ROJAS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

2nd Floor, Yap Building, 35 M. Velez St , Barangay Guadalupe, Cebu City

A dc generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical After assembly on the generator, the number of poles (P), number of
energy into direct current electricity. This energy conversion is based armature windings (Z), and the number of parallel paths (a) will
on the principle of production of dynamically induced emf. become constant.

BASIC PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR PNZ E  N   

E=  E = kN  then, 2   2   2 
Yoke 60a E1  N1   1 
N
Shaft EXAMPLE 1: A 6-pole wave wound armature has 640 conductors. If
S S
Field Poles Armature core the flux per pole is 16 mWb, at what speed (in rpm) must be driven in
N order to generate 256 V?
Brushes
Commutator
PNZ
Eg   a  2m, for lap
Yoke: The outer frame of a dc machine is called as yoke. It is made up 60a
of cast iron or steel. It not only provides mechanical strength to the 6N(640)(0.016)
whole assembly but also carries the magnetic flux produced by the field 256 =  m  1, for simplex
60(2  1)
winding.
N = 500 rpm
Poles and pole shoes: Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of
bolts or welding. They carry the field winding and pole shoes are EXAMPLE 2: A 4-pole, 1250 rpm, dc generator with simplex lap wound
fastened to them. Pole shoes serve two purposes; (i) they support field armature has 72 slots and 12 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is
coils and (ii) spread out the flux in air gap uniformly. 0.02 Wb. Calculate the emf induced in the armature.

Field winding: They are usually made of copper. Field coils are former PNZ
E  a  mP, for lap
wound and placed on each pole and are connected in series. They are 60a
wound in such a way that, when energized, they form alternate North
4(1250)(72 slots x 12 conductors )(0.02)
and South poles. = slot  a  mP, for lap
60(1  4)
Armature core: Armature core is the rotor of the machine. It is E = 360 V
cylindrical in shape with slots to carry armature winding. The armature
is built up of thin laminated circular steel disks for reducing eddy EXAMPLE 3: A 4-pole dc generator has 124 simplex lap coils each
current losses. It may be provided with air ducts for the axial air flow having two turns. The flux per pole is 0.015 Wb. Calculate the dc
for cooling purposes. voltage appearing across the brushes when running at 1500 rpm in a
steady field.
Armature winding: It is wound copper coil which rests in armature
slots. The armature conductors are insulated from each other and also Note: Each turn of a coil, there are 2 conductors. As given each coil has
from the armature core. Armature winding can be wound by one of the two turns, thus there are 4 conductors per coil
two methods; lap winding or wave winding.
PNZ
 Lap winding – use for low voltage dc generators E=  a  mP, for lap
60a
 Wave winding – use for high voltage dc generators
4(1500)(124 coils x 4 conductors )(0.015)
= coil
Commutator and brushes: The function of a commutator, in a dc 60(1  4) 1 coil = 2 turns
generator, is to collect the current generated in armature conductors. A E = 186 V = 4 wires
commutator consists of a set of copper segments which are insulated
from each other. The number of segments is equal to the number of
POWER LOSSES IN DC GENERATORS
armature coils. Brushes are usually made from carbon or graphite.
They rest on commutator segments and slide on the segments when
Copper loss – when an electric current of I ampere flows in a
the commutator rotates keeping the physical contact to collect or
resistance of R ohms, heat energy is lost at the rate of I2R, watts.
supply the current.

