Pir Mehr Ali Shah

Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

Office of the controller of Examinations
Mid Exam / Spring 2020 (Paper Duration 48 hours)
To be filled by Teacher

Course No.: …MED…302…………Course Title:… VETERINARY PREVENTIVE MEDICINE…I………

Total Marks:……18…………………………Date of Exam:………26…06…2020…...................................
Degree: ……DVM………………. Semester:……6th…………… Section: A (MORNING)
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Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Obtained/
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Total Marks in Words:
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Who taught the course: Signature of teacher / Examiner:

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Registration No.: 17-ARID-826 Name: SYED ZAIN UL ABIDEEN SHERAZI

First you write your name, registration, arid No, section and group then start
 Answers should be in accordance to the questions
 Answers should be in given space

Answer the following questions

QUESTION NO. 01
Q.No.1.You have been appointed as veterinary doctor at cattle farm. What measures will
you adopt to control the mastitis to prove your worth. (Marks…3.)

Answer:

STEPS TAKEN FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF MASTITIS AT A FARM

1.Regular teat dipping 2.Avoid knuckle Milking 3.Adopt full hand milking

4.Routine testing of milk
7. Removal of extra teat
10. Adopting dry cow therapy
13.Routine floor cleaning with
disinfectant
5. Avoid over milking
8. Change wet bedding regularly
11. Remove hair from udder
14.Regular cleaning of the
milking equipments
6.Limit water use in milking parlour
9.Use flaming of udders
12. Scraping and cleaning the alleys
frequently
15.Avoid cattle to go in muds or
swimming pools
16.Regular examination of teat ends
19. Proper nutritional management of
cow with vitamin E, selenium, copper
supplementation.
22.Proper sanitizing of milker’s hand
25. Daily examination of udder
28.Routine examination of suspensory
ligaments of udder
31.Keep strict check on insect control
34.Routine strip cup test
37. Use tail clipping for reducing the
contamination of udder from tail.
40. Prevent injury from milking
machine, properly regulate its vacuum
pressure on teat.
17.wearing gloves during 18.adopting pre-dipping and post
milking dipping protocols
20. Separation of the diseased 21.Culling of the chronically infected
cows. cows
23.Prevent teat injury 24.Use of dip tank for cows
26.Use of sand bedding instead 27.Proper sanitation of milking
of straw bedding machines
29.Milking on proper , don’t let 30. Feeding cow immediately after
the milk longer in udder milking so cow do not sit before 30 to
40 minutes , and udder contamination
is reduced.
32.Avoid rough handling of cow 33.Reduce heat stress on cow
35.Prevent fly exposure 36. Follow ideal milking time i-e 6 to 7
minutes per cow.
38. Keep distance between 39. Frequently removing the
cows in milking parlours. dung(feaces) of the cow from its
standing place.
41. Regularly monitoring of somatic cell count.

 These are some preventive and control measures that should be taken at the farm to control
mastitis issue on the farm.
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QUESTION NO. 02
Q.No.2. What is the difference between infectious and contagious diseases and why contagious
diseases are more alarming than infectious diseases. Discuss the different approaches to
investigate the sudden unexpected death in farm animals? (Marks…3.)

Answer:

INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONTAGIOUS DISEASE

SPREAD OF DISEASE
 They cannot be transmitted or  They can be transmitted or spreaded
spreaded from one organism to other. from one organism.
DEFINITION
 Diseases caused by the pathogenic  The infectious diseases that spread
 micro-organisms (infectious agents) like from one organism to another
viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites organism through direct or indirect
are called as infectious diseases. contact.
MODE OF SPREAD OF DISEASE
 They are not spreaded to next person  Spread through direct or indirect
by generally any means of transmission contact with infected people or their
food ,water etc.
GOLDEN LINE ABOUT THEM
 All infectious diseases are not  But all contagious diseases are
contagious. infectious.
EXAMPLES
 Food poisoning, Lyme disease, Urinary  Common cold , Flu , tuberculosis
tract infection are infectious but not , chickenpox, measles, SARS and COVID-
contagious. 19 are contagious in nature.

REASON FOR MORE DEADLINESS OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES

 MORE SPREAD AND COVERAGE
Contagious diseases are more alarming due to their high tendency of spread from one
person to other and giving response differently with persons with different age and status of
immunity.
 MORE ECONOMIC LOSS IN FARMS
Due to contagious diseases like FMD, Newcastle disease, Tuberculosis the whole herd can be
affected and farmer will bear heavy economic losses.
APPROACHES TO INVESTIGATE SUDDEN UNEXPECTED DEATH IN ANIMALS
The 4 stages of sudden unexpected death investigation are:

1. HISTORY 2 .EXAMINATION 3. CORRELATION 4. INTERPRETATION

STEP NO. 1
HISTORY In this we ask the farmer about the feeding , behavior, any special sign observed by
owner, gait of animal , any lesion like wound or cut on skin, any blood coming in
urine , any shortness of breath to animal.
STEP NO. 02
EXAMINATION Examination are of 2 types
MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
 External macroscopic examination
In it we examine the external surface of the animal body, the skin , all
 orifices are checked , the lymph nodes ,eyes, mouth are checked,
hemorrhages are checked.
 Internal macroscopic examination
We internally examine the animal body by Post Mortem by seeing its lesions
and different pathognomonic signs are being checked
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
In this the lab tests are performed, the samples are taken from the animal
and tested in the laboratory for confirmatory diagnosis.

