SCIENCE AND TEHNOLOGY IN THE U.K.

| Gerardo Yair Garza Perales 1738405C

Gerardo Yair Garza Perales 1738405

UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE NUEVO LEON  San Nicolás de Los Garza, Nuevo León.
 SCIENCE AND TEHNOLOGY IN THE U.K. | Gerardo Yair Garza Perales 1738405C

Table of Contents
INVENTIONS................................................................................................................................................2
The Reflecting Telescope by Isaac Newton in 1668.................................................................................2
The Steam Engine - 1698-1801................................................................................................................2
The First Patented Pneumatic Tire - 1847-1888......................................................................................2
The First ATM, Engineered by Shepard-Baron - 1967..............................................................................2
The First Public Railway - 1825................................................................................................................2
DISCOVERIES................................................................................................................................................3
GRAVITY (1666).......................................................................................................................................3
Hydrogen Gas (1766)...............................................................................................................................3
Oxygen and Soda Water (1774)...............................................................................................................3
Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals (1807)...................................................................................................4
DNA Double Helix (1951).........................................................................................................................4
RESEARCH CENTERS OR INSTITUTES............................................................................................................4
ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND/OR TECHNOLOGY...........................................................................................5
PROMINENT SCIENTISTS..............................................................................................................................6
Isaac Newton (1643-1727).......................................................................................................................6
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)....................................................................................................................6
Ada Lovelace (1815-1852).......................................................................................................................6
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)..............................................................................................................7
Dorothy Hodgkin (1910-1994).................................................................................................................7
Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958).................................................................................................................7
Stephen Hawking (1942-2018)................................................................................................................7
NOBEL PRIZES (OR SIMILAR AWARDS).........................................................................................................8
United Kingdom.......................................................................................................................................9
 SCIENCE AND TEHNOLOGY IN THE U.K. | Gerardo Yair Garza Perales 1738405C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN

THE U.K.

INVENTIONS
The Reflecting Telescope by Isaac Newton in 1668
Devised by Isaac Newton in 1668, the reflecting telescope changed the field of
astronomy forever. It was designed as an alternative to the refracting telescope
which suffered from severe chromatic aberration. 

The Steam Engine - 1698-1801

The first practical patent for an atmospheric pressure steam engine was filed
by Thomas Savery in 1698. Over the next one hundred years or so visionaries
like Thomas Newcomen, James Watt and finally Richard Trevithick would
refine the design to produce steam engines small enough for uses in things
like locomotives.

The First Patented Pneumatic Tire - 1847-1888

The first patent for what we would call a pneumatic tire was filed in 1847 by Robert
William Thomson. This was never produced, however. The very first practical tire was
first created by John Boyd Dunlop in 1888.

The First ATM, Engineered by Shepard-Baron - 1967

It is widely accepted that the world's first ATM was installed at a Barclays Bank in
Enfield Town, London in 1967. This was the product of John Shepard-Baron and his
team of engineers. 

The First Public Railway - 1825

Thanks in no small part to the innovative work of Richard Trevithick in 1804,
George Stephenson was able to open the first public railway in 1825. It ran
between Stockton and Darlington in England and would be the first of many
around the world. 
 SCIENCE AND TEHNOLOGY IN THE U.K. | Gerardo Yair Garza Perales 1738405C

DISCOVERIES
GRAVITY (1666)
Gravity is actually the force of attraction between any two objects
and is required to change the speed or direction of something that is
moving. The strength of the gravitational force is affected by the
location of an object, the size of an object and the distance between
two objects. Newton realized the innite potential of gravity, and
went on to discover that gravitational force is what causes the moon
to orbit around the earth.

The famous myth goes that Newton discovered gravity as he was

sitting underneath an apple tree when an apple dropped and landed on his head, leading to Newton’s
conclusion that there must be an invisible force pulling everything to the ground.