GENERATED EMF IN THE ARMATURE Pcu =   I2R 

According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, whenever a
Friction & windage loss – when machine is running there are various
conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field or a conductor is
frictional forces to be overcome, which requires a continuous
moved in a magnetic field), an emf (electromotive force) gets induced
expenditure of energy and results in heating the rubbed parts.
in the conductor.
Core loss or Iron loss – these are heat losses in the iron of the
PNZ armature core produced by changes in the direction and the magnitude
E=   in webers
60a of the flux. The core loss is the sum of the eddy current loss and the
PNZ hysteresis loss.
E= x 10-8   in maxwells
60a
THEORY: The eddy current loss is proportional to both the speed and
E = generated voltage, in volt (V) flux while the hysteresis loss is proportional to speed and the flux
P = number of poles raised to 1.6.
N = speed armature rotation, in rev/min (rpm)
Z = total number of conductors in the armature 2 2
P N   
 = flux per pole Peddy = k eN22  e2 =  2   2 
Pe1  N1   1 
a = number of armature current paths
1.6
P  N   
a  mP  for lap winding Physteresis = k hN1.6  h2 =  2   2 
Ph1  N1   1 
a = 2m  for wave winding

Note: The exponent 1.6 of B in the formula is called Steinmetz

m = multiplicity factor (also called flex factor)
exponent. In modern machines, the value of the exponent is closer to
m = 1 (for simplex winding) – only one armature winding
2. Thus if by using 1.6, the answer is not available, then try using 2.
m = 2 (for duplex winding) – two armature windings are used
m = 3 (for triplex winding) – three armature windings are used, etc
FOOD FOR THE BRAINS: In old books, hysteresis loss is considered as
proportional to both speed and flux. Use this concept if using the
exponent of 1.6 or 2 are not available from choices.

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 ROJAS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2nd Floor, Yap Building, 35 M. Velez St , Barangay Guadalupe, Cebu City

P  N    RL = load resistance
Physteresis = k hN  e2 =  2   2  Ia = armature current
Pe1  N1   1  If = field current; IL = load current
E = generated emf in the armature
Stray load loss: These are load losses not covered by the above losses VL = load voltage or terminal voltage
as outlined. The stray load losses (assumed) shall be taken as 1% of
the output. Include these losses only when it is given or when the EXAMPLE 5: The armature of a separately excited generator has a
answer in computing efficiency is not available from choices. resistance of 0.16 ohm. When run at its rated speed, it yields 132 V on
open circuit and 126 V on full load. How much power is delivered to the
FOOD FOR THE BRAINS: Friction and windage loss plus the core loss external circuit?
also called stray power loss These losses are assumed constant at any
loading, unless otherwise specified as to vary.
Ra
EXAMPLE 4: The hysteresis and eddy current losses of a given dc 0.16 Ia VL

LOAD
RL
machine are 200 watts and 120 watts respectively when running at 126V
1000 rpm. At what operating speed will the total core loss be increased Eg=132V +
-
by 20%? Assume flux per pole is constant.
Separately-excited DC Generator
Ph = kN1.6   is constant as given
E g  VL  I a R a
Ph2 N2
= 132  126  I a ( 0.16 )
Ph1 N1
Ph2 N Ia  37.5 A
 2  Ph2  0.2N2
200 1000 PL  VL Ia  126 ( 37.5 )  4725 W

Pe = kN22   is constant SHUNT GENERATOR

2
Pe2  N2  The field windings are connected across the armature windings.
= 
Pe1  N1 
2
Pe2  N2  2 Ra
   Pe2  0.00012N2 Ia
120  1000  Rsh RL RL VL
E +- Ish IL
Pcore2 = Ph2 + Pe2
1.2(200  120)  0.2N2  0.00012N22  use calculator Equivalent Circuit Diagram
N2  1140 rpm
Rsh = shunt field resistance
Ish = shunt field current
EFFICIENCY OF A DC GENERATOR
VL
Efficiency is the ratio of output power to the input power. Ia = IL + Ish ; Ish = ; E = VL + IaR a
R sh
P Pout Pout
  out   RULE OF THUMB: If not specified, flux  in a shunt generator is
Pin Pout  Plosses Pout  Pcu  Pco  Pfw
assumed constant.
Condition to attend Maximum Efficiency: The variable loss (copper loss) DC SERIES GENERATORS
must be equal to the constant losses (core loss & friction & windage
loss) The field windings are connected in series with the armature windings.
Pout(max)
(max)  Rse
Pout(max) + 2 Pcostant loss  Ra
Ia
RL RL VL
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF DC GENERATOR IL
E +-
(a) Separately-excited DC generator
(b) Self-excited DC generator Equivalent Circuit Diagram
- Shunt generator
- Series generator E = VL + Ia (R a  R se )  Ia  IL
- Long shunt compound generator
- Short shunt compound generator Rse = resistance of the series field windings

