Hydrocarbon Liquid

Transmission Pipeline
and Storage Systems –
Design and Operation

M. Mohitpour
M.S. Yoon
J.H. Russell

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 © 2012, ASME, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mohitpour, Mo
 Hydrocarbon liquid transmission pipeline and storage systems : design and opera-
tion / M. Mohitpour, M.S. Yoon, J.H. Russell.
   p. cm.
  Includes bibliographical references and index.
  ISBN 978-0-7918-6000-7 (alk. paper)
  1.  Petroleum pipelines–Design and construction. 2. Liquefied natural gas
p­ipelines–Design and construction. 3.  Pipelines–Design and construction.  I. Yoon,
Mike II. Russell, J. H. (James Hooper), 1947- III. Title.
 TN879.53.M64 2012
  665.5’44–dc23
2012016731

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 DEDICATIONS
This book is dedicated to the Pipeline Industry whose prime objective has been, and
continues to be, transporting hydrocarbon energy efficiently but with utmost safety
and reliability. It is dedicated to the experts and professionals in the industry whose
breadth of expertise and continued effort has led to advancements that have been the
cornerstone of integrity and safety in pipeline energy transportation.
To our wives Carol, Julie, and Fern whose patience, unyielding support, and love
allowed us to complete this book. They made us to wonder in our dreams to achieve
our aspiration. THANK YOU.

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 DEDICATIONS
This book is dedicated to the Pipeline Industry whose prime objective has been, and
continues to be, transporting hydrocarbon energy efficiently but with utmost safety
and reliability. It is dedicated to the experts and professionals in the industry whose
breadth of expertise and continued effort has led to advancements that have been the
cornerstone of integrity and safety in pipeline energy transportation.
To our wives Carol, Julie, and Fern whose patience, unyielding support, and love
allowed us to complete this book. They made us to wonder in our dreams to achieve
our aspiration. THANK YOU.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Accreditation xxi
Forewords xxii
Metric Conversion of Some Common Units xxv

Chapter 1 Introduction to Hydrocarbon Liquid Pipelines 1

1.1 Liquid Hydrocarbon Transportation System Scope 1
1.2 Hydrocarbon Liquid Pipelines 1
1.3 Liquid Pipeline Transportation Systems 3
1.4 Types of Transmission Pipelines 5
1.5 Liquid Petroleum Pipeline Networks 5
1.6 Single Versus Multiple Products Pipeline 11
1.6.1 Refined Petroleum Products 11
1.7 Liquid Pipeline Development History/Chronology 12
1.7.1 Historical Overview 12
1.7.2 Codes, Standards and Regulations (Addressing Liquid
Pipeline Design, Construction and Operation) 15
1.7.3 Codes 15
1.7.4 Regulations 16
1.8 Major Pipeline Facilities Layout 22
1.8.1 Pump Station 22
1.8.2 Metering/Measurement 22
1.8.3 Valve and Manifolds 26
1.8.3.1 Valves 26
1.8.3.2  Manifolds 27
1.9 General Pipeline Operations 28
References 29

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 vi    n    Table of Contents

Chapter 2  Hydrocarbon Liquid Properties 31

2.1 Hydrocarbon Liquids 31
2.2 Hydrocarbon Liquids Phase Behavior 32
2.2.1 Phase Diagram Determination 34
2.3 Properties of Petroleum Liquids 37
2.3.1 Mass, Volume, and Density 38
2.3.2 Density and Thermal Expansion 38
2.3.3 Compressibility, Bulk Modulus, and Thermal Expansion 38
2.3.3.1  Compressibility 38
2.3.3.2 Bulk Modulus K 39
2.3.3.3 Thermal Expansion 40
2.3.3.4  Calculating Bulk Modulus for Various Fluids 41
2.3.3.5 Other Techniques for Calculating Bulk Modulus 42
2.4 Specific Gravity and API Gravity 42
2.4.1 Specific Gravities of Blended Products 44
2.5 Viscosity, Newtonian Versus Non-Newtonian 45
2.5.1 Viscosity and Density Relationship 48
2.5.2 Viscosity of Blended/Diluted Liquids 48
2.5.2.1 (A) New Volume from Current Volume,
Current SG, and Target SG 48
2.5.2.2  (B) Viscosity Blending Calculation 48
2.5.3 Hydrocarbon Liquids Blending and Volume Shrinkage 49
2.5.4 Viscosity Determination 50
2.6 Pour Point and Viscosity Relationship 50
2.6.1 Reasons for Pour Point Determination 51
2.7 Vapor Pressure 52
2.7.1 True Vapor Pressure 52
2.8 Flash Point 55
2.9 Hydrocarbon Liquid Specific Heat Capacity 55
2.10 Thermal Conductivity 56
2.11 Effect of Hydrocarbon Liquid Properties on Measurement Systems 57
2.11.1  (a) Base Conditions 57
2.11.2  (b)  Impact of Phase Change 57
2.11.3  Properties Important to Measurement Systems 57
2.11.4 Factors Affecting Measurement Accuracy 58
References 59

