Circuit Analysis I

Lecture One

Abdirahim Khalif Ali

M.Eng (Electrical-Electronics and Telcommunications)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
B.Sc. (Honors), Electronic and Electrical Engineering.
International University of Africa (2009)
Email: abdirahim.kh@gmail.com

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 Course Information
Description
Circuit Analysis I
Reference Books
1- James W.Nilsson “Electric Circuits”. Any Edition.
2- Fundamental of Electric Circuits - Alexander Sadiku.
3- Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology - John Bird.

Assessments:

Test I 10%
Test II 10%
Home Works & Quiz 10%
Assignments 10%
Final examination 60%
100%

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 Learning Outcomes
1. Able to analyze circuit systems using Kirchoff’s Current
and Voltage Laws along with Ohm’s Law.
2. Able to apply node-voltage and mesh-circuit analysis
techniques to analyze circuit behavior.
3. Able to identify and describe parallel, series, delta, and Y,
resistor equivalent circuits.
4. Able to compute initial conditions for current and voltage
as well as the time response in first order R-L and R-C
circuits.
5. Able to compute initial conditions for current and voltage
as well as the time response in second order RLC circuits.
6. Able to use PSpice tools to simulate and analyze circuit
models. 3
 Synopsis of Course Content

Circuit variables and elements, techniques of circuit

analysis, inductors and capacitors, RL, RC and RLC
circuits, Steady state analysis, balanced three-phase
circuit analysis.

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 Chapter One
Basic Concepts

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 Introduction
• What is Electrical Engineering?

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 Introduction
• What is Electrical Engineering?

– Deal with study & application of electricity, electronics and

electromagnetism

• Electrical engineering sub-discipline:-

– Power – gen, trans, distr (transmit energy)
– Electronics – testing and design electronic circuit
– Control – output goes to the desired input (eg lift)
– Microelectronics – Integrated Circuit design
– Signal Processing – analyze and manipulate signal
– Telecommunications – transmit information (signal)
– Instrumentation – measurement
– Computers

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Whatever You Measure, You
Have to Use Units
• A measurement is a way to describe the
world using numbers. We use
measurements to answer questions like,
how much? How long? How far?
• Suppose the label on a ball of string
indicates that the length of the string is
150.
• Is the length 150 feet, 150 m, or 150
cm?
• For a measurement to make sense, it
must include a number and a unit.
 Units and Standards

Number 150 feet Unit

Rule: No naked numbers. They must have units

• Now suppose you and a friend want to

make some measurements to find out
whether a desk will fit through a
doorway.
• You have no ruler, so you decide to use
your hands as measuring tools.
 Units and Standards

• Even though
you both used
hands to
measure, you
didn‟t check to
see whether
your hands
were the same
width as your
friend‟s.
 Units and Standards
• In other words, you
didn‟t use a
measurement
standard, so you
can‟t compare the
measurements.
• Hands are a
convenient
measuring tool, but
using them can
lead to
misunderstanding.
 Units and Standards
• So in order to avoid confusion we use
measurement standards.
• A standard is an exact quantity that
people agree to use to compare
measurements.
 Units and Standards
• In the United States, we
commonly use units such as
inches, feet, yards, miles, gallons,
and pounds. This is known as the
English system of measurement.
• Most other nations and the scientific
community use the metric system
- a system of measurement based on multiples
of ten.
 International System of
Units
• In 1960, an improvement was
made to the metric system. This
improvement is known as the
International System of Units.

• This system is abbreviated SI

from the French Le Systeme
Internationale d’Unites.
 International System of
Units
• The standard kilogram is kept in
Sèvres, France.
• All kilograms used throughout the
world must be exactly the same as
the kilogram kept in France because
it is the standard.
 SI Units
SI consist of 7 base units
Name Symbol Quantity
kilogram kg Mass
decond s Time
metre m Length
ampere A Electrical current
kelvin K Temperature
mole mol Amount of
substance
candela cd Luminous
intensity
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 SI Units
Derived Units in SI

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 SI Units
• Scientific notation – very convenient to represent
either large or small numbers. Also used for
calculation purposes. Represented in the power-of-
ten. For eg, 480 = 4.8X102.