Hydrogen Gas (1766)

Cavendish made the scientist discovery by dissolving metal in acids
and initially named the gas “ammable air”, as it is highly ammable.
Cavendish recognized hydrogen as a discrete substance and found
that it produces water when burned. Most of the hydrogen that
exists on earth is in the form of water or organic compounds, and
hydrogen also plays an important role in acid-based reactions

Oxygen and Soda Water (1774)

(Oxygen was also discovered independently around the same
time by Carl Scheele, so there is some debate over who gets the
credit.) The revelation of oxygen came from Priestley’s discovery
that air is not an elementary substance, but a mixture of gases.
Priestley then went on to invent carbonated water, and in 1767
he created the rest drinkable glass of manmade water, now
known as soda water. Carbonated water is water in which carbon
dioxide has been dissolved, and Priestley made this discovery
when he suspended a bowl of water above a beer vat at a local
brewery in Leeds.

Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals (1807)

From Cornwall is credited with the scientist discovery of a number of earth metals.
Davy discovered sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium and
boron. Davy’s discovery of potassium and sodium happened via electrolysis, with
potassium being the rest metal to be separated by electrolysis in 1807. By studying
the forces involved in the separations, Humphry Davy invented a new field;
electrochemistry.
 SCIENCE AND TEHNOLOGY IN THE U.K. | Gerardo Yair Garza Perales 1738405C

DNA Double Helix (1951)

In 1951, Franklin took X-ray diffraction photos of DNA that showed a
helical form of the molecule. The photos demonstrated that DNA was
actually a double helix, and this finding went against the popular
existing theory that the molecular structure of DNA is made up of
three chains. Franklin’s photos are now recognized as a huge scientist
discovery of the 20 century, but at the time other chemists struggled
to accept the DNA double helix.

RESEARCH CENTERS OR INSTITUTES

The UK has hundreds of research institutes and leads the world in many fields of research. Apart from
the US no country has won that many Noble prizes in the fields of science, medicine, economics and
mathematics. In fact the University Of Cambridge, UK’s preeminent higher education institution, leads
the world’s universities with the most Nobel laureates. There are seven key research councils
responsible for funding a substantial portion of the research that takes place in research institutes and
universities in the UK. They are

 Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)

 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research
Council (BBSRC)
 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research
Council (EPSRC)
 Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)
 Medical Research Council (MRC)
 Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
 Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)

There are also numerous funding sources directly available in government, the private sector
(particularly pharmaceuticals) and the non-governmental sector. In the non-governmental sector there
are perhaps only a few organizations with a comparable prominence to Cancer Research UK, which
supports the work of more than 4,800 researchers, doctors and nurses throughout the UK, fighting
cancer on all fronts.
 SCIENCE AND TEHNOLOGY IN THE U.K. | Gerardo Yair Garza Perales 1738405C

ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND/OR TECHNOLOGY

Great Britain, preeminent in the Industrial Revolution from the mid-18th to the mid-19th century, has a
long tradition of technological ingenuity and scientific achievement. It was in the United Kingdom that
the steam engine, spinning jenny, and power loom were developed and the first steam-powered
passenger railway entered service. To British inventors also belongs credit for the miner's safety lamp,
the friction match, the cathode ray tube, stainless steel, and the first calculating machine. One of the
most famous scientific discoveries of the 20th century, the determination of the double-helix structure
of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, took place at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at
Cambridge University. In February 1997 the first successful cloning of an animal from an adult (resulting
in "Dolly" the lamb) was performed at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh, Scotland's leading animal
research laboratory. The United Kingdom is also in the forefront of research in radio astronomy, laser
holography, and superconductivity.

The total national expenditure for research and development in 1987–97 was 1.9% of GNP; 2,448
scientists and engineers and 1,017 technicians per one million people were engaged in research and
development. The leading government agency for supporting science and technology is the Ministry of
Defense, which plays an important role in both the UK's national security and its role in NATO. British
industry funds half of all national research and development, and government-industry cooperation in
aerospace, biotechnology and electronics have opened new frontiers in science. In 1998, high-tech
exports were valued at $64.5 billion and accounted for 28% of manufactured exports.