Chapter 3 System Hydraulics and Design 63

3.1 Fundamentals of Liquid Pipeline Hydraulics 63
3.1.1 Pipeline Flow Equations 63
3.1.1.1  Continuity or Mass Conservation Equation 64
3.1.1.2  Momentum Equation 64

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3.1.1.3  Energy Equation 67

3.1.1.4  Equation of State 68
3.1.2 Solution Methods 68
3.1.2.1  Method of Characteristics 69
3.1.2.2  Explicit Methods 69
3.1.2.3  Implicit Methods 69
3.1.3 Steady-State Solutions and Design Equations 70
3.1.3.1 Solution of Continuity Equation and
Volume Correction 71
3.1.3.2 Solution of Momentum Equation and Pressure
Profile Calculation 72
3.1.3.3 Solution of Energy Equation and Temperature
Profile Calculation 75
3.2 Design Process 83
3.2.1 Codes and Standards 83
3.2.2 Design Factors 84
3.2.2.1  Supply and Demand 84
3.2.2.2  Pipeline Route and Environmental Issues 85
3.2.2.3 Operating Parameters 86
3.2.2.4  Pipe Parameters 89
3.2.2.5  Pumping Parameters 93
3.2.2.6  Economic Factors 93
3.2.3 Hydraulic Design Procedure 96
3.3 Liquid Pipeline Design 98
3.3.1 Crude Oil Pipeline System — Isothermal Flow 99
3.3.2 Pipeline Configurations 104
3.3.2.1  Side Stream Delivery 105
3.3.2.2  Side Stream Injection 108
3.3.2.3  Pipeline in Series 112
3.3.2.4  Pipelines in Parallel 114
3.3.3 Severe Elevation Change — Slack Flow 115
3.3.4 Severe Weather Conditions 119
3.3.4.1  Pipeline in a Hot Environment 119
3.3.4.2  Pipeline in a Cold Environment 119
3.3.5 Batch Pipeline Hydraulics Design 120
3.3.6 High Vapor Pressure (HVP) Pipeline Design 122
3.3.7 Heavy Crude Pipeline Hydraulic Design 129
3.3.7.1 Determine the Physical Properties under
Pipeline Conditions 130
3.3.7.2 Determine the Pressure and Temperature throughout
the Pipeline for the Anticipated Flow Rates 131
3.3.7.3 Review the Restart after Shutdown 132
3.3.7.4 Design Facilities 133
3.4 Locating Pump Stations 136

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Addenda to Chapter 3 144

A3.1 Temperature Calculation 144
A3.2 Erosional Velocity of Fluid 148
A3.3 Minor Pressure Losses 149
A3.4 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Pipe Volume 154
References 157