SEPARATELY-EXCITED DC GENERATOR RULE OF THUMB: If not specified, in a series generator the flux is
assumed to be proportional to the armature current.
The field winding of the generator is excited or supplied from a
separate or external dc source like a battery or another dc generator DC LONG-SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR

This generator is a combination of the shunt and series generators. The

Ra Ia series field winding is connected in series with the armature winding.
Vf Rf RL VL Rse
E +
- IL=Ia
Ra
Ia
External Source Equivalent Circuit Diagram Rsh RL RL VL
E + Ish IL
E = VL + IaR a -
Equivalent Circuit Diagram
Ra = armature winding resistance
Rf = field winding resistance

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 ROJAS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2nd Floor, Yap Building, 35 M. Velez St , Barangay Guadalupe, Cebu City

VL EXAMPLE 8: A short shunt compound dc generator supplies a current

Ia = IL + Ish ; Ish = ; E = VL + Ia (R a  R se ) of 100 A at a voltage of 220 V. If the resistance of the shunt field is 50
R sh
ohms, of the series field 0.025 ohm, of the armature 0.05 ohm, the
total brush drop is 2 V, and the iron and friction losses amount to 1
DC SHORT-SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR kW, find the BHP of the driving engine.
This generator is a combination of the shunt and series generators. The Rse =0.025
series field winding is connected in series with the load.
Ia
Rse Ra
0.05 VL

LOAD
Rsh
Ra 50 Ish IL 220V
Ia E +
- 2V
Rsh RL RL VL
E + Ish IL
- DC Short-shunt Generator

Equivalent Circuit Diagram

Note: BHP (brake horsepower) is the output power or rating of the
driving engine which is equivalent to the power input of the generator
V
Ia = IL + Ish ; Ish = sh ; Vsh = VL + ILR se ; E = Vsh + IaR a
R sh Vsh  220  100(0.025)  222.5 V
222.5
EXAMPLE 6: A certain 110-V shunt generator has an armature and Ish   4.45 A
50
brush resistance of 0.06 ohm at full load of 85 A. The resistance of the
Ia  100  4.45  104.45 A
shunt field is 45 ohms, and the stray power losses are found to be 897
watts. Determine the efficiency. Pb  VbIa  2(104.45)  208.9 W
Pcu    I2R   (104.45)2 (0.05)  (4.45)2 (50)  (100)2 (0.025)
Ia
Ra  1785.615 W
0.06 VL Pout  VL IL  220(100)  22, 000 W
LOAD

Rsh
45 Ish IL 110V
Eg +
- Pin  Pout  Pb  Pcu  Pstray

DC Shunt Generator  22, 000  208.9  1785.615  1000

1 hp
Pin  24, 994.515 W x  33.504 hp
746 hp
110
Ish   2.44 A; Ia  85  2.44  87.44 A
45 DC GENERATORS WITH INTERPOLE WINDINGS
Pcu  Ia2 R a  Ish2 R sh  ( 87.44 )2 ( 0.06 )  ( 2.44 ) 2 ( 45 )  726.65 W OR COMPENSATING WINDINGS
Pout  IL VL  85 (110 )  9350 W
These windings are used to counteract the distortion of the main field
flux caused by the phenomenon called armature reaction. These
Pout 9350 windings are connected in series with the armature windings.
 =   85.204%
Pout  Pcu  Pstray 9350  726.65  897 Rc