The largest issue facing British scientists, engineers and technicians in the 1990s is the challenge of
providing new technological innovations in the global economy. In 1993, a government white paper,
realizing our Potential, called for the most sweeping changes in British science and technology since
World War II. Among the changes called for in this white paper is the creation of a "technology
forecasting program" which will allow scientists and engineers from all over Great Britain to have a more
direct say in setting national science and technology priorities. It is likely that many of the
recommendations from the white paper will be incorporated into national science and technology
priorities, including the technology forecasting program, over time.

The most prestigious scientific institution in the United Kingdom is the Royal Society, founded in 1660 in
London. The British Association for the Advancement of Science, headquartered in London, promotes
public understanding of science and technology.
 SCIENCE AND TEHNOLOGY IN THE U.K. | Gerardo Yair Garza Perales 1738405C

PROMINENT SCIENTISTS
Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
Sir Isaac Newton is not just one of the great British scientists, but he’s
also one of the most prominent scientists ever to have walked this
planet. A true polymath, the Lincolnshire-born Newton was an expert
mathematician, physicist, astronomer, and alchemist.

 
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Though Newton's name is synonymous with science, few people on
this list have had an impact as profound as the 19th-century
naturalist, geologist, and biologist, Charles Darwin. Breaking with
almost two millennia of deeply entrenched religious dogma,
Darwin's theory of evolution would radically alter our
understanding of humanity's place within nature. By changing the
way the average person thinks about the world, Darwin is
considered the father of modern thought and one the most
influential figures in human history. 

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852)

Many people cite another British great, Alan Turing, as the creator of the
computer. But without the work of Ada Lovelace, it might not have been
possible. In the socially conservative Victorian era, Lovelace was years
ahead of her time.

Considered the first computer programmer, Ada Lovelace was a true

Victorian visionary.

Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)

He noticed that mould had started to develop on staphylococci culture dishes
which had accidentally been left out. This mould had created an immunity
circle around itself, resisting bacteria. Fleming named this
substance penicillin.

Though it wasn’t Fleming who translated this discovery into the drugs that
fight off bacterial infections we use today (that honor went to the US drug
industry), his groundbreaking findings led the way in reducing the impact of
bacterial infections for millions of people globally (he also went on to write
highly influential papers on immunology, chemotherapy, and
bacteriology). One of the greatest Scots in history, Fleming is a true icon of
both science and global healthcare.
 SCIENCE AND TEHNOLOGY IN THE U.K. | Gerardo Yair Garza Perales 1738405C

Dorothy Hodgkin (1910-1994)

Hodgkin’s prolific career was full of incredible scientific discoveries. In
1945, she discovered the atomic structure of penicillin. In 1954, she
published work discovering the structure of vitamin B12. This research,
produced in collaboration with American chemist Ken Trueblood, led to
Hodgkin being awarded a Nobel Prize for “her determinations by X-ray
techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances.”

Hodgkin went on to reveal the structure of insulin, a project she’d been

working on for decades. Incredibly, she worked throughout her life while
suffering from rheumatoid arthritis.

 Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)

Through her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA, we discovered the
DNA double helix. The discovery of this structure allowed scientists to
understand how genetic information is passed between parents and their
offspring.

Despite the importance of her work, she’s still often overlooked for three
reasons. Firstly, she died of ovarian cancer at young age. Secondly, her work
was appropriated by the Cambridge University scientists James Watson,
Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins, who published a series of articles that led
to the trio picking up a Nobel Prize.

Stephen Hawking (1942-2018)

Simply put, the theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen
Hawking was one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century and
arguably one of the greatest thinkers of all time. To wrap up our list,
we'll let the great man summarise his remarkable life in his own
words in this video from Discovery UK.
 SCIENCE AND TEHNOLOGY IN THE U.K. | Gerardo Yair Garza Perales 1738405C

NOBEL PRIZES (OR SIMILAR AWARDS)

The United Kingdom has won the second-most number of Nobel Prizes after the United States.

