Alconis, Allyson P.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
12-HUMSS A
Exercise 1:

Definition Historical Background

1 4
Causes and Effects Methodology
2 3
Comparison of ideas/findings Problem/Issues
6 5

Exercise 2:

Orange
Yellow
Green
White
Pink
Blue
Exercise 3:

1. The general idea or concept that is presented and introduced in the first paragraph is about a
students reading comprehension or their capacity for understanding different thoughts and
Ideas.
2. The problem identified is about the students poor reading comprehension that greatly affects
their performance in school
3. The writers proved their point about the problems regarding reading comprehension by
showing different kinds of studies in different contexts that is relevant or related to the study.
4. What I notice on the strategy or the way that they presented the context information is that
they presented it from different kinds of perspectives. They presented it as a whole or one by
one and they also presented it specifically.
5. The objectives or the main reason for this study is to identify the academic performance of the
students based on their reading comprehension.
Alconis, Allyson P.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
12-HUMSS A
Exercise 4:

Title: Relationship between Entrepreneurial Skill and Business Prefrence Among Females

General statement of fact related to the study  Economic development cannot be

Introduce the problem. Point out Historical
Background if any
achieved without active participation of
women in all aspects of life. There is
consensus among scholars that women
can play key role in the entrepreneurial
phenomenon. The share of women’s
contribution to the economic and social
development depends on the promotion
of gender equality and gender blind
support from the institutions.
 Despite the efforts by some international
organizations, e.g., the United Nations
and the World Bank, to bridge the gender
gap in access to opportunities, gender
inequalities are still widely prevalent and
women are deprived of having equal
rights with men” (Sarfaraz & Faghih,
2011).

 Treating women as the second gender

Broad Context of the problem from a study
Localized context of the problem supported with
relevant studies
means ignoring and underestimating
huge potential human resources. Women
entrepreneurs can play crucial roles in
the process of economic development if
they have equal opportunity and access
to resources. In spite of the growing
number of female entrepreneurs, the
share of female entrepreneurship is still
significantly low compared to their
participation rate (Minniti and Arenius
2003).
 Although women constitute about fifty
percent of the world population,
compared to men, they have less
opportunity to control their lives and
make decisions (Revenga and Sudhir
2012).
 What is significant to note is that the
fastest growing sector among the SMEs
are those of women entrepreneurs.
Currently, it is estimated that worldwide,
women-owned firms typically comprise
between 1/4 to 1/3 of the business
population (NFWBO, 1997, 2001).
Alconis, Allyson P.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
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Specifically in Southeast Asia, the United
Nations (UNIFEM, 1996) reported the
proportion of female self-employed in
manufacturing, trade and social or
community and personal services to be
50-70 per cent in the Philippines and 42-
66 per cent in Thailand. Women
comprised more than half of the self-
employed in manufacturing and trade in
Indonesia and more than 60 per cent of
the self-employed in manufacturing in
Malaysia. Furthermore, between 1978
and 1996, women-led enterprises
accounted for a quarter of all business
start-ups in the APEC economies. From
1995 to 1997, women business operators
increased by 9 per cent, while men
business owners increased by only 2.6
per cent. These SMEs are also responsible
for 26 per cent of OECD exports and 35
per cent of Asia’s exports (NID, 2002).

 In the Philippines, women constitute

Comparison of findings and ideas from at least
three relevant studies
more than half of the population of 100
million people and have a very significant
role to play in the sociocultural and
economic spheres of the society. Women
entrepreneurs, in particular, make a
substantial contribution to national
economies, through their participation in
start-ups and their growth in the informal
sector, in achieving sustainable and
competitive growth of businesses (United
Nations, 2006).
 Focusing on entrepreneurial self-efficacy,
our findings seem to suggest that self-
perceptions of women regarding their
abilities to succeed in entrepreneurial
tasks may importantly restrict their
attitudes toward entrepreneurship. The
key for understanding these barriers self-
imposed by women and their detrimental
impact on female's entrepreneurial
intention could lie on early social
learning, which would be decisively
related to career decisions of men and
women (Greene et al., 2003).
Alconis, Allyson P.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
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 Several scholars have argued that women

have fewer early career experiences,
social support, or role models related to
entrepreneurship than their male
counterparts (Dyer, 1994, Zhao et al.,
2005), which undermines the
entrepreneurial self-efficacy of women
and, ultimately, their entrepreneurial
intention.

 Women frequently display a lack of prior

Specify the literature gaps in those mentioned
studies.
experience, training, business experience
and social capital if they are compared
with men (Ettl and Welter, 2010, Verheul
and Thurik, 2001). Reinforcing this
argument, Venkataraman (1997) posited
that the stock of knowledge varies among
men and women and these differences
matter, in such a way that the search for
and the decision to exploit and
opportunity is significantly affected.
 It is stated on the first study that the self-
perceptions of women regarding their
abilities to succeed in entrepreneurial
tasks restricts their attitudes toward
entrepreneurship

 The second study dictates that women

have fewer early career experiences,
social support, or role models related to
entrepreneurship than their male
counterparts which undermines the
entrepreneurial self-efficacy of women
and, ultimately, their entrepreneurial
intention.