Chapter 4  Pumps and Pump Stations 159

4.1 Introduction 159
4.2 Centrifugal Pumps 160
4.3 Centrifugal Pump Types 161
4.3.1 End Suction Single Stage Pumps 161
4.3.2 Vertical In-Line Single Stage Pumps 161
4.3.3 Horizontal Axially Split Between-Bearing Single-Stage Pumps 161
4.3.4 Horizontal Axially Split Between-Bearing Multi-Stage Pumps 161
4.3.5 Double–Case (Can) Vertically Suspended Volute Pumps 162
4.4 Pump Selection and Sizing 164
4.4.1 Pump Performance 164
4.4.1.1  Pump Performance Curves 165
4.4.2 Service Conditions 165
4.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) 167
4.4.3.1 Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR) 167
4.4.3.2 Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA) 168
4.4.4 Specific Speed 169
4.4.5 Suction Specific Speed 170
4.4.6 Pump Performance Curve Characteristics 171
4.4.7 Centrifugal Pump Power and Efficiency 172
4.4.8 Performance Modifications for Varying Pipeline Applications 172
4.4.9 Cavitation 176
4.4.10 Viscous Hydrocarbon Behavior in Pumps 180
4.4.11 Temperature Rise 181
4.4.12  Minimum Flow 182
4.5 Pump Specification and Purchase 182
4.5.1 Pump Data Sheets 182
4.6 Retrofitting Centrifugal Pumps for Changing Service Conditions 183
4.6.1 Reduced Pipeline Throughput 183
4.6.2 Increased Pipeline Throughput 183
4.6.3 Affinity Laws 184
4.7 Pipeline Hydraulic Requirements 185
4.7.1 System Head Curves and Pump Operating Points 185
4.7.2 Hydraulic Performance in Batched Pipeline
Systems with Constant Speed Pumps 188

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4.7.3 Hydraulic Performance in Batched Pipeline Systems

with Variable Speed Pumps 189
4.7.4  Pump Configurations 190
4.7.4.1  Parallel Operation 190
4.7.4.2  Series Operation 192
4.8 Pump Drivers 192
4.9 Pump Station Design 195
4.9.1 Pump Station Diagram 196
4.9.2 Pump Station Piping 196
4.9.3 Control Valve and Sizing 197
4.9.4 Station Flow Recirculation 198
4.9.5 Pig Launcher and Receiver 199
4.9.6 Pump Station at a Tank Farm 200
4.9.7 Pump Station Heater 201
4.10 Pipeline System Control 202
4.10.1 Pump Station Operation 203
4.10.2 Pump Control Strategy 206
4.10.3 Station Control 207
4.10.3.1  Pump Station Valve Control 207
4.10.4 Injection/Delivery Station Control 208
4.10.5 Pump Unit Control 208
4.10.6 Throttling vs. Speed Controls 209
4.10.6.1 Throttling for Fixed Speed Pumps 210
4.10.6.2  Speed Control for Variable Speed Pumps 211
4.11 Station Electrical Control 213
4.11.1 Station Auxiliary Systems 213
4.11.2 Shutdown Modes 214
4.11.2.1  Emergency Shutdown System 214
4.12 Applicable Codes and Standards 215
References 215

Chapter 5  Pipeline Operation and Batching 217

5.1 Pipeline Operation 217
5.1.1 Pipeline System Operation 217
5.1.2 Concepts of Pipeline Transient Flow 220
5.1.3 Surge Control 228
5.1.3.1  Control Devices 230
5.1.3.2  Pump Unit and Pump Station Operations 231
5.1.3.3  Special Surge Relief Devices 234
5.1.4 Example of Pipeline Operation and Surge Control 236
5.1.4.1  Scheduled Pipeline System Start-Up 238
5.1.4.2  Scheduled Pipeline System Shutdown 240
5.1.4.3  Emergency Shutdown of the Pipeline System 242

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5.1.4.4  Batch Operation 242