Believe it or not, getting the answer isn’t as simple as you might think.

Identifying individual people (or organizations) who have won one of the six Nobel
Prizes is straightforward; deciding how to allocate Nobel Prizes to countries is not. Sources differ on how
many prizes each country has.

We ran our own calculations using the Nobel Prize data to find out more.

If we base it on the country where each Nobel Prize winner (a "Nobel Laureate") was born then it's
correct that the United States has the highest number of Nobel Laureates with 259, followed by the UK
with 99. Germany is third with 91 Nobel Laureates.

United Kingdom
1. Roger Penrose, Physics, 2020
2. Michael Houghton, Physiology or Medicine, 2020
3. Peter J. Ratcliffe, Physiology or Medicine, 2019
4. M. Stanley Whittingham, Chemistry, 2019
5. Greg Winter, Chemistry, 2018
6. Kazuo Ishiguro, born in Japan, Literature, 2017
7. Richard Henderson, Chemistry, 2017
8. Oliver Hart, Economics, 2016
9. Fraser Stoddart, Chemistry, 2016
10. David J. Thouless, Physics, 2016
11. F. Duncan M. Haldane, Physics, 2016
12. John M. Kosterlitz, Physics, 2016
13. Angus Deaton, Economics, 2015
14. Tomas Lindahl, born in Sweden, Chemistry, 2015
15. John O'Keefe, Physiology or Medicine, 2014
16. Michael Levitt, born in South Africa, Chemistry, 2013
17. Peter Higgs, Physics, 2013
18. John B. Gurdon, Physiology or Medicine, 2012
19. Christopher A. Pissarides, born in Cyprus, Economics, 2010
20. Konstantin Novoselov, born in Russia, Physics, 2010
21. Robert G. Edwards, Physiology or Medicine, 2010
22. Charles K. Kao, Physics, 2009
23. Doris Lessing, born in Iran, Literature, 2007
24. Sir Martin J. Evans, Physiology or Medicine, 2007
25. Oliver Smithies*, Physiology or Medicine, 2007
69. Rodney Robert Porter, Physiology or Medicin
70. John Hicks, Economics, 1972
71. Dennis Gabor, born in Hungary, Physics, 1971
72. Bernard Katz, Physiology or Medicine, 1970
73. Derek Harold Richard Barton, Chemistry, 196
74. Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, Chemistry,
75. George Porter, Chemistry, 1967
76. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Chemistry, 1964
77. Andrew Huxley, Physiology or Medicine, 1963
78. Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Physiology or Medicine,
79. John Kendrew, Chemistry, 1962
80. Max Perutz, born in Austria, Chemistry, 1962
81. Francis Crick, Physiology or Medicine, 1962
82. Maurice Wilkins,  Physiology or Medicine, 19
83. Peter Medawar,  Physiology or Medicine, 196
84. Philip Noel-Baker, Peace, 1959
85. Frederick Sanger, Chemistry, 1958
86. Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd, Chemistry, 1
87. Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Chemistry, 1956
88. Max Born,  Physics, 1954
89. Winston Churchill, Literature, 1953
90. Hans Adolf Krebs,  Physiology or Medicine, 19
91. Archer John Porter Martin, Chemistry, 1952
92. Richard Laurence Millington Synge, Chemistr
93. John Cockcroft, Physics, 1951
 SCIENCE AND TEHNOLOGY IN THE U.K. | Gerardo Yair Garza Perales 1738405C
26. Harold Pinter, Literature, 2005
27. Clive W. J. Granger, Economics, 2003
28. Anthony J. Leggett*, Physics, 2003
29. Peter Mansfield, Physiology or Medicine, 2003
30. Sydney Brenner, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
31. John E. Sulston, Physiology or Medicine, 2002
32. Tim Hunt, Physiology or Medicine, 2001
33. Paul Nurse, Physiology or Medicine, 2001
34. V. S. Naipaul, born in Trinidad, Literature, 2001
