Nama : Alrino Ode Masimu

Smster : 3
UAS : English Phonology

RANGKUMAN MATERI
KELOMPOK PRESENTASI

A.) Kelompok 1 Chapter one, the speech mechanism

Speech production is the process by which thoughts are translated into
speech. This includes the selection of words, the organization of relevant
grammatical forms, and then the articulation of the resulting sounds by
the motor system using the vocal apparatus. Speech production can be
spontaneous such as when a person creates the words of a
conversation, reactive such as when they name a picture or read aloud a
written word, or imitative, such as in speech repetition. Speech
production is not the same as language production since language can
also be produced manually by signs.

Ordinary fluent conversation people pronounce roughly four syllables,

ten or twelve phonemes and two to three words out of their vocabulary
(that can contain 10 to 100 thousand words) each second.[1] Errors in
speech production are relatively rare occurring at a rate of about once in
every 900 words in spontaneous speech.[2] Words that are commonly
spoken or learned early in life or easily imagined are quicker to say than
ones that are rarely said, learnt later in life, or are abstract
Places of articulation
Main article: Place of articulation
Human vocal apparatus used to produce speech
The physical structure of the human nose, throat, and vocal cords allows
for the productions of many unique sounds, these areas can be further
broken down into places of articulation. Different sounds are produced
in different areas, and with different muscles and breathing techniques.
[28] Our ability to utilize these skills to create the various sounds needed
to communicate effectively is essential to our speech production. Speech
 is a psychomotor activity. Speech between two people is a conversation
– they can be casual, formal, factual, or transactional, and the language
structure/ narrative genre employed differs depending upon the
context. Affect is a significant factor that controls speech, manifestations
that disrupt memory in language use due to affect include feelings of
tension, states of apprehension, as well as physical signs like nausea.
Language level manifestations that affect brings could be observed with
the speaker’s hesitations, repetitions, false starts, incompletion,
syntactic blends, etc. Difficulties in manner of articulation can contribute
to speech difficulties and impediments.[29] It is suggested that infants
are capable of making the entire spectrum of possible vowel and
consonant sounds. IPA has created a system for understanding and
categorizing all possible speech sounds, which includes information
about the way in which the sound is produced, and where the sounds is
produced.[29] This is extremely useful in the understanding of speech
production because speech can be transcribed based on sounds rather
than spelling, which may be misleading depending on the language
being spoken. Average speaking rates are in the 120 to 150 words per
minute (wpm) range, and same is the recommended guidelines for
recording audiobooks. As people grow accustomed to a particular
language they are prone to lose not only the ability to produce certain
speech sounds, but also to distinguish between these sounds

B.) Kelompok 2 chapter two, description and classification of speech sound

Description speech sound :
Speech sounds are broadly divided into two categories, namely, Vowels
and Consonants. If we say the English word shoe, we realize that this
word is made up of two sounds, one represented by the letter sh and
the letter oe.
When we produce the word represented the letter sh slowly, we realize
that during the production this sound, the air escapes through the
mouth freely and we do not hear any friction. The sound that is
represented by the letter sh in the word shoe is a consonant and the
sound represented by the letters oe in the word shoe is Vowel.
To describe a consonant sound, we need certain important pieces of
information. We need to know the following regarding its production:
 The air stream mechanism;

The state of the glottis;

The position of the soft-palate;

The active articulator;

The passive articulator;

1. The stricture involved.

The air –stream mechanism: All English sounds (vowels as well as
consonants) are produced with a pulmonic egressive air-stream
mechanism, i.e., lung-air pushed out.
2. The state of glottis; Speech sounds can be classified voiceless or
voiced, depending upon whether the vocal cords are wide apart and the
glottis is wide open (voiceless) or the vocal cords are kept loosely
together and they vibrate (voiced).
The position of the soft-palate; Speech sounds can be classified as oral or
nasal, depending upon whether the soft-palate is raised so as to shut off
the nasal passage of air (oral) or it is lowered to open the nasal passage
of air simultaneously with an oral closure (nasal). Sounds can also be
nasalized.

C.) Kelompok 3 The English consonant

Bilabial Plosive /p :
Description : The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut
off, the primary obstacle to the air – stream is provided by the closure of
the lips. Lung air is compressed behind this closure, during which stage
the vocal cords are held wide apart for /p/, according to its situation in
the utterance. The air escapes with force when the lip closure is released
Example :
/p/ : Pen, pound, poor, post, etc
/b/ : cub, lab, robe, rib, etc.
Alveolar Plosives /t,d/ :
Description : Lung air is compressed behind this closure , during which
stage the vocal cords are wide apart for /t/, but my vibrate for all part of
 the compression stage for /d/ according to its situation in the utterance.
The lip position for /t/ and /d/ will be conditioned by that of the
adjacent sounds, especially that of a following vowel or semi-vowel .
Example :
/t/ : take, toy, tail, town, etc
/d/ : day, doll, desk, dog, etc
Description : Lung air is compressed behind this closure during which
stage the vocal cords are wide apart for /k/, but may vibrate for all or
part of the compression stage for /g/ according to its situation in the
utterance. The lip position will be conditioned by that of adjacent sound,
especially following vowels or semi vowels. Spread lips for the plosives in
keen, geese, and somewhat rounded lips for the plosives in cool, goose.
Example :
/k/ : cook, cake, come, key, etc
/g/ : go, goat, girl, goose, gate, Etc
Velar Plosives