EXAMPLE 7: A long-shunt compound generator supplies 22 kW at a Ra

terminal voltage of 220 V. The resistance of the armature, the shunt Ia
Rsh RL RL VL
field and the series field are respectively 0.05 ohm, 110 ohms and 0.06
ohm. If the overall efficiency of the above load is 88%, find the iron E + Ish IL
-
and friction losses.
DC Shunt Generator with a compensating windings
Rse =0.06
E = VL + Ia (R a  R c )
Ia
Ra
0.05 VL RC = resistance of the compensating windings
LOAD

Rsh
110 Ish IL 220V
E +
- DC GENERATOR WITH A DIVERTER RESISTANCE

Diverter – a variable resistance (rheostat) used to control the current in

DC Long-shunt Generator
the series field windings. It is connected in parallel or across the series
field windings.
22, 000 220
IL   100 A; Ish   2 A; Ia  100  2  102 A
220 110
Rd
Pcu   I2R   (102)2 (0.05  0.06)  (2)2 (110)  1584.44 W
Rse
Ra
Pout Ia
Rsh RL RL VL

Pout  Pcu  Pstray Ish
E + IL
22, 000
-
0.88 
22, 000  1584.44  Pstray DC Long-shunt Generator with a diverter resistance
Pstray  1415.56 W
Rd = resistance of the diverter resistor

Let: Req = equivalent resistance of Rse and Rd in parallel

R dR se
E = VL + Ia (R a  R eq )  R eq 
R d  R se

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 ROJAS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2nd Floor, Yap Building, 35 M. Velez St , Barangay Guadalupe, Cebu City

PARALLEL OPERATION OF DC GENERATORS E  VL V

IL2  Ia2  Ish  2  L
R a2 R sh2
Generators are connected in parallel in order to avoid overloading the
generators since each generator in parallel operation will share a 460  439.91 439.91
   1000 A
common load. 0.02 100
+ P2  VL IL2  439.91(1000)  440 kW
Busbars
CASE II: Given the external characteristics of the generators
-
+ - + - + - FOOD FOR THE BRAINS: The characteristic curve of the generator is
Gen-1 Gen-2 Gen-3 Load always assumed linear.

Voltage
Requirements
VNL  VFL VNL  VL
- Equal magnitude of terminal voltage   by similar triangle
- Same terminal polarity VNL IFL IL
- Same type of dc generator (as to external characteristics) I (V  VL )
VL IL  FL NL
IL VNL  VFL
CASE I: Given the internal parameters of the generators VFL
IFL
Current
IL1 IL2
Ia1 Ia2 IL VNL = no-load voltage
Ra1 Ra2 VFL = full-load voltage
Ish1 Ish2
Rsh1 Rsh2 R L VL VL = operating voltage or bus bar voltage
E1 + E2 + IFL = current delivered when terminal voltage is VFL
- - IL = current delivered when terminal voltage is VL

EXAMPLE 10: Two 220-V generators operate in parallel. One machine

Shunt Gen-1 Shunt Gen-2 has a terminal voltage of 260 V on no lad and 220 V when supplying 30
A. The second machine has a voltage of 270 V on no load and 220 V
Using, Millman’s Theorem,
when supplying 45 A. Calculate the bus bar voltage when the total
current shared is 65 A?
E1 E
 2  ...
R a1 R a2 I (V - V )
VL  Formula: IL = FL NL L  memorize
1 1 1 1 1
    ...  VNL - VFL
R a1 R a2 R sh1 R sh2 RL
Substitute data for generators 1 and 2:
VL = terminal voltage or bus bar voltage I1 I2
30(260 - VL ) 45(270  VL )

