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Basic Concepts of Hematology Malignancies
Basic Concepts of Hematology Malignancies
Leukemia
Neoplasm derived from lymphoid or myeloid cells primarily
affecting the bone marrow and peripheral blood.
Types include
1) Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
2) Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML)
Cells are defined bby lineage and stage of 3) Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
maturation/differentiation 4) Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Regulated by signaling pathways and transcription
factors
Basic Pathogenesis of Acute Leukemia
Maturation blockade
These immature cells (blasts) tend to expand accumulate
and suppress normal haematopoiesis leading to bone
marrow failure -> proses poesis terganggua
Bone marrow failure: anemia, leucopenia and
thrombocitopenia (pansitopenia)
Lymphomas
Lymphomas are solid tumors of lymphoid cells. There are
many kinds. Most are related to mature B-cells. The most
common are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular
lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma. All 3 of these lymphomas
are related to germinal centre B-cells.
Etiologi
Penyebab: idiopatik
Faktor-faktor yang meningkatkan resiko:
Radiasi
Merokok
Infeksi EBV (Epstein Barr Virus)
Pasien sindroma Down
Patogenesis
Translokasi kromosom -> aktivasi jalur transduksi sinyal
-> proliferasi dan pertumbuhan sel meningkat
t(12;21) : TEL/AML1 (25% childhood ALL)
t(1;19) : E2A/PBX1
t(9,22) : BCR/ABL p190 fusion (25% adult ALL)
11q23 : MLL >25 fusion partners (70% infant ALL)
1411 or 7q25: TCR, T-cell phenotype
t(8;14), t(8;22), t(2;8): c-myc/lg, mature B-cell (Burkitt)
phenotype
Gambaran Klinis
Hepatomegali (70%)
Demam (60%)
Mudah lelah (50%)
Limfadenopati (50%)
Perdarahan (40%)
Nyeri tulang dan sendi (40%)
Anoreksia (20%)
Nyeri perut (10%)
Massa mediastinum (10%)
Gangguan SSP (5%) Kebanyakn pasien -> ekspresi meningkat pada gen bcl-2
Keterlibatan organ lain (<5%) yang menghambat apoptosis