D.) Kelompok 4 PALATO_ALVEOLAR AFFICATES

Definition
The sofi palate being raised and nasal resonator shut of, the obstacle to
the air_stream is formed by a closure made between the tip, blade, and
rims of the tong and the upper alveolar ridge and side teeth.
a. Word initial:
Chip
Chart
Check
b. Word final:
Catch
Rich
a. Word initial
Jury
Job
Jewelry
Janet 
b. Word final
Edge
Judge
E.) Kelompok 5 Labio Dental Fricatives by alrino
LABIO – DENTAL FRICATIVES
/F, V/….
INTRODUCTION
Labio dental fricatives are part of the english consonant, as we see in the
previous chapter three, there are a lot of consonant sounds that you
know. But I can only explain the fifth point, namely the labio dental
fricatives and dental fricatives.
Labio dental fricatives ( fig, /f,v/….)
Dental Fricatives ( fig, /o, o’ / )
Labio dental fricatives
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resenator shut off, the inner
surface of the lower lip makes a light contact with the edge of the upper
teeth. So that the escaping air produces friction. The actual point of
contact will vary somewhat according to the adjacent sound, e.g. in the
case of a back strongly rounded vowel or of a billabial plosive (floor,
roof, obvious), the contact on the lower lip tends to be more retracted
than in the case of a front spread vowel (feel, leaf).
Examples :
/F/
Fortis ( f, ff, ph, gh, e.g, “ off physies enough )
WORD INITIAL ( feet, fit, fat, father, fool, fail, photo )
WORD MEDIAL ( affair, defend, offer, tougher, loafer, suffer, selfish….)
/V/
LENIS ( v, f, ph, e.g, vine, of, nephew )
WORD INITIAL ( veal, vast, vain, vice, voice )
WORD MEDIAL ( ever, fever, over, silver, cover )
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the tif and
rims of the tongue make a light contact with the edge and inner surface
of the upper incisors and a firmer contact with the upper side teeth, so
that the air escaping between the forward surface of the tongue and the
incisors causes friction. With some speaker, the tongue – tip may
protrude through the teeth.
Examples :
/0/
FORTIS ( spelt always ‘th’ )
WORD INITIAL ( thief, thick, thatch, thought, thumb )
 WORD MEDIAL ( ethies, ether, method, …)
WORD FINAL ( smith, heath, breath, path, …)

F.) Kelompok 6 Palato alveolar Fricatives until Bilabial Nasal

What is Palato Alveolar fricative?
Palato alveolar is a sound that occurs due to the narrowing between the
tongue leaf and alveolum and front of the tongue and the hard palate.
And fricative are characterised by a “hissing”sound which is produced by
the air escaping through a small passage in the mouth.
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shutt off, the tip and
blade of the tongue make a light contact with the alveolar ridge, the
front of the tongue being raised at the same in the direction of the hard
palate and the side rims of the tongue being contact with upper side
teeth.
Shop fashion wish pleasure
Share occean push leisure
She election bush desicion
Shall delicious rush collision
Shoulder mention irish measure
Glottal fricative also called the breathy-voiced glottal transition is a type
of sound used in some spoken languages which patterns like a fricative
or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual
phonetic characteristics of a consonant.
Since English /h/ occurs only in syllable initial, prevocalic positions, it
may be regarded as a strong, voiceless onset of the vowel in question.
Bilabial nasal (also known as dwibibir consonants) are consonants that
are articulated using both lips.
The lips form a closure as for /p, b/; the soft palate is lowered, adding
the resonance of the nasal cavity to those of the pharynx and the mouth
chamber closed by the lips; the tongue will generally

G.) Kelompok 7 Alveolar nasal-lateral

Alveolar nasal
The tongue forms a closure with the teeth ridge and upper side teeth as
for /t, d/; the soft palate is lowered. Adding the resonance of the nasal
 cavity to those of the pharynx and of that part of the mouth chamber
behind the alveolar closure.
Lateral /l/
The soft palate being in its raised position shutting off the nasal
resonator, the tip of tongue is in contact with the upper teeth ridge.
Word Intial
Neat
Knit
Net
Knot
Word Final
Mean
Pen
Learn
Down
Lateral
Live, milk, doll, look, else, hill