LOAD
E  VL V E  VL V I1  ; I2  G1 G2 It VL
IL1  1  L ; IL2  2  L 260 - 220 270  220
R a1 R sh1 R a2 R sh2
I1  I2  Itotal
IL1 = current delivered by generator 1
30(260 - VL ) 45(270  VL )
IL2 = current delivered by generator 2   65
260 - 220 270  220
PL1  VL IL1  power shared by generator 1 VL = 226.06 volts
PL2  VL IL2  power shared by generator 2
INDUCED EMF IN THE ARMATURE CONDUCTORS OF A DC MOTOR
EXAMPLE 9: Two shunt generators are running in parallel to supply a FOOD FOR THE BRAINS: A dc motor is similar in construction to a dc
total current of 1,500 A. Each machine has a field resistance of 100  generator. Any dc generator will run as dc motor when its field and
and an armature resistance of 0.02 . The emfs generated by each armature windings are connected to a source of direct current.
machine are 450 V and 460 V, respectively. Find the kW share by the
460-V generator. Induced emf of a dc motor is similar concept to the induced emf of a dc
generator. In dc motors this is normally called counter emf or back emf
Using Millman’s Theorem:
I=1500A
IL1 IL2 Ra PNZ
Ia Eb =
Vs 60a
Ia1 Ia2 + N
0.02 0.02 Eb E b = Vs - I a R a
Ish1 Ish2
100 100 VL -
E1 +- 450V E2 +- 460V Equivalent circuit of the armature of a dc motor
Eb = back emf, in volt (V)
P = number of poles
Z = total number of conductors
E1 E = flux per pole, weber (Wb)
 2 N = speed at which the armature is driven (rpm)
R a1 R a2 1 I
VL   note,  L a = number of armature current paths
1 1 1 1 1 R L VL
    Vs = external supply voltage
R a1 R a2 R sh1 R sh2 RL Ia = armature current
450 460

VL  0.02 0.02  use calculator a  mP  for lap winding
 1   1  1500 a = 2m  for wave winding
2   2  
 0.02   100  VL
VL  439.91 volts After assembly, P, Z & a will become constant.

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 ROJAS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2nd Floor, Yap Building, 35 M. Velez St , Barangay Guadalupe, Cebu City

E  N    SPEED REGULATION
Eb = kN  b1   1   1 
Eb2  N2   2  Speed regulation is the percentage rise in the speed of a motor when
the load on the motor is taken out.
Subscript 1 – for condition 1
Subscript 2 – for condition 2 No load speed - Full load speed NNL  NFL
% Speed Reg. = 
TORQUE & POWER DEVELOPED IN A DC MOTOR Full load speed NFL

Torque is a measure of how much force is acting on a rotating object. SEPARATELY-EXCITED DC MOTOR
Gross torque is the torque developed by the armature
A separately-excited dc motor is a dc motor whose field winding is
2 NT exited from a separate dc source.
P = Eb Ia  P =
60
Is Ra
Ra
P = power, in watt (W) Vf Rf Vs
Eb = back emf, in volt (V) Ia + Eb
Ia = armature current, in ampere (A) -
N = speed of armature rotation, in rev/min (rpm)
T = torque, in newton-meter (N-m) External Source Equivalent Circuit Diagram

Combining the above formulas, the torque developed in the armature is Eb = Vs - IaR a ; Is  Ia
given by the equation,
Vs = dc supply voltage, in volts (V)
PZI a
T= Eb = back emf of the motor, in volts (V)
2 a Ra = armature winding resistance, in ohms ()
Ia = armature current, in ampere (A)
Note: After assembly, P, Z & a will become constant. Is = motor current drawn from the supply, (A)

I   1  DC SHUNT MOTOR
T
T = kIa  1   a1   
T2  Ia2   2  The armature and field windings of this motor are connected in parallel
across the supply voltage.
Shaft torque is the torque available for useful work. It is so called shaft
torque because it is available at the shaft. The horsepower obtained
using the shaft torque is called brake horsepower (B.H.P.) Is Ra
Vs RL Rsh
2 NT Ia Ish
P=  P = hp; N = rpm; T = N - m + Eb
-
44760
2 NT Equivalent Circuit Diagram
P=  P = hp; N = rpm; T = lb - ft
33000
Rsh = shunt field winding resistance, in ohm ()
Ish = shunt field current, in ampere (A)
EXAMPLE 11: A 4-pole dc shunt motor, lap wound armature has 650
conductors. The flux per pole is 30 mWb. Calculate the armature
Vs
torque when the armature current is 40 A. Is = Ia  Ish ; Ish  ; Eb = Vs - IaR a
R sh
PZIa
T=  for lap, a = mP
2a Note: In a shunt motor, the flux is assumed constant at any loading, if
-3 not specified to vary.
4(650)(30 x 10 )(40)
T= = 124 N - m
(2)(1  4) DC SERIES MOTOR