 On the third study, the study explained

State the objectives of the study
that the stock of knowledge varies among
men and women and these differences
matter, in such a way that the search for
and the decision to exploit and
opportunity is significantly affected.
The objective of this report is to prepare a
comprehensive inventory of studies on the
relationship between entreprenurial skill and
Alconis, Allyson P.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
12-HUMSS A
business preference among females or other
women entrepreneurs in the Philippines that
policy makers, government agencies,
nongovernment organizations, and other
research institutions could tap as a source for
their decision making and for the implementation
of their activities towards the relation of gender
amongsts entrepreneurship and businesses.

Assessment:

Background of the Study

Economic development cannot be achieved without active participation of women in all

aspects of life. There is consensus among scholars that women can play key role in the
entrepreneurial phenomenon. The share of women’s contribution to the economic and social
development depends on the promotion of gender equality and gender blind support from the
institutions. Although women constitute about fifty percent of the world population, compared
to men, they have less opportunity to control their lives and make decisions (Revenga and
Sudhir 2012). Various studies show that entrepreneurs contribute to economic development,
job creation, and different aspects of well-being through creative destruction. According to
Schumpeter, the entrepreneurial process is a major factor in economic development and the
entrepreneur is the key to economic growth. All countries consider entrepreneurial promotion
as a crucial policy for sustained employment creation, as well as innovation in products,
production processes and organizations (OECD Council Report, 2012).

Countries with high total entrepreneurial activity rates are also associated with high
female entrepreneurial activity rates (Verheul et al. 2004). The number of female entrepreneurs
across the world has been gradually growing in the recent years; researchers and policy makers
have been paying more attention to female entrepreneurship (Nedelcheva, 2012). Despite the
efforts by some international organizations, e.g., the United Nations and the World Bank, to
bridge the gender gap in access to opportunities, gender inequalities are still widely prevalent
and women are deprived of having equal rights with men” (Sarfaraz & Faghih, 2011). Treating
women as the second gender means ignoring and underestimating huge potential human
resources. Women entrepreneurs can play crucial roles in the process of economic development
if they have equal opportunity and access to resources. In spite of the growing number of
female entrepreneurs, the share of female entrepreneurship is still significantly low compared
to their participation rate (Minniti and Arenius 2003). Especially in Less Developed Countries
with high female unemployment rate, for some women who need to work at home,
entrepreneurship can be a practical solution to earn income and reduce their unemployment
rate and poverty (Sarfaraz et al. 2013).

Gender equality is expected to increase the support for female entrepreneurship

(Baughn et al. 2006). Entrepreneurship often gives women the flexibility to handle their
domestic responsibilities at home, while also providing financial support for their family (Bertaux
and Crable 2007). Women’s entrepreneurship has been known as an important unexploited
Alconis, Allyson P.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
12-HUMSS A
source of economic growth in the last decade (Georgeta, 2012). According to the GEM Women’s
Report 2012, an estimated 126 million women were starting or running new businesses and an
estimated 98 million were running established businesses. The distribution of female total
entrepreneurial activity does not follow the same pattern across regions. While Sub-Saharan
Africa shows the highest rate of female entrepreneurship (27%), the female entrepreneurs in
MENA region report the lowest rate of 4% among regions. Moreover, region-wise, the greatest
gender inequality in Total Early Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) is in the MENA/Mid-Asia (men
four times that of women) while, on average, the greatest gender equality in TEA is in Sub-
Saharan Africa and Developing Asia.

In the Philippines, women constitute more than half of the population of 100 million
people and have a very significant role to play in the sociocultural and economic spheres of the
society. Women entrepreneurs, in particular, make a substantial contribution to national
economies, through their participation in start-ups and their growth in the informal sector, in
achieving sustainable and competitive growth of businesses (United Nations, 2006). Women
now are stepping forward, beyond being just consumers, as industry leaders and entrepreneurs
(Planters Bank, 2011). In several OECD countries, women-owned SMEs are growing at a faster
rate than the economy as a whole. The increased flexibility inherent in owning one’s business
allows women to contribute to the income of their families while balancing work and family
responsibilities, enhancing social cohesion and giving educated and trained women an outlet
where they could capitalize on their skills without the “glass ceiling” roadblock in corporate
advancement. The resulting economic independence also reduces disparities between men and
women, leading to a more active and representative role by women in the economic and
political life of their countries (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,
1998). Filipino women have the ability to develop various types of micro and small enterprises,
but the business segments traditionally accessible to them often experience high competition,
coupled with low productivity and low profit margins (Edralin, 2007).

Recognizing the factors affecting female entrepreneurship requires knowledge and

understanding of women entrepreneurship and its relation with economic development.
“Although it is widely acknowledged that entrepreneurship is an important force shaping the
changes in the economic landscape, our understanding of the relationship between
entrepreneurship and development is still far from complete” (GEM 2008 Executive Report).
Some consistent cross-national measurements of entrepreneurial activity, provided separately
for men and women by GEM, have paved the way for research and comparative studies across
countries. This can help scholars and policymakers to gain knowledge on entrepreneurship by
gender and facilitate framework condition for women entrepreneurship. The goal of this paper
is to study the relationship between gender equality and female entrepreneurial activity.
Alconis, Allyson P.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
12-HUMSS A

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