5.1.5 Transient or Surge Analysis 243
5.2 Liquid Batching Transportation 245
5.2.1 Types of Liquid Pipelines 245
5.2.2 Liquid Hydrocarbon Batching 245
5.2.3 Batched Product Pipeline Growth and Technique 247
5.2.4 Products Batching Definitions and Terms 248
5.2.4.1  Batch Sequencing 249
5.2.4.2  Batch Cycle/Slug 250
5.2.4.3  Buffers 250
5.2.4.4  Batching Travel Time 251
5.2.4.5  Batch Interface Marking and Detection 251
5.2.4.6  Batch Injection, Transportation, and Delivery 252
5.2.4.7  Batch Reporting 253
5.2.5 Minimum Batch Size 253
5.2.6 Crude Oil Contamination 254
5.2.6.1  Natural Crude 254
5.2.6.2  Synthetic Crude 254
5.2.6.3  Contamination Level 255
5.2.7 Interface-Volume Estimations 256
5.2.7.1  Batch Calculation and Tracking Example 258
5.2.7.2  Results 259
5.2.8 Batched Products Pipeline Design and Operational Issues 259
5.2.8.1  Design and Operational Issues 260
5.2.8.2  Operation and Control 262
5.2.8.3  Pipeline System Operation/Control 267
5.2.9 Practical Batch Operation in Real-Time 274
5.2.9.1  Batch Launch and Delivery 275
5.2.9.2  Launching and Delivery Operation 276
5.2.9.3  Batch Tracking 276
5.2.10 Multiproduct Pipeline Batch Optimization 278
Addendum to Chapter 5 278
Pipeline System Surge Mitigation Equipment 278
A5.1 Flow Control Valves 279
A5.2 Check Valves 282
A5.3 Relief Valves 286
A5.4 Bursting/Rupture Disc 287
A5.5 Surge Diversion Valve 287
A5.6 Increasing Pipeline Diameter and/or Wall Thickness 288
A5.7 Variable Speed Drives and Soft Starters 288
A5.8 Valve Opening and Closure Times 289
A5.9 Surge Tanks 289
A5.10 Pump Bypass Check Valves 290
A5.11 Applications 290
References 292

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Chapter 6 Non-Conventional Hydrocarbon Liquids, Production,

and Transportation 295
6.1 Heavy Oil Technology and Transportation 295
6.1.1 Background 295
6.2 Heavy Oil Types and Global Distribution 297
6.3 Heavy Oil Properties and Type 299
6.3.1 Types/Grouping 300
6.3.2 Oil Viscosity Prediction 301
6.4 Heavy Oils Transportation Technologies 302
6.4.1 Dilution 303
6.4.2 Upgrading/Partial Upgrading 304
6.4.3 Heating/Thermal Upgrading 305
6.4.4 Water Emulsion 307
6.4.5 Core Annular Flow (CAF) 308
6.4.6 Surfactant/Flow Improvers 309
6.4.7 Slurry Transportation 312
6.4.8 Comparison of Transportation Techniques 312
6.5 Heavy Crudes Properties for Pipeline Transportation 315
6.5.1 Grouping of Crudes and Designations 315
6.5.2 Typical Properties 316
6.6 Heavy Oil Pipeline Transportation Example—Role of
Design for Operational Control 317
6.6.1 Summary on Role of Design 317
6.6.2 Need for Transient Analysis 318
6.6.2.1  Information Required for Pipeline Dynamic Assessment 318
6.6.3 Surge Mitigation Methods 320
6.6.4 Code Requirement 321
6.6.5 Case Study—Application to a Heavy Oil Pipeline Projects 322
6.6.5.1 Fluid Properties 323
6.6.5.2  Simulation Model and Data 324
6.6.6 Batch Movement/Transient Simulation Time 327
6.6.7 Simulations Scenarios and Techniques 328
6.6.7.1 Time Steps and Pipe Segment “Knot Spacing” 328
6.6.7.2 Valve Closure and Station Shutdown Timing Sequence 329
6.6.8 Simulation Results 329
6.6.8.1  Effect of Valve Closures 329
6.6.8.2  Effects Due to Pump Stations Shutdown 330
6.6.8.3 Delivery Restriction (Zero Delivery) 332
6.6.8.4 Terminal PCV Closure 332
6.6.8.5 Effect of Minimum Flow Delivery at Maximum Pump
Stations Discharge Pressure—Line Packing Conditions 332
6.6.9 Conclusion 333
Addendum to Chapter 6 333
Heavy Oil Resources and Recovery Techniques 333
A6.1 Heavy Oil Resource Base 333

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A6.2 Bitumen and Heavy Oils Recovery/Extraction Techniques 336

