#7 BRETAŇA, RYAN ANTHONY E.

POLARIS 3-A MARCH 4, 2021

SEAM 3 LESSON 6 ASSIGNMENT

1. Outline the reasons for general inspection of holds, list items to be inspected, the
importance of cleaning holds before loading and after discharge of general cargoes;

Reasons and Importance for Hold Inspection

Every Cargo Hold must be thoroughly inspected by the Cargo Officer or the Chief Officer
before engaging in any loading operation. This is to ensure that the cargo hold is suitable for
the next cargo. The purpose of this is to eliminate the possibility of cargo damage due to
contamination(residue from the previous cargo). Also, to ensure that all the fittings are in
good shape like the bilge, lighting, the ventilation, and the fire and hatch covers.

The Items needed to be inspected in the cargo hold.

 General cleanliness (No Rust or loose rust).
 Spar ceiling.
 Tween Deck draining holes.
 Bilge system (Bilge well, strum box & non-return valve).
 Sounding Pipes (Bilge & Double Bottom Tanks).
 Air Vent. Pipes.
 Electric cables, Lighting and connections.
 General condition of side shell, bulkheads, frames and beams.
 Double Bottom Tanks manholes
 Ventilation ducts.
 Fire detection and fixed fire extinguishing systems.
 Hatch cover, check for water tightness (any damaged rubber must be changed) (grease all
moving parts including wheels, hinges and cleats).
 Fixed hold ladders (Repair as necessary or place temporary ladders).
 Hold manholes on the weather deck.

The Reasons and Importance for cleaning the cargo holds

We all know what is the purpose of the shipping industries and that is to deliver goods all
around the world. That is why when the contract had been signed to deliver the specific goods it
is in the terms that the goods must be safely and un-damage to be deliver to its destination. The
ship owner together with the charterer had put trust to the crew to deliver the goods. Cargo holds
tend to have different type of cargoes that is why it is needed to be cleaned to prevent cargo
contamination. In some cases if the ship had been contract to carry delicate cargo they will hire a
surveyor to inspect the ships holds before commencing loading.
 2. State the reasons for using dunnage according to types and sizes, methods of dunnaging;

The Use of Dunnage

The use of Dunnage is for securing cargo it includes scrap wood its purpose is to fill the
voids in cargo, wooden boards to form "cribs", it also includes blocking and bracing, and modern
mechanical, like the spring-loaded post-and-socket systems. Dunnage segregates the cargo in the
hold and prevents the cargo from shifting or moving too much this is to response to ship or
vehicle motion to prevent cargo damage.

Dunnage requirement
The traditional reasons for the use of dunnage have been largely superseded with the
introduction of containers and general cargo ships with shallower decks and holds. Additionally,
the many refrigerated cargo ships now in service (forming the bulk of "traditional" ships afloat)
invariably are fitted with some form of permanent dunnage, usually gratings. However, it is
worth considering the traditional reasons for placing dunnage as they can still be valid and
important, even with new technology and methods of stowage.

Depending on the nature of a particular cargo, dunnage can serve any or all of the following
purposes:

 Protect cargo from contact with water, be it from bilges, other cargo or leakage from the
ship's side or tanks.
 Protect cargo from moisture or sweat condensed on the ship's side, frames, bulkheads,
etc. which naturally collects on the tank top and eventually runs into the bilge.
 Protect cargo from condensed moisture or sweat which collects and lays on side stringers,
bulkhead brackets, etc.
 Facilitate the passage of air when cargo is being ventilated.
 Prevent chaff and damage to cargo by chocking off and securing areas of broken
stowage, i.e. areas that cannot be filled with cargo.
 Spread the load of deep cargoes or heavy stowages.
 Provide working levels and protection for the cargo on which stevedores can work.
 Serve as a form of separation.
 Provide access for cooled air around and through temperature controlled cargo.

Common dunnage materials used for shipping packages:

These are the type of materials being used to in shipping packages:

1. Solid plastics

 This kind of dunnage is used mostly in industrial, high-value shipping. Solid plastics are
more expensive than other dunnage types but are worth the cost for high-value products
that need protection.

2. Bubble wrap

 Bubble wrap is one of the most common ways of shipping glass and other fragile
products. It can be reused again and again as long as the bubbles don’t pop.

3. Wood

 Wood can be used to create barriers between items, usually used for strong and heavy
goods.

4. Air pillows

 Air pillows can be deployed inside packages in order to keep items from sliding. These
are often used as a gap filler to fill in missing space.

5. Kraft paper

 Kraft paper is recycled paper usually crinkled and stuffed in a package. It’s one of the
most common dunnage types because it’s cheap, eco-friendly, reusable, and highly
effective.

6. Foam

 Foam is often used to pad electronics, medical equipment, sensitive items, and fragile or
sharp pieces. If you’ve purchased a TV before, you’ve probably taken it out of the box
with foam dunnage on the side.

7. Steel

 Steel is one of the most expensive dunnage options which is typically used for high-value
shipping. If your products are heavy, steel is a good dunnage option because it can
prevent heavier products from damaging lighter products.

8. Corrugated paper
  Corrugated paper is another popular dunnage choice. Its high-tech construction ensures
the material can carry a wide range of weights, protects against moisture, and provides
sustainable packaging options.

9. Custom dunnage solutions

 Custom dunnage is needed sometimes when you have fragile materials that have very
specific dimensions. You can work with dunnage providers to help you design the
dunnage needed to protect your products.