- Heat transfer by conduction follows Fourier's Law, where the rate of heat transfer (Q̇cond) is proportional to the temperature gradient and cross-sectional area, and inversely proportional to the material's thermal conductivity and length.
- For a cylinder, the conductive resistance is proportional to the natural log of the ratio of the outer and inner radii, divided by the length and thermal conductivity.
- Thermal resistances in series add, while resistances in parallel are additive inverses. Convective resistance is inversely proportional to the heat transfer coefficient and surface area.
- Heat transfer by conduction follows Fourier's Law, where the rate of heat transfer (Q̇cond) is proportional to the temperature gradient and cross-sectional area, and inversely proportional to the material's thermal conductivity and length.
- For a cylinder, the conductive resistance is proportional to the natural log of the ratio of the outer and inner radii, divided by the length and thermal conductivity.
- Thermal resistances in series add, while resistances in parallel are additive inverses. Convective resistance is inversely proportional to the heat transfer coefficient and surface area.
- Heat transfer by conduction follows Fourier's Law, where the rate of heat transfer (Q̇cond) is proportional to the temperature gradient and cross-sectional area, and inversely proportional to the material's thermal conductivity and length.
- For a cylinder, the conductive resistance is proportional to the natural log of the ratio of the outer and inner radii, divided by the length and thermal conductivity.
- Thermal resistances in series add, while resistances in parallel are additive inverses. Convective resistance is inversely proportional to the heat transfer coefficient and surface area.
Conduction (Fourier’s law (1D)): Q̇cond = −kA dTdx
Then, if k and A are constant with x:
Q̇cond = − kA L L ∆T = R 1 ∆T , where Rcond = kA . cond Generalized CV-CS Analysis For heat transfer through the walls of a cylinder (e.g.
Conservation of mass: dmdtCV = ṁin − ṁout pipe), A is not constant w.r.t. r, and Q̇cond = R 1 ∆T cond Conservation of energy: where Rcond = ln(r outer /r inner ) , with L being the length of 2πLk dECV the pipe. = (Ėin − Ėout ) + (Ẇin − Ẇout ) + Q̇ − Ẇ , Equivalent resistances: dt Series: Ref f = R1 + R2 ; Parallel: R 1 = R1 + R1 . where for Closed system ⇒ no mass in/out of system, ef f 1 1 2
steady-state system ⇒ no ∆ w/ time, adiabatic system Convective resistance: Rconv = hA
⇒ no addition/removal of heat. Important unit conversions Energy, work: 1 Btu = 778.169 ft · lbf Temperature: Work T (◦ F) = 95 T (◦ C) + 32 ∫ General: W = F dx T (◦ C) = 59 (T (◦ T) − 32) ∫ Translational: WM,T = ss2 F ds and ẆM,T = F v. T (K) = T (◦ C) + 273.15 T (R) = T (◦ F) + 459.67 1 F , s, and v are in the same direction. ∫ θ2 T (R) = 59 T (K) Rotational: WM,R = θ T dθ and ẆM,R = T ω. ∫ 1 Volume: Electrical: WE = tt2 ξI dt and ẆE = ξI. 1 m3 = 1000 L ∫ 1 Boundary: WB = VV2 p dV . 1 cm3 = 1 mL 1 Flow: ẆF = ṁwF , where wF = pν = p Mass, force: ρ 1 1 lbf 1 lbm = 32.174 slug = ft 32.174 2 Change in the energy in a system s
∆ECV = ∆KE + ∆P E + ∆UT + ∆UL + ∆UC + ∆UN Important constants
where: Universal Gas Constant: ( ( 2 )) R̄ = 8.31434 J/(mol · K) • ∆KE = 1 2 m v2 − v12 ) + IG (ω22 + ω12 • ∆P E = mg(h2 − h1 ) = 1.9858 Btu/(lbmol · R) ∫ = 1545.35 ft · lbf/(lbmol · R) • ∆UT = m TT2 cv (T ) dT where if cv is constant we write 1 ∆UT = mcv (T2 − T1 ) = 10.73 psia · ft3 /(lbmol · R)
• ∆UL = muL where uL is the specific latent heat of Random notes
phase change. 3 (+ 1?) types of piston problems: 1. Isothermal: T is constant, p varies. So replace p with something like p1VV1 in your WB integral. 2. Isobaric: T varies, p is constant. Random heat/pressure-related things 3. Nothing constant, but adiabatic: Remeber that Adiabatic, quasi-equilibrium, ideal gas, const. cv : ( )k−1 ( )k−1 pV n = constant, where n is given to you. Should be T2 T1 = V V2 1 ; pp2 = V 1 V2 , where k is a constant from able to derive something like W = mc v (p1 V1 − p2 V2 ). 1 R table A-8 or table B-8.⟨ ⟩ 4. Isotropic: Same as Isothermal, but replace p with Pressure: p = 13 mp n̂ v 2 where mp is the mass of the p Vn something like 1V n1 instead. particle, n̂ is the number of particles per unit volume, and v is the particle’s velocity. Be calm. Take your time. If you get stuck for more than Also, pressure: p = F A . ten seconds, move on and come back to it. Enjoy! � Ideal Gas Law: pV = nR̄T Moles ⇔ Mass: m = nM Specific volume: ν = ρ1 = m V