H.) THE ALVEOLAR FRICTIONLESS CONTINUANT / r /

Description:
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off. The
tip of the tongue is held in a position near to, but not fouching. The rear
part of the upper teeth ridge: the back rims of the tongue are touching
the upper molars; the central part of the tongue is lowered, with a
general contraction of the tongue, so that the effect of the tongue
position is one of hallowing and slight retroflexion of the tip. The air
steam is thus allowed to escape freely. Without friction, over the centre
part of the tongue. The lip position is determined largely by that of
following vowel.‘reach’ without neutral to spread lips.
Word initial : reed, rag, royal.
b) Word medial intervocalic : mirror, very, sorry
c) Word final : far away, poor old man, once for all.
d) In consonantal cluaters
1. following fortis accented plosive: price, proud, trece, try,
cream, crow: expression, surprise, attract, decree, extremely
2. following fortis fricative, unaccented fortis plosive, or accented
fortis plosive preceded by /s/ in the same syllable: fry, afraid,
 throw thrive, shrink, shrug, apron, nitrate, cockroach; sprint,
sprat street, strain, seream. Serape
3. following lenis consonant-lricative afler /d/: brief, bright,
dress. Dry, grey grow, umbrella, address. Agree. Hungry, comrade,
sovereigr general, miserable.
e) Word containing more the one / r / : Brewery, library, arrowroot
Description:
The vocalic allophones of RP / j / are articulated by the tongue
assuming the position for a front half-close to close vowel (depending on
the degree of openness of the following sound) and moving away
immediately to the position of the following sound:
Example:
Word initial: yes, yard, young
Following accented care, pure, secure
Following fortis fricatives or unaccented : refuse, pursue, opulent
Following lenis consonant : beauty, duty, music, new.

I.) Kelompok 9 Labio velar semi vowel

What is labio velar semi v
The voiced labio-velar semi vowel is a type of consonant sound, used
certain in spoken languages, including english.
It is the sound denoted by the letter ( w ) in the english alphabet.and
labio velar consonant are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips.
The vocalic allophones of RP/w/ are articulated by the tongue assuming
the position for a back half-close vowel (depending upon the degree of
oprnness of the following sound) and moving away immediately to the
position of the following sound
/ w /, / w /, / v /
West away vest
Way twenty vent
Work awake vine
Wide forward verse
Warm backward vane

J.) Kelompok 10 Chapter four, The English Vowels

These letters are vowels in English:
A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes Y.
It is said that Y is “sometimes” a vowel, because the letter Y represents
both vowel and consonant sounds. In the words cry, sky, fly, my and
why, letter Y represents the vowel sound /aɪ/. In words like myth and
synchronize, Y represents the vowel sound /ɪ/. In words like only,
quickly, and folly, Y represents the vowel sound /i/.
It can also be a consonant sound called a glide as in the beginning of
these words: yellow, yacht, yam, yesterday. Y is a consonant about 2.5%
of the time, and a vowel about 97.5% of the time.[1]
In written English the six vowel letters are used to represent the 13-15
vowel sounds (depending on the variety) in English.[2] This means there
are many more vowel sounds than letters in the English alphabet, and
the English spelling systems doesn’t always help us figure out what the
English sounds are. This can be confusing.

The rest of the letters of the alphabet are consonants:

B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y (sometimes), and Z.
There are 15 vowels sounds in English:

1. /i:/ eat, bead, bee

2. /ɪ/ id, bid, pit
3. /eɪ/ eight, wade, bay
4. /ɛ/ bet, fed
5. /æ/ ask, bat, glad
6. /ʌ/ under, putt, bud
7. /ɑ:/ cot, bomb
8. /u:/ boot, two, tube
9. /ʊ/ foot, should, put
10. /oʊ/ oat, own, zone, blow
11. /ɔ/ caught, paw, port
12. /ɚ/ merge, bird, further
Diptongs:
13. /aɪ/ ice, bite, tie
14. /aʊ/ out, gown, plow
15. /oɪ/ oyster, coil, boy
K.) Kelompok 11 chapter five dipthongal vowel glides
A diphthong occurs when there are two separate vowel sounds within
the same syllable. Indeed, the word, diphthong comes from the Greek
worA diphthong occurs when there are two separate vowel sounds
within the same syllable. Indeed, the word, diphthong comes from the
Greek word diphthongos, which means “two sounds” or “two tones.” It
is also known as a “gliding vowel,” because the one sound literally glides
into another.d diphthongos, which means “two sounds” or “two tones.”
It is also known as a “gliding vowel,” because the one sound literally
glides into another.
A complex speech sound or glide that begins with one vowel and
gradually changes to another vowel within the same syllable, as (oi) in
boil or (ī) in fine.
One of the best diphthong examples is the word “oil.” Here, we have
two vowels working side by side and, together, they create a sound
different than anything “O” or “I” alone can produce.
...
/ʊə/
Fur.
Sure.
Lure.
Pure.
Manure.