• Engineering notation – similar to scientific notation

but the power-of-ten is restricted to be the multiples
of three only. For eg:-
1. 4820 = 4.82X103.

2. 0.0578 = 57.8X10-3.

• The engineering notation is defined as such in order

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to use the metric prefixes.
 SI Units
Metric prefix Symbol Power of ten
femto f 10-15
pico p 10-12
nano n 10-9
micro  10-6
milli m 10-3
kilo k 103
mega M 106
giga G 109
tera T 1012

For eg:, 0.189 amperes = 189X10-3 A = 189 mA

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 Atom Structure
• Atom – smallest particle of any element

• Bohr model – atom is build from a nucleus (consist of proton

and neutron) and a set of orbiting electrons.

• Protons is a positively charge particles, neutrons is an

uncharged particles, electrons is a negatively charge particles.

• Each atom is distinguishable by the number of electrons and

protons. Atomic number equal to the number of protons.

• Electrons at the outermost shell/orbit is called valence

electrons. Located at the highest energy level and loosely
bound to the atom.

• Electrons can only absorb or emit energy. Becomes free

electron when absorbs sufficient energy. Free electrons is
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important for electrical current flow.
 Electrical Charge
• Electrical Charge – the most basic quantity in electrical circuit.
In SI unit, measured in Coulombs (C)

• The charge on a electron is -1.602 X 10-19 C

• Thus, in 1C of charge, how many electron they have?

• Based on the charge conservation law, charge can neither be

created nor destroyed. It can only be transferred.

• Battery connected with conductors (wires), +ve and –ve

charges are forced to move in opposite direction. Current flow is
the movement of +ve charge.
e e I = symbol of current
I e e Ampere = unit of current

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 Electrical Current
• Electrical Current – time rate of change of charge.
dq
i ;measured in amperes (A)
dt
• Current is also the NET FLOW of positive charges.

• Thus, 1 ampere = 1 coulomb / 1 second

• There are 2 types of current :-

– Current remains constant with time – DIRECT CURRENT
(DC)

– Current varies with time - ALTERNATING CURRENT

(AC)

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 Electrical Current
• DIRECT CURRENT(DC)

Example
*A total charge entering a conductor is q(t)=2t.
Find the current, I(t), and sketch the waveform?
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 Electrical Current
• ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

Example
*A total charge entering a conductor is
q(t)=50sin(150t). Find the current, I(t)
at t=0.5s? 24
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 Voltage
• To move electrons, certain work / energy is required.
External electromotive force (emf) performs this work, eg
battery or generator (dynamo).

• This emf is a.k.a. VOLTAGE or POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE.

• Voltage = the energy required to move a unit of charge

between TWO POINTS (a & b) in an element.

dw
• vab  ;measured in volts (V)
dq

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 Voltage
• 1 volt = 1 joule / (1 coulomb). Thus, if 1 joule of
energy is required to move 1 coulomb charge
between two points, then the voltage is 1 volt.

• Voltage always refer between two points (a & b).

The plus (+) sign for terminal ‘a’ and minus (-)
sign for terminal ‘b’ are used to define the voltage
polarity aand the reference point.
Vab = -Vba
Element
b
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 Voltage
• Representation of voltage.
a
Vab = 9V
9V Element
Vba = -9V
b

a
Vab = ?
Vab = 9V
-9 V Element Vba = ?
Vba = -9V
b
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 Voltage
• Like electrical current, there are 2 types of
voltage :-
– Voltage remains constant with time – DC
VOLTAGE

– Voltage varies with time – AC VOLTAGE

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 Power & Energy
• Current and voltage and its relation to real life
purposes – POWER.
• Power and its relation to electrical appliances? 40W
bulb? 60W bulb?
• Power & energy and its relation to the amount of
bill we have to pay to the power utility company ?
• POWER = time rate of energy absorbed of
generated/expanded, measured in watt (W).

dw dw dq
p    v i
dt dq dt
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 Power & Energy
• Thus, POWER = VOLTAGE x CURRENT

p  v i
• For positively sign power – power is being absorbed

• For negatively sign power – power is being supplied

• How to know whether the power is positive or negative?