A6.2.1 Extraction/Recovery Techniques 336
A6.2.2 Production Techniques Scope 339
A6.2.3 Recovery Techniques Summary 342
A6.2.4 Oil Reservoir Classifications 342
References 344

Chapter 7  Liquid Measurement 347

7.1 Introduction 347
7.2 Static Measurement 348
7.2.1 Tank Calibration 348
7.2.1.1  Manual Tank Strapping Method (MTSM) 348
7.2.1.2 Optical Reference Line Method (ORLM) 349
7.2.1.3 Optical Triangulation Method (OTM) 351
7.2.1.4  Electro-Optical Distance Ranging Method (EODRM) 353
7.2.2 Tank Capacity Tables 355
7.2.3 Liquid Calibration of Tanks 355
7.3 Tank Gauging 355
7.3.1 Manual Tank Gauging 355
7.3.2 Servo Tank Gauge 356
7.3.3 Radar Tank Gauge 357
7.3.4 Hybrid Tank Measurement Systems 358
7.3.5 Calculation of Tankage Volumes 359
7.4 Dynamic Measurement 361
7.4.1 Measurement Systems and Characteristics 361
7.4.2 Measurement Uncertainty 362
7.4.2.1  Quality of Liquids 364
7.4.2.2  Device Degradation 364
7.4.2.3  Operational Problems 365
7.4.2.4  Calibration 365
7.4.2.5  Transducer/Transmitter 365
7.4.3 Custody Transfer Requirements 365
7.4.4 Types of Meters 366
7.4.4.1  Positive Displacement Meters 366
7.4.4.2 Turbine Meters 368
7.4.4.3  Ultrasonic Meters 371
7.4.4.4  Coriolis Meters 373
7.4.5 Meter Selection 376
7.4.5.1  Meter Sizing 377
7.4.5.2  Instrumentation and Accessories 377
7.4.5.3 Flow Computers 379
7.4.6 Meter Station Design 380
7.4.6.1  Meter Station Components 381

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7.4.6.2  Meter Run 382

7.4.6.3  Meter Provers 384
7.4.7 Prover Types 386
7.4.7.1 Tank Provers 386
7.4.7.2  Conventional Pipe Provers 386
7.4.8 Prover Calibration 390
7.5 Volume Accounting System 392
7.5.1 Ticketing Functions 393
7.5.2 Meter Ticket 394
7.5.3 Tank Ticket 395
7.5.4 Volume Tracking 396
7.5.5 Volume Calculation and Balancing 396
7.5.5.1 Volume Calculation 396
7.5.5.2  Meter Factor and Calibration 396
7.5.6 Determination of Liquid Volume 396
7.5.7 General Equations for Determining Liquid Volumes at
Base Conditions 397
7.5.8 Volume Balancing 399
Addendum: Standards Relevant to Liquid Petroleum Measurement 400
A7.1 American Petroleum Institute (API)—www.api.org 400
A7.2 ASTM International (American Standard for
Testing Materials)—http://www.astm.org 403
A7.3 American National Standards Institute/
American Society of Mechanical Engineers 403
A7.4 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)—
www.iso.org 403
References 405

Chapter 8  Hydrocarbon Petroleum Tankage and Terminal Design 407

8.1 Introduction and Overview 407
8.2 History and Reasons for Use 410
8.3 Products Stored and Properties 412
8.4 Types of Petroleum Storage Tanks 415
8.4.1 Definition and Classifications 415
8.4.2 Types 416
8.4.2.1 Fixed Roof Tanks 416
8.4.2.2 Floating Roof Tanks 419
8.4.3 Emission Control in Storage Tanks 428
8.4.3.1 Tank Rim Sealing Systems: Floating Roof Tanks 428
8.4.4 Tank Fittings and Appurtenances 435
8.5 Petroleum Storage Tanks Standards (For Design,
Operation, and Protection) 445
8.6 Regulations Affecting Terminal and Storage Facilities 450

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8.7 Petroleum Storage/Terminal Design 452