STEP NO 3 AND 4
The next steps are the CORRELATION and INTERPRETATION. In these steps the data collected by
the above steps are critically analyzed and the any result or confirm diagnosis of reason for death
is given.

QUESTION NO. 03
Q.No.3. You have received a telephone call from a well-known cattle farm honor with complaint
by following signs like fever, dullness, reluctance to move, salivation, serious nasal discharge and
edematous swellings become apparent in the pharyngeal region; these swellings spread to the
ventral cervical region and brisket. Respiratory distress occurs, and the animal can collapse and
dies within 48 hours after the signs are seen. What do you diagnose by understanding these signs,
elaborate the pathogenesis and how it will prevent before the onset? (Marks…3.)

Answer:

DISEASE DIAGNOSIS:
After accessing the signs and symptoms of the animal it died from HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA
(HS)/SHIPPING FEVER caused by Pasteurella multocida.

PATHOGENSIS OF HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA / SHIPPING FEVER

This bacteria is the normal inhabitant of the lungs, terminal bronchioles and
alveoli. The organism cannot invade the lungs due to pulmonary defense
..system.
Due to predisposing factors like malnutrition, long transportation , climate
changes the organism become efficient and destroy leucocytes of the blood
and macrophages in lungs.

Due to this destruction, active amines like histamine , prostaglandins, and

fibroblastic factors are released. These amines bring about the changes like
inflammation of lung parenchyma and deposition of fibrin in lungs.

Due to this the lungs become solidified ,and after solidification lung cannot
perform its function properly . Due to abnormal function of lungs oxygen
becomes low which lead to hypoxia

Along with the failure of lungs, in acute form development of edema in

the brisket and swelling of the pharyngeal tonsils swell largely block
the respiratory pathway leading to dyspnea

And eventually due to severe asphyxiation the death of animal

occur within 20 to 24 hours.

PREVENTION OF HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA / SHIPPING FEVER

Some of the important step for its prevention are
1 .Control movement of animals
2. Use disinfectants with high concentration on farm
 3. Use a dose of macrolide telithromycin as metaphylaxis/prophylaxis.
4. Vaccine should be done 1-2 months before monsoon season
5. Follow annual vaccination protocol.
6. Avoid giving contaminated feed to animal.
7. Maintain level of humidity at farm.
8. Reduce heat stress on animal.
9. Do not do overcrowding or congestion of animals in a shed.
10. Avoid transportation generally and in rainy season specially.
11. Save animals from rain.

QUESTION NO. 04
Q.No.4. Listeria is a neurotoxic which produce nervous disease in small ruminants. What is
the name of this disease and how it will be treated? (Marks…3.)
Answer:

NAME OF DISEASE :
It is called as circling disease , silage disease , meningio-encephalitis.

ETIOLOGY
It is caused by a gram positive facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming bacteria Listeria
monocytogenes characterised by the encephalitis. It also causes abortion, endometritis and repeat
breeding in farm animals through its toxins like listerolysin-O, bacterial superoxide dismutase and
hemolysin.

TREATMENT OF LISTERIOSIS

TREATMENT PLAN 01 TREATMENT PLAN TREATMENT PLAN TREATMENT PLAN TREATMENT PLAN 05
02 03 04
1. Administer penicillin Penicillin 1. Treatment with Penicillin @ 44000 Sulphonamide @100
and tetracycline orally administered @ Chlortetracycline @10 IU /KG Body weight to 150 mg/kg body
 at 25mg/kg body 44000 IU/kg BW mg/kg body weight for intramuscularly for weight daily for 3 days
weight for 1 week or every 12 hours or 5 – 7 days through 7 days
11.5 mg/lb. per day for every 24 hours given intramuscular is
3 consecutive days intramuscularly. suggested.
2. In encephalic forms, IV Initially a loading
sodium penicillin at a dose of penicillin of 2. Penicillin or
dose rate of 40,000 2, 00 ,000 IU/KG as a tetracyclin @25
IU/kg or 18,000 IU water soluble mg/kg PO for 1 week
mg/lb every 6 hours formulation given or sodium pencillin
until signs are removed intravenously has 40,000 IU/kg IV for 3
3. Procaine penicillin been proposed days.
@20,000 IU/kg twice a
day for 3 days.

SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT:
Use the following supporting treatment with the above described treatment plans
 Use NSAIDS ( FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE@ 1mg/kg Body weight IV after each 24 hours to reduce pain
 Use dexamethasone @ 1-2 mg/kg IV to prevent abscesses and shedding via milk
 Use thiamine @10mg/kg IV after each 24 hours to provide vitamin B1
 Use Glucocorticoids
 ANTIBIOTICS+CORTICOSTERIODS to treat iritis. Also correct acid-base and electrolyte imbalance.