35. David Trimble, Peace, 1998
36. John Pople, Chemistry, 1998
37. John E. Walker, Chemistry, 1997
38. Harold Kroto, Chemistry, 1996
39. James A. Mirrlees, Economics, 1996
40. Joseph Rotblat, Peace, 1995
41. Richard J. Roberts, Physiology or Medicine, 1993
42. Michael Smith*, Chemistry, 1993
43. Ronald Coase, based in the United States, Economics, 1991
44. James W. Black, Physiology or Medicine, 1988
45. César Milstein, born in Argentina, Physiology or Medicine, 1984
46. Richard Stone, Economics, 1984
47. William Golding, Literature, 1983
48. Aaron Klug, born in Lithuania, Chemistry, 1982
49. John Robert Vane, Physiology or Medicine, 1982
50. Elias Canetti, born in Bulgaria, Literature, 1981
51. Frederick Sanger, Chemistry, 1980
52. W. Arthur Lewis, born on St. Lucia, Economics, 1979
53. Godfrey Hounsfield, Physiology or Medicine, 1979
54. Peter D. Mitchell, Chemistry, 1978
55. James Meade, Economics, 1977
56. Nevill Francis Mott, Physics, 1977
57. Amnesty International, Peace, 1977
58. Mairead Corrigan, Peace, 1976
59. Betty Williams, Peace, 1976
60. John Cornforth, born in Australia, Chemistry, 1975
61. Christian de Duve*, Physiology or Medicine, 1974
62. Friedrich Hayek, born in Austria, Economics, 1974
63. Martin Ryle, Physics, 1974
64. Antony Hewish, Physics, 1974
65. Patrick White*, Literature, 1973
66. Geoffrey Wilkinson, Chemistry, 1973
67. Brian David Josephson, Physics, 1973
68. Nikolaas Tinbergen, , Physiology or Medicine, 1973
94. Bertrand Russell, Literature, 1950
95. Cecil Frank Powell, Physics, 1950
96. John Boyd Orr, Peace, 1949
97. T. S. Eliot, born in the United States, Literatur
98. Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, Physics, 1948
99. Edward Victor Appleton, Physics, 1947
100. Robert Robinson, Chemistry, 1947
101. Friends Service Council, Peace, 1947
102. Ernst Boris Chain, Physiology or Medicine, 1
103. Alexander Fleming, Physiology or Medicine,
104. George Paget Thomson, Physics, 1937
105. Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
106. Norman Haworth, Chemistry, 1937
107. Henry Hallett Dale, Physiology or Medicine,
108. James Chadwick, Physics, 1935
109. Arthur Henderson, Peace, 1934
110. Norman Angell, Peace, 1933
111. Paul Dirac, Physics, 1933
112. Charles Scott Sherrington, Physiology or Me
113. John Galsworthy, Literature, 1932
114. Edgar Adrian, Physiology or Medicine, 1932
115. Arthur Harden, Chemistry, 1929
116. Frederick Hopkins, Physiology or Medicine,
117. Owen Willans Richardson, Physics, 1928
118. Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Physics, 1927
119. Austen Chamberlain, Peace, 1925
120. George Bernard Shaw, born in Ireland, Liter
121. John James Rickard, Physiology or Medicine
122. Archibald Vivian Hill, Physiology or Medicine
123. Francis William Aston, Chemistry, 1922
124. Frederick Soddy, Chemistry, 1921
125. Charles Glover Barkla, Physics, 1917
126. William Henry Bragg, Physics, 1915
127. William Lawrence Bragg, born in Australia, P
128. Ernest Rutherford, born in New Zealand, Ch
129. Rudyard Kipling, born in India, Literature, 19
130. J. J. Thomson, Physics, 1906
131. John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, Physics, 190
132. William Ramsay, Chemistry, 1904
133. William Randal Cremer, Peace, 1903
134. Ronald Ross, born in India, Physiology or Me
 SCIENCE AND TEHNOLOGY IN THE U.K. | Gerardo Yair Garza Perales 1738405C

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