KARBOHIDRAT

Apt. Dyke Gita Wirasisya, S.Farm., M.Sc.

Program Studi Farmasi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Mataram
CARBOHYDRATE
 Formerly, carbohydrate were defined as a group of compounds
composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.
 Carbohydrate were expressed by a formula Cn(H2O)n

 But the definition is not accurate as it was

misleading for a few compounds like acetic acid
(C2H4O2) and lactic acid (C3H6O3)
 Carbohydrates are widely distributed in plants and animals and also found in
green plants by the process of Photosynthesis

 Well known carbohydrates are Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) , Sugar (C ₁₂ H₂₂O₁₁),

Starch (C ₆ H₁₀O ₅) & Cellulose (C ₆ H₁₀O ₅) used by human beings &
animals.

What the importance of carbohydrate in pharmaceuticals?

 CARBOHYDRATE CLASSIFICATION

 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates.

They cannot be broken down to smaller
Carbohydrate

Monosaccharide carbohydrates.
 Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide
(Sugar)

Disaccharide units joined together; they can be split into two

monosaccharides
 Oligosaccharides contain anywhere from three to
Oligosaccharide nine monosaccharide units
 Polysaccharides are large molecules containing 10
or more monosaccharide units. Carbohydrate
Polysaccharide units are connected in one continuous chain or the
chain can be branched.
 MONOSACCHARIDES
CLASSIFIED BY THE NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS OR AS
KETOSES/ALDOSES
A ketose contains a carbonyl group attached to
trioses (C-3), tetroses (C-4), pentoses two R groups having one or more hydroxyl
(C-5), hexoses (C-6), heptoses (C-7) groups.
An aldose contains terminal aldehyde group with
the structure of -CHO.
 MONOSACCHARIDES
Glucose
 carbohydrate form used by the body, referred to as “blood sugar.
basic sub-unit of other larger carbohydrate molecules
 found in fruits, vegetables, honey

Fructose
 sweetest of the sugars
 occurs naturally in fruits & honey, “fruit sugar”
 combines with glucose to form sucrose

Galactose
 combines with glucose to form lactose, “milk sugar”
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DISACCHARIDES

Sucrose (“table sugar”)

 glucose + fructose

Lactose (“milk sugar”)

 glucose + galactose

Maltose (“malt sugar”)

 glucose + glucose

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 OLIGOSACCHARIDES
Oligosaccharides
 Short carbohydrate chains of 3 - 10 monosaccharides
 found in legumes and human milk
 Examples:
 raffinose cannot be broken down by human
 stachyose enzymes, though can be digested by
colonic bacteria

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 POLYSACCHARIDES
Polysaccharides
 long carbohydrate chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
 alpha (a) bonds (starch)
 beta (b) bonds (found in fiber)

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IDENTIFICATION OF
CARBOHYDRATE
SOLUBILITY TEST
 Monosaccharide, disaccharide and
other simple sugars can be easily
dissolved freely in wate.
 Polysaccharide cannot be dissolved
easily in water, because, it has high
molecular weight , which give colloidal
solutions in water.
MOLISCH TEST

 This test is specific for all carbohydrates.

Monosaccharide gives a rapid positive test,
Disaccharides and polysaccharides react slower.
 Molisch reagent (which α-napthol in 95% ethanol) is
added to sample solution then slowly put conc
H2SO4 to test tube.
 Positive reaction → produce violet ring appear
between the surface separations
 BENEDICT’S TEST
 Benedict's reagent is used as a test for the presence of
reducing sugars.
 All monosaccharides are reducing sugars; they all have
a free reactive carbonyl group.
 Some disaccharides have exposed carbonyl groups
and are also reducing sugars. Other disaccharides such
as sucrose are non-reducing sugars and will not react
with Benedict's solution.
 Large polymers of sugar, such as starch, are not
reducing sugars
CHROMATOGRAPHY

 Sugars are subjected to Thin layer

(or) Paper Chromatography.
 The colored spots are identified by
Aniline - Hydrogen Phthalate
which is a Detecting Agent
What the importance of carbohydrate in pharmaceuticals?

Amylum Glucose Lactose Sucrose

• Binder • Coating • Filler • Binding

• Disintegrate agent • Binder • Sweetener
• Sweetener • Coating
agent
 Manitol PGA CMC Cellulose

• Excipient • Emulgator • Binder • Capsule

• Sweetener • Thickening • Diluent filler
agent • Disintegrant • Suspending
• Suspending agent
agent • Sediment
rate reducer
 Crude drugs that contain carbohydrate

 It could be classified as 3 groups : Sugar, Cellulose

derivate, Gum & Mucilage
GUM AND MUCILAGE
ACACIA GUM
 Demulcent
 Emollient
 Binder
 Suspending agent
 Emulsifying agent
AGAR
 Suspending and emulsifying agent
 Tablet disintegrant
 Encapsulating substance
 Nutrient media for bacterial cultures
 Laxative
TRAGACANTH

 Emollient
 Stabilizer
 Suspending agent
 Emulsifying agent
PSYLLIUM HUSK
CELLULOSE
COTTON
 CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE
 Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) also called
cellulose gum, is a cellulose derivative.
 It contains carboxy methyl groups (-CH2-COOH)
bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the
glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose
backbone.
 It is often used as its sodium salt, sodium carboxy
methyl cellulose.
 Stabilizer
 Viscosity modifier
 Exchange resin in
chromatography
SUGAR
HONEY
 Sweetener
 Demulcent
STARCH/AMYLUM
TERIMAKASIH
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