Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fateema Priyam Second Yr P.G
Fateema Priyam Second Yr P.G
FATEEMA PRIYAM
SECOND YR P.G 1
Contents `
Introduction
Important terminologies
Diagnostic procedure
Patient evaluation
History taking
Personal data
Chief complaint and dental history
Medical history
Clinical evaluation 2
Radiographic examination
Prognosis
Treatment planning
Prosthodontic diagnostic index
Discussion
Summary
References
3
4
Success in complete denture
prosthetics
1.The patient’s attitude to dentures and
his ability and willingness to learn to use
them.
2. The condition of the mouth.
3. The skill of the clinician.
4. The technical assistance available.
5
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
6
Examination: Scrutiny or investigation
for the purpose of making a diagnosis or
assessment.
GPT-9
7
Diagnosis: is the examination of the physical
state, evaluation of the mental or psychological
makeup, and understanding the needs of each
patient to ensure a predictable result.
-SHELDON Winkler
The determination of the nature of a disease
-GPT-9
8
Diagnosis is the act or process of deciding
the nature, location and cause of a diseased
condition by examination and careful
investigation.
Heartwell
9
Treatment plan: is the sequence of procedures
planned for the treatment of a patient after
diagnosis.
-GPT-9
Means developing a course of action that
encompasses the ramification and sequelae of
treatment to serve the patient needs
-Sheldon Winkler
10
Prognosis: A forecast as to the probable result of a
disease or a course of therapy.
-GPT-9
To forecast the likelihood of a successful outcome
to prosthetic treatment
- D J Neil
11
12
To gain the necessary information about the
patient, the clinician should:
– Conduct a thorough examination
– Listen to what the patient has to say
– Be alert to things patient may leave unsaid
– Record details of information in a logical sequence
13
Diagnostic procedure can be broadly
divided into:
Patient evaluation
History taking
Clinical evaluation
Extraoral
Intraoral
14
15
Physical characteristics
Appearance and presentation
Handshake
– Dead fish handshake
– Normal firm
– Vicelike handshake
– Sweaty,clammy and cold hands
Kranti,Meena et al
Psychological considerations for edentulous patients
JIPS 2007 16
Gait
Insight into patients motor skills and systemic diseases
Stooped shoulder-Spinal changes
Tremor of head-Parkinson disease
Dragging of one leg-Stroke
Staggering-Alcohol(excessive)
Damage to brain and spinal cord,
medications
17
Motor skills
Whether patient is able to move alone or
with assistance
Dizziness
Vertigo
Breathing
Facial movements
Speech defects
18
Mental Attitude/ Personality
19
Philosophical
20
Exacting
21
Indifferent Patient
23
Reasons that the House
classification requires reevaluation
Some of the terminology is antiquated, falling out of
use, or no longer carries the same meaning within
psychiatry eg: hysterical
House classification pertains to the patient in isolation.
House provided little attention to how the patient’s
reactions and behaviors are codetermined by the
treatment and behavior of the dentist.
Simon Gamer et al
“M. M. House mental classification revisited: Intersection of particular
patient types and particular dentist’s needs”
J Prosthet Dent 2003;89:297-302
24
PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION
Based on 2 factors:
the level and quality of the engagement or
involvement of the patient toward the dentist
(including such issues as domination, submission, and
idealization and devaluation of the dentist) and
the level of willingness to submit (trust) to the dentist.
Gamer et al 2003
25
26
27
IPWCDO CLASSIFICATION
28
MALADAPTIVE RESPONSE
29
WINKLERS CLASSIFICATION
HARDY ELDERLY
SENILE AGED SYNDROME
SATISFIED OLD DENTURE WEARERS
GERIATRIC PATIENTS WHO DO NOT WANT
DENTURES
30
ALAN MACK’S CLASSIFICATION
Ectomorph-worrying types
Endomorph-Care free type
Mesomorph-Passive type
31
BLUMS CLASSIFICATION
REASONABLE OR REALISTIC
UNREASONABLE OR UNREALISTIC
32
FRANKELS CLASSIFICATION
33
34
Personal Data
NAME
AGE
SEX
OCCUPATION
35
Address
Helps in future communication
Socio-economic status
Setting up appointments
Endemic diseases
36
Habits
– Pan chewing, smoking, chronic alcoholism
– Habits like pencil and nail-biting
– Para functional habits
37
Nutritional history
• Well-nourished patient
• Mal-nourished patient
38
DENTAL HISTORY
39
Chief complaint
The patient should be questioned regarding his or
her chief complaint such as-
Inability to chew
Impaired speech
Poor appearance
Others.