QUESTION NO. 05
Q.No.5. what is the causative agent of CCPP and why penicillin is resistant to treat it? (Marks…
3.)

Answer:

“ETIOLOGY OF CONTAGIOUS CAPRINE PLEURO PNEUMONIAE”

It is caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subspecie capri pneumoniae.
This is a common disease of goats and sheeps ,characterised by the anorexia , dullness , depression,
nasal discharge, abdominal distension , abdominal discharge, fever and dry painful cough. It is
transmitted by through inhalational route. Bot fly have been found to spread the infection.
 MODE OF ACTION  As we know that penicillin is a cell wall inhibitor and has a
beta lactam ring .It inhibits the activity of enzymes that are
OF PENICIILIN needed for the cross linking of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell
walls and repairing for the cell wal . It does this by binding to
the penicillin binding proteins with the beta lactam ring. This
causes the cell wall to weaken due to fewer cross linking and
the water uncontrollably flows into the cell because it cannot
maintain the correct osmotic gradient and its results in the
cell lysis and death.

REASONING FOR NOT USING PENICILLIN

MYCOPLASMA DONOT HAVE A CELL WALL. So the target of the penicillin is not there to act on. So it
is of no use to give the penicillin or drugs with beta lactam ring like penicillin, cephalosporins in
mycoplasmal infections.

DRUG OF CHOICE FOT MYCOPLASMA

 The drug of choice for mycoplasmal infections IS TYLOSIN TARTARTE.

QUESTION NO. 06
Q.No.6. How mycobacterium produce pearl disease and why it calls pearl disease. What are the
salient features to diagnose it without diagnostic tools? What you suggest the proper treatment.
(Marks…3)
Answer:

BOVINE TUBERCLOSIS OR PEARL DISEASE

It is a chronic, contagious, zoonotic, insidious disease of bovines caused by certain micro-organism of

the genus Mycobacterium (in this case Mycobacterium bovis)characterised by the

development of tubercles with resultant white coloured caseation and solidification on the organs
like lungs, liver , kidney ,spleen ,pancreas. It is a multi-organ disease.

REASON TO CALL IT PEARLS DISEASE

 It is due to the formation of the its small, grey, characteristic circular lesion called as tubercles with
significant white coloured caseation on different organs like lungs, on serous membrane of pleura,
heart , spleen , liver, pancreas due to which, when we perform postmortem on it we see all over
the body the white pearl like small bead like spreaded structures and we called it as the pearl
disease.

PATHOGENESIS OF BOVINE TUBERCLOSIS / PEARL DISEASE

First of all the pathogen gets its entry in the body through inhalational route,
passes to the respiratory route then to the bronchioles and then to alveoli

After lodging into the alveoli, the defense system of alveoli is activated and macrophages
try to kill the mycobacterium. If defense system fails, macrophages engulf mycobacterium

After engulfing mycobacterium by macrophage, it activate and initiate a chemotactic response. Other
macrophages come around at engulf mycobacterium and forms a complex. This is localized tuberculosis

After the cytokines produced by the macrophages and various chemicals by the bacteria
that result in the inflammation of alveoli with the passage of time.

The macrophages die and produce caseous, round whitish to grey tubercles or granulomas. After this the
tubercles burst and release the bacteria which goes into the blood stream and lodges in to different places
of lungs and other organs and produce tubercles on lungs and other organs. This is generalized
tuberculosis.
 SALIENT FEATURES TO DIAGNOSE TUBERCLOSIS WITHOUT DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
Some of the salient features to diagnose TB physically and by seeing the general body conditioning
of the organism,
 Gradually decrease in the milk production
 Capricious appetite
 Losing general body condition
 Emaciation of muscles
 Frequent cough
 Blood stained sputum on cough
 Swollen or tender lymph nodes in neck and other areas
 Pain on palpations of lymph nodes
 Unusual breath sounds
 Auscultation revealing fluid around lung(pleural effusion)
 Open mouth breathing
 Fatigued and dull animal
 Loss of appetite
 Fluctuating fever
 Off and on diarrhea and constipation
 Stunted growth
 Diurnal variation of temperature
TREATMENT
Broadly speaking, the BOVINE TUBERCLOSIS cannot be treated due the highly resistive nature of
Mycobacterium bovis. If treatment is done it is highly expensive and need 5 to 6 lacs for proper
treatment of an animal for 2 years. So at the farms, the TEST AND SLAUGHTER TECHNIQUE is
adopted, and the affected is slaughtered or culled. It is considered as the best approach for this
disease.
 IN CASE OF TREATMENT THE PROTOCOL IS AS UNDER :
The following drugs are used in the treatment of TB,
 Isoniazid
 Rifampicin
 Pyrazinamide
 Ethambutol
 Streptomycin

DOSE RATES
 For Cattle
 Isoniazid 45-50 day , 5mg/kg Body Weight PO/IM
  Streptomycin 5g / day IM
 For cattle
 Isoniazid @ 20mg/kg body weight for 9 months.
 Streptomycin 50 mg/kg body weight.
 For goats
 Rifampicin 300mg PO
 Streptomycin 500 mg IM

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THE END