Fourier Series

Fourier Series

Periodic Functions
The Mathematic Formulation
 Any function that satisfies

f (t )  f (t  T )
where T is a constant and is called the period
of the function.
 Example:
t t
f (t )  cos  cos Find its period.
3 4
t t 1 1
f (t )  f (t  T ) cos  cos  cos (t  T )  cos (t  T )
3 4 3 4

Fact: cos   cos(  2m)

T
 2m T  6m
3 T  24 smallest T
T
 2n T  8n
4
 Example:
f (t )  cos1t  cos2t Find its period.

f (t )  f (t  T ) cos1t  cos2t  cos1 (t  T )  cos2 (t  T )

1T  2m 1 m 1 must be a


2 n  2 rational number
2T  2n
Example:
f (t )  cos10t  cos(10  )t
Is this function a periodic one?

1 10 not a rational

2 10   number
Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Introduction
 Decompose a periodic input signal into
primitive periodic components.

A periodic sequence
f(t)

t
T 2T 3T
Synthesis
a0  2nt  2nt
f (t )    an cos   bn sin
2 n 1 T n 1 T
DC Part Even Part Odd Part

T is a period of all the above signals

Let 0=2/T.
a0  
f (t )    an cos(n0t )   bn sin( n0t )
2 n 1 n 1
Fourier Series

Complex Form of the

Fourier Series
Complex Exponentials
jn0t
e  cos n0t  j sin n0t
 jn0t
e  cos n0t  j sin n0t

cos n0t  e
2

1 jn0t  jn0t
e 
sin n0t 
2j
e e 
1 jn0t  jn0t
 e
2
 e 
j jn0t  jn0t

Complex Form of the Fourier Series

a0  
f (t )    an cos n0t   bn sin n0t
2 n 1 n 1

a0 1 
   an e
2 2 n 1

jn0t
e  jn0t j 
 
  bn e jn0t  e  jn0t
2 n 1

a0   1 1 
    (an  jbn )e jn0t
 (an  jbn )e  jn0t 
2 n 1  2 2  a0
c0 
 
 2
 c0   cn e jn0t  c n e  jn0t
1
n 1 cn  (an  jbn )
2
1
c n  (an  jbn )
2
Complex Form of the Fourier Series

 

f (t )  c0   cn e jn0t  c n e  jn0t
n 1

 1
 c0   cn e jn0t
  cn e jn0t
n 1 n  
a0
 c0 
 n
c e jn0t 2
1
n   cn  (an  jbn )
2
1
c n  (an  jbn )
2
Complex Form of the Fourier Series

a0 1 T / 2
c0    f (t )dt
2 T T / 2

1
cn  (an  jbn )
2
1  T /2 
T T / 2 T / 2
T /2
 f ( t ) cos n  tdt  j f (t ) sin n tdt
0 0 
1 T /2 a0
  f (t )(cos n0t  j sin n0t )dt c0 
T T / 2 2
1 T /2 1
  f (t )e jn0t dt cn  (an  jbn )
T T / 2 2
1
1 1 T /2
cn  (an  jbn )   f (t )e jn0t dt c n  (an  jbn )
2 T T / 2 2
 Complex Form of the Fourier Series
 a0
c0 
f (t )  n
c e jn0t

n  
2
1
cn  (an  jbn )
1 T /2 2
cn   f (t )e jn0t dt 1
T T / 2 c n  (an  jbn )
2
cn | cn | e jn , cn  cn* | cn | e jn
If f(t) is real,
1 2 2
| cn || cn | an  bn
cn  c *
n
2 n  1,2,3,
 b 
 n  tan 1   n  1
c0  a0
 an  2
Complex Frequency Spectra
cn | cn | e jn , cn  cn* | cn | e jn  b 
 n  tan 1   n  n  1,2,3,
1 2 2  an 
| cn || cn | an  bn
2
|cn| amplitude
1
c0  a0 spectrum
2


phase
n spectrum


 Example
f(t)
A

t
T T d d T
  T
2 2 2 2

A 1
A d /2
cn   e  jn0t dt  (2 j sin n0 d / 2)
T d / 2 T  jn0
d /2 A 1
A 1  1 sin n0 d / 2
 e  jn0t T 2 n0
T  jn0 d / 2
 nd 
sin  
A 1
Ad  T 
1 jn0 d / 2  
  e  jn0 d / 2
 e  T  nd 
T   jn0  jn0   
 T 
Example
A/5

-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120

-150 -100 -50 50 100 150

 nd  1 1 d 1 80π=T
sin   d , T , 
Ad  T  20 4 T 5 T=10ω0
cn 
T  nd  2 ω0=8 π
  0   8
 T  T T=2π/ω0= 1/4
Example
A/10

-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120

-300 -200 -100 100 200 300

 nd  1 1 d 1
sin   d , T , 
cn 
Ad  T  20 2 T 5
T  nd  2
  0   4
 T  T
Example
f(t)
A

t
T
0 d T

A 1
A d
cn   e  jn0t dt  (1  e  jn0 d )
T 0 T jn0
d A 1  jn0 d / 2 jn0 d / 2  jn0 d / 2
A 1  e (e e )
 e  jn0t T jn0
T  jn0 0
 nd 
sin  
A 1 1  
Ad  T  e  jn0 d / 2
  e  jn0 d
  T  nd 
T   jn0  jn0   
 T 