40
History of presenting illness/
Dental history
Duration and sequence of the edentulous
state:
Gives information about bone resorption
patterns and progression, as well as the
timing of tooth loss.
41
Previous Denture Experience:
42
Existing Or Current Dentures:
43
The existing denture should be checked for tooth
shade,mold and material .
Eshetics,phonetics,retention,stability,extensions,
contours,vertical dimension of occlusion and
orientation of the occlusal plane.
Characterization or staining,comfort of the patient.
Motivation to clean dentures must be assessed.
Ashok.K et al
Journal of Orofacial sciences-2010
44
MEDICAL HISTORY
45
Debilitating diseases
Diabetes, tuberculosis, blood dyscrasias etc
should be under medical control.
Diabetes: An uncontrolled diabetic or poorly
controlled diabetics may pose problems of:
(i) Bacterial, viral and fungal infections – including
candidiasis.
(ii) Xerostomia:
46
Poor wound healing,increased bone
resorption,muscle atrophy,xerostomia.
Appointments should be short and should not
interfere with meal times.
Tissues need functional rest so patients should be
advised less denture wear.
Frequent relining and rebasing may be required.
Ashok .K et al
Journal of Orofacial Sciences-2010
47
Tuberculosis
Deep fissures in the tongue; the mucosa of
check; round, undermined ulcers that are very
painful and firm nodules.
48
. Blood dyscrasias:
proper history should be taken
blood tests/ consultation prior to treatment
care to be taken while planning for pre
prosthetic surgery
these patients get easily bruised
49
Cardio vascular diseases:
50
Diseases of joints:
Particularly osteoarthritis.
Under the age of 45, men and women
are affected in the ratio of 2 : 1.
51
Considerations
52
Occlusal correction must be made often
because of subsequent changes in joints.
Special impression trays necessary due to
limited access from reduced ability to open
jaws.
53
Diseases of skin:
Pemphigus - extremely painful.
Constant use of dentures is
contraindicated - primarily indicated for
mental comfort.
Vesicles and bullae on the mucous
membrane as well as on skin.
54
Neurological disorders:
Patients with Bell’s palsy and Parkinson’s disease
etc. can be given prosthetic treatment.
Denture retention, maxillo-mandibular relation
records and supporting musculature pose denture
problems.
55
Epilepsy
The base of complete dentures should be
metal or should be reinforced with metal as
acrylic base may fracture ,increasing the
risk of aspiration or dislodgement into the
esophagus
Taskin Gurbuz
Novel aspects of Epilepsy,2011
56
Radiation treated patients
57
If prognosis is favorable,but still the tissues have a
bronze color and lack tonus-delay denture
construction.
Watch for tissue necrosis.
Use on a limited time basis-depending on the
reaction of the tissues.
58
CLIMACTERIC
Females-menopause
Generally seen as osteoarthritis,mental
disabilities,burning palate,burning
tongue,tendency to gag,vague areas of pain.
Medications,psychiatric treatment.
59
Allergies and Angioneurotic edema
60
61
Extra oral examination
The head and neck region is examined for the
presence of any pathological condition relating
to non dental or systemic condition
Face and neck palpated to check for enlarged
nodes or masses.
62
Facial form
Put forward by House & Loop, Frush &Fisher &
Williams.
Williams claims that the shape of upper Central
Incisor bears a definite relation with the shape of
the face.
63
Facial Profile (Acc. To Angle):
64
Facial Symmetry
Gross asymmetries are recorded.