8.7.1 Typical Layout and Spacing 452
8.7.2 Tank Design (Including Sizing, Materials, and Construction) 456
8.7.2.1 Design Data 456
8.7.2.2 Design Calculations 457
8.7.2.3 Tank Material 465
8.7.3 Civil Design 465
8.7.3.1 Tank Foundation 465
8.7.3.2 Types of Foundations 469
8.7.3.3 Bund Walls/Dikes 471
8.7.4 Fabrication and Welding 474
8.7.4.1 Tank Construction—Fabrication and Welding 474
8.7.4.2 Welding Techniques 476
8.7.4.3  Post Weld Heat Treatment of Welded Tanks Structures 482
8.7.4.4  Construction of Spheres 485
8.7.5 Mechanical/Piping Components and Instrumentation 485
8.7.5.1  Mechanical Appurtenances 485
8.7.5.2  Instrumentation and Controls 486
8.7.6 Tank Venting Emission Calculations 490
8.7.6.1 Total Losses from Fixed Roof Storage Tanks 491
8.7.6.2 Total Losses from Floating Roof Tanks 499
8.7.7 Operational Issues 500
8.7.8 Cathodic Protection of Above Ground Hydrocarbon
Storage Tanks 503
8.7.8.1 Definition of Corrosion 503
8.7.8.2  Corrosive Environment 503
8.7.8.3  Consequences of Corrosion 503
8.7.8.4 Types of Corrosion 506
8.7.8.5  Storage Tank Cathodic Protection 510
8.7.8.6  Above Ground Storage Tank CP System 517
8.7.8.7 Typical CP Installation for Above Ground
Storage Tanks 519
8.7.8.8  Applicable CP Standards 519
8.8 Tank Failures and Emergency Response 520
8.8.1 Tank Failures 520
8.8.1.1  Past Accidents 523
8.8.1.2  Causes of Tank Failure Hazards 524
8.8.2 Designing Tankage Systems to Minimize Hazards 528
8.8.2.1  Effective Steps 528
8.8.3 Design of a Foam System for Fire Protection of Storage Tanks 537
8.8.3.1  Identifying Flammable Liquid 537
8.8.3.2 Types of Foam Discharge Outlets 538
8.8.3.3 Foam System for Fire Protection of Storage Tanks 538
8.8.3.4 Foam Dam Design for Tanks 543
8.9 Emergency Response Planning and Facilities 543

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8.9.1 Planning for the Emergency 544

8.9.2 Responding to Oil Spill Emergencies 544
8.9.3 Tactical Priorities 545
8.9.4 Foam Application 545
8.9.4.1 Foam Supply 546
8.9.4.2 Water Supply 547
8.9.4.3  Exposure Protection 547
References 548

Chapter 9  Liquid Pipeline Operation 551

9.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) 551
9.1.1 Introduction 551
9.1.2 Pipeline System Monitoring and Control 554
9.1.3 Control Center and SCADA System 554
9.1.4 Data Communications 559
9.1.5 Data Management 562
9.1.6 Alarms 564
9.1.7 Human Machine Interface (HMI) and Reporting 566
9.1.8 Security 571
9.2 Overview of Pipeline Leak Detection System 572
9.2.1 Introduction 572
9.2.2 Overview of Leak Detection Techniques 576
9.2.2.1  Inspection Methods 576
9.2.2.2  Sensor Methods 577
9.2.2.3  Computational Pipeline Monitoring (CPM) Methods 579
9.2.3 Implementation and Operation 584
9.2.4 Leakage Response 587
9.2.5 Summary 587
9.3 Drag Reducing Agent (DRA) 587
9.3.1 Introduction 587
9.3.1.1  Drag Reduction Mechanism 588
9.3.1.2  Benefits of Using a DRA 589
9.3.2 DRA Characteristics and Performance 590
9.3.3 DRA Operations 590
9.3.3.1  DRA Facilities 590
9.3.3.2  DRA Injection 591
9.3.3.3  DRA Concentration Tracking 593
9.3.3.4  DRA Limitations on Operation and Design 593
9.3.4 DRA Correlations 594
9.4 Tank Farm Operation and Volume Measurement 596
9.4.1 Tank Farm Operation 597
9.4.1.1 Normal Batch Lifting Sequence at a Product
Lifting Tank Farm 597
9.4.1.2 Operation at the Delivery Terminal 598