POWER LOSSES IN DC MOTORS The armature and field windings of this motor are connected in series
across the supply voltage.
Note: The losses in a dc motor are basically similar to a dc generator

Is=Ia Rse
Total losses  Copper loss + Stray power loss Ra
Vs Ia
Note: Stray power loss is equal to core loss plus friction and windage
+ Eb
loss . Stray power loss is sometimes called as constant loss. -
MEASUREMENT OF STRAY POWER LOSSES
Rse= resistance of the series field winding, in ohm
During the test, the dc machine (either a generator or a motor) is run
light or without a load at rated speed. Eb = Vs - Ia (R a  R se ); Is = Ia

Pstray  VsIa(NL)  Ia(NL)2R a(total) Note: In a series motor, flux  is proportional to the armature current.

T = k I a   but,  = k' I a
Vs = supply voltage, in volts (V)
Ia = armature current at no load, in amperes (A) T = k' I a 2  for series motors
Ra(total) = total resistance in the armature circuit, in ohm

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 ROJAS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2nd Floor, Yap Building, 35 M. Velez St , Barangay Guadalupe, Cebu City

DC LONG-SHUNT COMPOUND MOTOR Pout Pin  Ploss 1000  (181  90 )

    72.9%
A compound motor is a combination of a shunt and a series motor. It Pin Pin 1000
has two field windings, a series field and a shunt field. When the series
field windings are connected in series with the armature windings, the EXAMPLE 14: A 4-pole, 220-V dc series motor has a wave wound
compound motor is called long-shunt compound motor. armature with 960 conductors. The flux per pole is 20 mWb, when
Rse motor is taking 50 A. The resistance of armature and series field are
0.2 ohm each. Calculate the motor speed.
Is
Ra Rse=0.2
Vs Rsh Ra=0.2
Ia
Ish + Eb
Vs Is=50A
- 220V
Ia + Eb
-
Equivalent Circuit Diagram
DC Series Motor
V
Is = Ia  Ish ; Ish  s ; Eb = Vs - Ia (R a  R se )
R sh Eb  Vs  Ia (R a  R se )  220  50(0.2  0.2)  200 V

DC SHORT-SHUNT COMPOUND MOTOR PNZ

E  a = 2m, for wave windings
60a
When the series field windings are connected in series with the supply 60aEb 60(2  1)(200)
terminals, the compound motor is called short-shunt compound motor. N=   312.5 rpm
PZ 4(960)(20 x 10-3 )
Rse
EXAMPLE 15: A long shunt compound motor takes current of 24 A at
Is 400 V supply. The armature, series field and shunt field resistances are
Ra
0.6 ohm and 0.4 ohm and 100 ohms respectively. The iron losses of
Vs Rsh Ia the motor is 500 watts. Calculate the motor overall efficiency of the
Ish + Eb motor.
-
Equivalent Circuit Diagram Is=24A Rse=0.4
Ra=0.6
V Vs Rsh
Is = Ia  Ish  Ish  sh 400V 100
R sh + Eb
-
Ish Ia
Vsh  Vs  IsR se
Eb = Vs - IsR se  IaR a DC Long-shunt Compound Motor

400
EXAMPLE 12: A 110 V separately-excited motor runs at 1000 rpm Ish   4A; Ia  24  4  20A
while drawing an armature current of 50 A. The armature resistance is 100
0.2 . What will be its speed when the motor draws an armature
current of 80 A at the same suuply voltage. Pout  Pin  Ptotal losses