Can be due to:
– Congenital defects
– Hemifacial atrophy
– Unilateral condylar ankylosis and hyperplasia.
65
Muscle tone (According to House)
67
Lip
Lips are examined in relation to
Lip support
Lip mobility
Lip thickness
Lip length
Lip health
68
Lip support
Lack of proper lip support - collapsed
appearance and wrinkling.
A rolled-in vermilion border - inadequate lip
support.
Adequately supported/unsupported
69
Lip health
70
Lip thickness
71
72
73
Lip length
Normal- 19-22mm
Short- <18mm
Long- >23mm
74
75
Lip mobility
Class I-Normal
Class II-reduced
Class III-Paralysis
76
Temporomandibular joint:
77
Patient presenting with one / more of the
following symptoms are considered to be
suffering from TMJ disorder.
(1) Pain and tenderness in muscles of
mastication and TMJ.
(2) Sounds during condylar movements
(3) Limitations of mandibular movements
78
Examination
79
Prosthetic considerations:
- Unhealthy TMJ complicates jaw relation records.
- Centric relation depends on structural and functional
harmony of osseous structures, intra articular tissue
and capsular ligaments.
- Difficulty to give correct & repeatable centric relation.
- Occlusal corrections often needed.
Patient educated
80
Speech :
81
Sometimes speech aids in classification of a
patient
-Rapid, jerky speech-hysterical patient
Forcefulness and abrupt speech,demanding-
Exacting patients
Monotone ,lack of interest,absence of enthusiasm-
Indifferent patients
JIADS 2010;1(2):15
82
Intraoral examination
Oral mucosa:
Color of mucosa ranges from healthy pink to fiery
red indicating:
inflammation,
ill-fitting denture,
infections,
systemic disease or
chronic smoking.
83
Mucosa thickness: (Classification by
House)
84
Mucosa condition
Class I: healthy
Class II: irritated
Class III: pathological
85
Arch size: (According to House)
87
Arch form (according to House)
Class 1: Square
Class 2: Tapered
Class 3: Ovoid
88
The opposing arch may or may not have the same
form.
89
Ridge form(arch contour)
cross-sectional contour as a whole arch.
The ridge form affects the retention and stability.
Its height resists lateral displacement, and the
parallelism of its sides maintains the seal for a
considerable distance to resist vertical
displacement
90
Maxillary ridge form is classified as:
(According to House)
Class 1: U shaped
Class 2: V-shaped
91
Mandibular ridge form
Class 1: Inverted U shaped (parallel walls
from medium to tall with broad crest)
Class 2: Inverted U shaped (short with flat
crest)
Class 3: Unfavorable
Inverted W
Short inverted V
Tall, thin inverted V
Undercut
92
Atwood & Howels classification
Order I: pre-exraction
Order II: post extraction
Order III: high- well rounded
Order IV: knife- edged
Order V: low well rounded
Order VI: Depressed
93
Defects:
94
Hyperplastic tissue
Papillary hyperplasia
95
Epulis fissuratum
96
Tori:
Benign bony enlargements
Found at midline of hard palate or on lingual
aspect of mandible mostly in premolar region.
Small ones may be accommodated
by relief of denture base.
Large enough to interfere with denture design are
surgically removed.
97
98
Torus palatinus:
Ridge resorption can cause denture to settle over
torus palatinus causing rocking of prosthesis and
soreness.
99
Mandibular tori :
Occur just above floor of mouth.
Difficult to provide relief without breaking border
seal of denture.
Surgical removal is necessary for successful
denture construction
100
Class I: Tori absent or minimal in size. Do not
interfere with denture construction
101
Interarch Space
Space between the maxillary and the mandibular
arches. Normally it should be 20mm.
Excessive amount of space due to resorption
results in poor stability and retention.
Reduced interarch distance will make teeth setting
and free way space maintenance difficult.