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9.4.1.3  Side-Stream Injection 598

9.4.1.4  Side-Stream Delivery 599
9.4.1.5 Break-Out Operation 599
9.4.1.6  Sump System 600
9.4.2 Tank Control 600
9.4.3 Tank Volume Measurement 602
9.4.4 Tank Inventory 602
9.5 Power Cost Control 603
9.5.1 Power Demand Control 604
9.5.2 Pump Unit Operating Statistics 604
9.5.3 Pump Station Monitoring 605
9.5.4 Power Optimization 606
References 608

Appendix Glossary of Terms and Acronyms 611

References 644

Index 645

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 Preface
This book is a sequel to and augments the series of ASME-initiated pipeline books and
monograms, documents published since year 2000. The following include a partial list of
such publications:

·· “Pipeline Design and Construction — A Practical Approach,” 3rd Edition 2007,

M. Mohitpour, H. Golshan and A. Murray
·· “Pipeline Operation and Maintenance — A Practical Approach,” 2nd Edition 2010,
M. Mohitpour, T. Van Hardeveld, B. Peterson and J. Szabo
·· “Energy Supply and Pipeline Transportation — Challenges and Opportunities,” 2008,
M. Mohitpour
·· “Pipeline Pumping and Compression Systems — A Practical Approach,” 2008,
M. Mohitpour, K.K. Botros and T. Van Hardeveld
·· “Pipeline Integrity Assurance — A Practical Approach,” 2010, M. Mohitpour,
A. Murray, I. Colquhoun and M. McManus
·· “Pipeline Transportation of Carbon Dioxide containing Impurities,” M. Mohitpour,
P. Seevam, K.K. Botros, B. Rothwell and C. Ennis, 2011
·· “Pipeline System Automation and Control,” M. Yoon, C. Warren and S. Adam, 2007
·· “Pipeline Geo-Environmental Design and Geohazard Management”, edited by
M. Rizkalla, 2008
·· “Pipeline Geomatics,” edited by S. Adam and K. Davis, 2009

This book brings together the entire spectrum of hydraulics, design, and operating require-
ments for pipeline transportation and storage of hydrocarbon liquids, the essence of our
energy supply. It is a professional reference, training tool, or comprehensive text for special-
ized university courses. The contents cover a broad range of subjects essential in knowing
the elements making up hydrocarbon liquid pipeline and storage systems and how to most
reliably design and operate such facilities with the least environmental impact and energy
transportation disruption.
Chapters of the book have been written based on the collective experience of the au-
thors and research of appertaining published materials available from the pipeline industry
journals and documents published by individual professionals, experts, operators, educa-
tors, and scientific research works. Each chapter has been written with the intent that it
would stand alone as far as possible without referencing other chapters. In this way, profes-
sionals can source their search topic of interest more conveniently without recourse to other
parts of the book. However, where appropriate, referencing has been alluded to.
In this book, mostly metric units have been used. However in some chapters both impe-
rial and metric units are referred to. This was justified because the industry continues to use
the unit systems interchangeably. A conversion table is provided within this section.

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 xviii    n    Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

The authors have exercised care to ensure correctness of the content, acknowledgement
of other publications, copyright permissions, and referencing documents and names. It is
not intended that specific techniques, examples, or applications be applied or copied for
turnkey use. Readers are very much encouraged to check and assess all details before use
and application. The authors and ASME welcome notification of corrections, omissions,
and attributions. These will be attended to in the next edition and contributors acknowl-
edged as such.