• The direction of voltage and current will determine the power

sign. This condition is called passive sign convention.

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 Power & Energy
• Passive sign convention stated two condition:-

– if the current enters through the positive terminal,

then the power is positive (p = +vi)

– if the current enters through the negative

terminal, then the power is negative (p = – vi)
i i

v v

p=+vi p=-vi 34
 Power & Energy
• Find the power for the following circuits. Mention
whether the element is absorbing/supplying power?
i i

v v

v=5V ; i=3A i v=4V ; i=7A

v=2V ; i= –2A 35
 Power & Energy
• Bear in mind the law of conservation of energy, which stated
that POWER SUPPLIED = POWER ABSORBED in any
electrical circuit.

• Thus, the energy supplied/absorbed by an element during

certain period (t0 to t1) is

t1 t1
w   p  dt   vi  dt
t0 t0

• Energy is the capacity to do work, and normally measured in

Joule (J), but electric power utility companies uses different
measurement which is watt-hour (Wh).
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 Circuit Element
• Electric Circuit = interconnection of electrical
element.
• Basically, there are 2 types of electrical
elements:-
1. Passive elements – incapable of generating
energy. Eg; resistors, capacitors, inductors
2. Active elements – capable of generating
energy. Eg; generators, batteries.
• Voltage and current sources – most important
active elements – use to deliver power to the
circuit.
• Both voltage and current sources can be divided
into two main categories which are dependent
and independent sources.
 Electrical Circuit

Passive Elements Active Elements

eg; R, L, C eg; battery, generator

Voltage source Current source

Independent Dependent Independent Dependent

„v’ source „v’ source „i’ source „i’ source

+ i
v + V v + i
– – –
 Circuit Element
• Independent source – an active element which
supplies voltage/current independently with other
element. The symbol of these element is shown in
previous figure. The round shape „v‟ source is used
for constant or time-varying voltage; while the bar
shape is used for constant voltage only. The arrow of
the „i‟ source shows the direction of the current
• Dependent source – an active element that
supplies voltage/current, in which the
magnitude/value is controlled by other elements
voltage/current. Symbols for dependent sources are
shown in previous figure, which utilizing the
diamond-shape symbols for both voltage and
current.
 Circuit Element
• Noticed that the voltage/current is controlled
by other voltage/current elements. Thus,
there are 4 combinations for dependent
voltage/current sources namely:-
– A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
– A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
– A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
– A current-controlled current source (CCCS)
 Circuit Elements
• Ideal dependent voltage
source

CCVS
2 Ix (Current Controlled Current
Source)

VCVS
20 Vx (Voltage Controlled Current
Source)
 Circuit Elements

• Ideal dependent current

source

CCCS
2 Ix (Current Controlled Current
Source)

VCCS
20 Vx (Voltage Controlled Current
Source)
46
Cont..

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Cont..

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 Problems (1)
The charge entering a certain element is shown
in Fig. . Find the current at:
(a) t = 1 ms (b) t = 6 ms (c) t = 10 ms
 Problems (2)
• The voltage v across a device and the current i
through it are
v(t) = 5 cos 2t V, i(t) = 10(1 − e−0.5t ) A
Calculate:
(a) the total charge in the device at t = 1 s
(b) the power consumed by the device at t = 1
s.
 Problems (3)
• Figures below shows the current through and
the voltage across a device. Find the total
energy absorbed by the device for the period
of 0 < t < 4 s.
 Problems (4)
The current through an element is shown in Fig.
below. Determine the total charge that passed
through the element at:
(a) t = 1 s (b) t = 3 s (c) t = 5 s