102
103
Ridge parallelism:
104
Ridge relationship:
105
106
Lateral throat form:
Ewell Niel defined lateral throat form as the
contour of the hard lingual surfaces of the
mandibular ridge in the molar area and the velum
like tissue distal to the mylohyoid ridge in the
retromylohoid fossa as it functions under the
influence of tongue.
107
Examination:
With the index finger passively
contacting the curved wall of mucosa in
the retromolar fossa with the tongue at
rest, patient is instructed to protrude the
tongue.
108
Class I: 0.5 inch of space
exists between mylohyoid
ridge & floor of mouth.
Class II: Less than 0.5 inch
space exists
Class III: Mylohyoid fold is
at the same level as
mylohyoid ridge.
Retention of lower denture
is difficult.
109
Lateral throat form- design of a measuring instrument
Sadhvi K.V., Chandrasekharan Nair K., Jayakar Shetty
111
Milsap’s classification
Class I: it is horizontal & and makes 10o
angle to the hard palate &most
advantageous
Class II: soft palate makes a 45o angle to
the hard palate
Class III: soft palate makes a 70o angle to
the hard palate.
Milsap C H
“ The posterior palatal seal area for complete dentures”
DCNA 1964; 1: 663-73.
112
113
114
Hard Palate:
U Shaped: It is most favorable for retention
and lateral stability
115
116
Palatal sensitivity: (According to
House)
Gag reflex is a normal defense mechanism
designed to prevent foreign bodies from entering
the trachea.
Can be caused by
(1) Systemic disorders
(2) Psychological factors
(3) Extra and intra oral physiologic factors
(4) Iatrogenic factors.
Assessed by
(1) oral examination
(2) medical history
117
Class I: normal
Class II: subnormal (hyposensitive)
Class III: supernormal
(hypersensitive)
118
Border attachments: (According to
House)
Class I: attachments are high in maxilla or low in
mandible with relation to ridge crest (0.5 inches or
more between the level of attachment and the crest
of the ridge).
121
122
Saliva:
Amount and Consistency of saliva
affects denture construction and
retention.
Saliva consistency:
thin, serous or
thick ropy.
Quantity
Dry mouth-increased potential for
soreness
Excessive saliva -complicates denture
construction, especially impression making
123
Saliva can be classified as: (House)
Class I: Normal quality and quantity of
saliva. Cohesive and adhesive
qualities of saliva are normal.
Class II: Excessive; contains much
mucus
Class III: Xerostomia; remaining saliva
is mucinous.
124
Tongue:
Tongue size: (Classification according to
House)
Class I: Normal in size, development and function.
Class II: Teeth have been absent long enough to
permit a change in the form and function of the
tongue.
Class III: Excessively large tongue. All teeth have
been absent for an extended period of time-
abnormal development of the size of the tongue.
125
The large tongue completely
- fills floor of mouth and
- Covers alveolar ridges
- Making of impression difficult
- Denture stability difficult to attain because
dentures move with movement of tongue
A small tongue on the other hand facilitates
impression making but might jeopardize the
lingual seal.
126
Tongue position:
In 1949 Wright classified tongue position as
follows:
Class I: Normal
• The tongue fills the floor of the mouth and is
confined by the mandibular teeth.
127
Class II: Retracted
128
Class III: Retracted
• The tongue is very tense and pulled
backward and upward.
• The apex is pulled back into the body of
the tongue and almost disappears.
• The lateral borders rest above the
mandibular occlusal plane.
129
DIAGNOSTIC AIDS
130
Pre-extraction records:
131
Radiographic examination
It is an essential part of diagnosis and treatment
planning in patients seeking prosthodontic care.
132
Interpretation of panoramic radiograph
should follow a 5-step analysis as outlined
by Chomenko:
Step I: Screening the jaw for
134
Step 5: Rate of growth of lesion estimated
- Slow growing shows sclerosis,
expansion and displacement of
adjacent structures.
- Fast growing shows gross bone
destruction and lack of
proliferative response.
135
Wical and Swoope described a useful system of
classification.