Eb = kN   is constant 
 Vs Ia  Ia2 (R se  R a )  Ish2R sh  Pstray 
Eb1 N1
=
Vs
Ra=0.2 
 400(24)  (20)2 (0.4  0.6)  (4)2 (100)  500 
Eb2 N2
110V Pout  7100 W
Ia + Eb
- P 7100
Eb  Vs  IaR a   out  x 100%  73.96%
Pin 400(24)
Eb1  110  50(0.2)  100 V Separately-excited DC Motor
Eb2  110  80(0.2)  94 V EXAMPLE 16: A 220 V short shunt compound motor has an armature
resistance of 0.4 , a shunt field resistance of 175  and a series field
Eb1 N1 resistance of 0.4 . Calculate the horsepower developed in the
= armature if the armature is drawing a current of 30 A.
Eb2 N2
100 1000
  N2  940 rpm Rse=0.4
94 N2

EXAMPLE 13: A dc shunt motor has an armature and shunt field Is =30A
Ra=0.4
resistances of 1 ohm and 100 ohms respectively. The motor draws a Vs Rsh
line current of 10 A when connected from a 100 V supply. If the total 220V 175 Ish
+ Eb
mechanical loss is 90 W, calculate the efficiency. Ia=30A -

DC Short-shunt Compound Motor

Is=10A
Ra=1
Vs Vsh  220  0.4Is
Ia Rsh
100V V
+ 100 Ish Is  Ia  Ish  Ish  sh
- Eb R sh

DC Shunt Motor 220  0.4Is

Is  30   use calculator
175
Vs 100
Ish    1 A; Ia  Is  Ish  9 A Is  31.185 A
R sh 100
Pcu  Ia2 R a  Ish2 R sh  ( 9 ) 2 (1)  (1) 2 (100 )  181 W
Pin  Vs Is  100 (10 )  1000 W

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 ROJAS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2nd Floor, Yap Building, 35 M. Velez St , Barangay Guadalupe, Cebu City

Eb  Vs  IsR se  IaR a EXAMPLE 18: The measured speed of a dc motor is 1100 rpm. The
net force registered on the scale used with a prony brake is 16 lbs. If
Eb  220  31.185(0.4)  30(0.4)  195.526 V
the brake arm measured 28 inches, what is the horsepower output of
Pdev  EbIa  195.526(30)  5865.78 W the motor.
1 hp
Pdev = 5865.78 W x = 7.86 hp 2NT 2N(Net force x length of arm)
746 W HP  
33, 000 33, 000
DC MOTOR STARTING
2(1100)(16)( 28 )
HP  12  7.82 hp
At starting, the back emf is zero or not yet present thus causing the 33,000
armature current to become very high. To reduce the starting current
to a safe level, a starting resistance (a rheostat) is connected in series <end of disussion>
to the armature winding.

R
Ra
VS
Ia(start) + Eb=0
-
Armature equivalent circuit at starting
Vs
Ia(start) 
Ra  R

R = resistance of the starter connected in series with the armature

Ra = armature resistance
Vs = supply voltage

EXAMPLE 17: A 230-V, 10-hp dc motor has an armature resistance of

0.5 ohm. If the full load armature current of the motor is 40 A and it is
desired to limit the starting current to 150% of this value, find the
starting resistance that must be added in series with the armature.

Let: R = resistance of starter

Vs
Ia ( start )   formula
Ra  R
230
1.5 ( 40 ) 
0.5  R
R  3.33 ohms

PRONY BRAKE TEST

Named after the French engineer-mathematician, and physicist, Baron

de Gaspard Francois Marie Richie Prony.

Scale
Reading

Brake Shoe
MOTOR
SHAFT

N Length of arm

The purpose of the test is to determine the output power of the motor.

Note: The scale reading is a unit of force

T =  scale reading - dead weight  x length of arm

Dead weight (sometimes called tare weight) – it is the weight of the

arm which is included in the reading.

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