2. F dt k 1 b u
dt ω0= = 1−
d p⃗tot m τ m c
3. F 12=− F⃗21
⃗ = F⃗ext =M a⃗cm
dt 1 2 Δ t=Δ t 0 γ u
Forces ẍ+ τ ẋ+ω 0 x=0
m ⋅m 2 Collisions: 1 L0
N⋅m
F G =G 21 2 G=6.67⋅10−11 2 1. Elastic: pi = p⃗ f E ki =E kf
⃗ x= Ae −βt sin( ω t+ϕ) β= ω= √ ω02−β2 <ω0 L= γ u
r Kg 2τ
2 1. Plastic: pi = p⃗ f E ki >E kf Particles stick together
⃗ t Lorentz Transform
q1⋅q2 9 N⋅m
F e =k 2 k =9⋅10 2 1. Explosion: ⃗ p i= p⃗f E ki <E kf v=V 0 e−τ S' is moving away from S with velocity u:
r C ⃗ Driven harmoninc oscillator
dm d ⃗p dv dm S →S ' :
F fs ⩽μ s N ≠0 → =m +⃗ v ⃗f (t)= F 0 sin(ω1 t ) (external force)
dt dt dt dt x '=( x−u t) γu
F fk =μ k N

√
Angular Momentum k 1 b F y '= y
⃗
J =⃗r ×⃗p ω0= (natural freq) τ = α0= 0 z ' =z
⃗
F D'Alembert =−m⃗a m m m
d⃗ J α0 βu
Differential Equations =⃗τ =⃗r × ⃗ F x= X 0 sin (ω1 t+ϕ) X 0 = t ' =( t− x )γ u
dt c
dS
√
2
=−bS S (t)=S 0 e−bt I =∑ mi r i ω1
( )
2
2 2 2
(ω0 −ω1 ) + τ S ' → S :
dt i x=( x '+u t ' )γ u
dS
dt (
=−bS +g S (t)= S 0 − e + ) g −bt g
b b
J⃗p= J⃗cm +r p⃗→ cm ×M v⃗cm
E ω= I ω
1 2
ω1=ω 0 → max (X 0 )
Circular Motion
y=y'
z=z '
Work and Energy 2 v=ω r βu
B
Harmonic Motion v2 t=(t ' + x ' ) γu
W a → b=∫ F⋅dr⃗ ⃗ 2
a c =ω r = c
H (t+T )=H (t) r
A Velocity Transform
W a → b=E k ( B)−E k (A)=Δ E k 1 2π Ballistic motion
f= T =ω S' is moving away from S with velocity ⃗u
1 T x (t)=V 0 cos(θ) t
E k= m v 2 and the object has velocity ⃗v
2 Spring Oscillator 1
⃗ =−k ⃗x y (t)=V 0 sin (θ)t− g t
2 ⃗v ' .∥. +⃗ u v⃗.∥. −⃗ u
dw ⃗ dr ⃗ F 2 v⃗.∥.= v ' .∥. =
⃗
Power= = F⋅ = F ⃗ ⋅⃗
v d2 x u⋅⃗
⃗ v' u⋅⃗v
⃗
dt dt +ω 2
x=0 g x 2 1+ 2 1− 2
Conservative forces and Potential dt
2 y ( x )=tan (θ) x− 2 2
c c

√ √
2 V cos (θ)
√ () ()
0 2 2
B A
k u u
∮ F⃗ ⋅dr⃗ =∫ F⃗⋅dr+ ⃗ ∫F ⃗
⃗ ⋅dr=0 ω=
m
Center of mass ⃗v ' .⊥. 1−
c
v⃗.⊥ . 1−
c
A
B
A B
x (t)=A sin(ω t+ϕ) Rcm =
∑ i i m r v⃗.⊥. =
⃗u⋅⃗v '
⃗v ' . ⊥. =
u⋅⃗v
⃗
∫ F⃗⋅dr⃗ =U (A)−U ( B) x=B 1 sin( ω t)+B 2 cos (ω t) B1= Acos (ϕ) B2= Asin (ϕ) ∑ mi 1− 2
c
1− 2
c
A
v (t )=
dx
=V cos(ω t+ϕ) V =A ω
Linear:Circular Momentum Transform
∂U ∂U ∂U
⃗x : ⃗
0 0
F x =− F y =− F z =− dt θ ⃗ v :ω ⃗ a:⃗
⃗ α
∂x ∂y ∂z 2 ⃗p=γ v m⃗v
a (t)=−ω ⋅x (t) F⃗ :⃗τ ⃗p : ⃗
J m: I
⃗ =− ∂U ∂ U ∂ U E
F x̂ − ̂y − ̂z =−grad (U )=−∇ U Initial Conditions Vectors (⃗x , ⃗y ,⃗z ,t )→( p⃗x , p⃗y , p⃗z , )
∂x ∂y ∂z x (t 0)=X 0 v (t 0 )=V 0 c
B ⃗
A⋅B ⃗ =∣A∣⋅∣B∣⋅cos(θ)
⃗ Doppler effect

√
∫ U (r )⋅dr=⃗ ∫ U (r (t))⋅dr dt
√
2
dt ω=
k 2 V0
A= X 0+ 2 ϕ=arctan( ω
X0
)−ω t 0
∣⃗A× ⃗B∣=∣⃗A∣⋅∣⃗B∣⋅sin (θ) For pulses of light with velocity between frames ⃗u

√
C A
m ω V0 Spacetime Invariant 1−βu
U g=−W 0 → h ( F g )=mgh 1 2 1 2 d 2
−Δ t 2 2
c =d 2
−Δ t 2 2
c f <==>= f '
E= mV 0= k A 1 1 2 2 1+βu
2 2 Energy

√
W A → B (F g )=U g (A)−U g ( B)
Mathematical Pendulum 1+βu
E total =γ v m c 2 f = f '
⃗ =−m g sin(θ)
F =><=
1−βu
1 2
E 0=mc rest energy
U el =−W 0 → x (F el )= kx 2 g For pulses of particles with velocity between frames u ⃗
2 θ̈+ sin(θ)=0
l E k =E total− E 0=( γ v −1)mc 2 and particle velocities of ⃗v
W A → B (F el )=U el (A)−U el ( B) 2 2 2 2 4
sin(θ)≃θ for θ ≪1
d 2U
E total − p c =m c √ 1−β2u
Stable Equilibrium: >0
√ g f =f '
2 2 2 2
dx 2 ω= E −( p c) =E ' −( p ' c) u
l 1+
d2U θ=θ sin (ω t+ϕ)
v
Unstable Equilibrium: ⩽0 0
dx 2