Class I: Mild resorption – Loss of 1/3 of original
height
Class II: moderate – loss of 1/3rd to 2/3rd of original
height
Class III: Severe – Loss of 2/3rd or more of original
height
Wikal,Swoope C.C
Studies of residual ridge resorption
J Prosthet Dent 1974
136
PROGNOSIS
137
Defined as the forecast as to the probable result of a
disease or a course of therapy.
After all the intra oral and general physical and dental
conditions have been recorded and radiographs, casts
and other visual aids are at hand, they can be
interpreted and diagnosis arrived at.
138
139
It is the process of matching
possible treatment options with
patient needs and systematically
arranging the treatment in order of
priority but in keeping with a logical
or technically necessary sequence.
140
Treatment plan
Addresses patient’s needs Informed consent
Lists specific treatment Enables patient to Treatment
Specifies logical sequence Time
Fees
Enables Patient
dentist to receives
Estimate
Operating time Delivered care
Laboratory time Dentist delivers Patient specific
Fees
141
Adjunctive care
– Elimination of infection
– Elimination of pathology
– Preprosthetic surgery
– Tissue conditioning
– Nutritional counseling
Prosthodontic care
142
Elimination of Infection:
143
Elimination of pathology
Pathologies like cysts and tumors of the jaws
should be removed or treated.
Some pathologies may involve the entire
bone. In such cases, after surgery, an
obturator may have to be placed along with
the complete denture.
144
Pre-prosthetic surgery
Enhance the success of the denture.
Some of the common preprosthetic
procedures are:
Frenectomy, Excision of denture
granulomas, Excision of flabby tissue,
Reduction of enlarged tuberosity,
Vestibuloplasty, Alveoloplasty,
Alveolectomy etc.
145
TISSUE CONDITIONING
146
Nutritional counseling
147
PROSTHODONTIC DIAGNOSTIC INDEX
148
Developed by American college of
prosthodontics.
4 diagnostic criteria
– Mandibular bone height
– Maxillomandibular relationship
– Maxillary residual ridge morphology
– Muscle attachments
149
Class I (ideal or minimally
compromised)
Residual mandibular bone height of
21mm
Maxillomandibular relationship
permitting normal tooth articulation and
an ideal ridge relationship
Maxillary ridge morphology
Muscle attachments conducive
150
Class II (moderately compromised)
151
Class III (substantially
compromised)
Residual mandibular height – 11-15mm.
Limited interarch space
Maxillary residual ridge morphology
providing minimal resistance
Muscle attachment results in
compromised denture stability and
retention
152
Class IV ( severely
compromised)
Residual mandibular height – 10mm or
less
An angle class I ,II or III relation with
compromised interarch space
Maxillary residual ridge morphology
provides no resistance
Muscle attachment that significantly
compromises denture base.
153
154
155
SUMMARY
156
REFERENCES
157
Text books
1. Zarb Bolender, “Prosthodontic Treatment for
Edentulous Patients” ,2004,12 Ed,Mosby Inc
2. Winkler ,”Essentials of Complete Denture
Prosthodontics” 1996,2nd Ed,AITBS Publishers.
3. Sharry , “Complete Denture Prosthodontics”
,1962,Mcgraw-Hill Book Company
4. Heartwell, “Syllabus of Complete Dentures”,1992,4th
Ed,Varghese Publishing House.
158
5. Arthur O.Rahn, John.R. Ivanhoe, Kevin D.Plummer,
“ Textbook of complete dentures” 2009, 6th Edition,
Peoples medical publishing house- USA.
6. Deepak Nellaswamy.”Textbook of
Prosthodontics”2nd edition
7. V Rangarajan, T V Padmanabhan, “ Textbook of
prosthodontics” 2013, 1st Edition, Elsevier.
8. Alexander. R . Halperin, Gerald. N Graser, Gary. S.
Rogoff , “ Mastering the art of complete denture”
1988, 1st edition, Quintessence publishing
159
Journal references
160
P.F Johnson, G.M.Taybos, R.J Grisius et al,
“Diagnostic, treatment planning and
prognostic considerations” DCNA vol
30(3):503-517, 1986.
162
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