Mo Mohitpour, White Rock, British Columbia, Canada

Mike S. Yoon, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Jim H. Russell, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
2012

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 Acknowledgments
Writing this book was a tremendous enjoyment for the authors. The concept of writing this
book rekindled the authors’ long time association of over 30 years (going back to 1982–
1983 with Canuck Engineering, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada) and, most of all, reconnected
us with leaders and colleagues throughout the pipeline industry. The encouragement and
enthusiasm from the industry and the continued support of our publisher; ASME Press was
indeed the backbone of our interest and commitment to bring to fruition this document.
The authors’ connection with the pipeline industry goes as far back as mid 1970s when
as junior engineers entering the industry we were mentored by professionals in the industry,
gained knowledge by hands-on work, field assignments, and direct involvement with lead-
ing edge pipeline technology projects globally. For example, while the use of X100 pipe is
development of the past decade, its deployment and application goes as far back as 1975
when API X110 was contemplated for transportation of large quantities (6650 MMSCFD)
of high-pressure dense phase natural gas to 3500 psig. Exxon-Mobil and Nippon Steel Cor-
poration developed API X120 and now-a-days the use of high strength steel (API X80 and
over) is common place in our industry (for both oil and gas pipeline use).
It is the unyielding support of our mentors and associates in the industry that led us to
initiate and contribute to the series of pipeline books published by ASME Press since 2000.
Thanks are due to our colleagues in the industry who, in many ways, encouraged and
contributed to the review of preparatory manuscripts, updating, corrections, additions,
and the supply of materials for this book. The authors wish to express sincere thanks to and
acknowledge the valuable contribution of all of the following colleagues for their intensive
reviews of various chapters, verification of content, and suggestions;

Dr. Alan Murray, P.Eng, Principia Consultant

John Kazakoff, P.Eng, Silver Fox Engineering Consultants
Hal Oliver, PE
John A. Jacobson PE, CB&I, Texas
Ed Seiders, PE, Willbros Engineering, Tulsa
Mike McManus, P.Eng, Enbridge
Andres Mendizbal, President, OCP Ecuador
Wagner Carrera, Operation Supervisor, OCP Ecuador
Dr. John M. Shaw, P.Eng University of Alberta
Ms. Nafiseh Dodgostar, University of Alberta
Jakob Buchert, Sr. Engineer, Energy Solutions International
Dick Spiers, Sr. Consultant, Energy Solutions International
Scott Lauchlan, Solution Team Leader, Telvent North America
Dave Jardine, President and Chairman, Telvent North America
Mike Doxey, Executive Vice President, HMT Inc
Jim Enarson, Consultant
Mike Fillipof, Actenum Corp
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 xxvi  n Metric conversion of some common units

inch2 square centimeter cm2 6.451 600

3 3
inch cubic centimeter cm 16.387 064
kilowatt-hour (kWh) megajoule MJ 3.6
mile per hour kilometer per hour km/h 1.609 344
pound kilogram Kg 0.453 592 37
pound force newton N 4.448
3 3 3
pound mass/foot (lbm/ft ) kilogram per cubic meter kg/m 16.018 463
pound mass/gallon kilogram per liter kg/L 0.119 826
pound mass/hour kilogram per hour kg/h 0.453 592
psi kiloPascal kPa 6.894 757
psi/foot kiloPascal per meter kPa/m 22.620 59
psi/mile Pascal per meter Pa/m 4.284 203
Watt-hour kilojoule kJ 3.6
2 2
yard square meter m 0.836 127
3 3
yard cubic meter m 0.764 555
acre square meter m2 4046.856
atmosphere (std) kilopascal kPa 101.325
3
barrel (42 US gal) cubic meter m 0.158 987
Btu (International Table) kilojoule kJ 1.055 056
calorie (Thermochemical) joule J 4.184
degree F degree Celsius °C 5/9 ´ (°F-32)
degree R degree Kelvin K 5/9
foot meter m 0.3048
gallon (US liquid) liter L 3.785 412
horsepower (US) kilowatt kW 0.7457
inch (US) millimeter mm 25.4
inch of mercury (60°F) kilopascal kPa 3.376 85
inch of water (60°F) kilopascal kPa 0.248 843
mil micrometer μm 25.4
mile (US Statute) kilometer km 1.609 344
ounce (US fluid) milliliter mL 29.573 53
poise Pascal-second Pa.s 0.1
SSU Saybolt-Universal-Seconds cSt See graph on
next page
stokes square centimeter per second cm2/s 1
ton, long (2240 lbm) ton t 1.016 047
ton, short (2000 lbm) ton t 0.907 184 74

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 Accreditation
American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the authors would like to hereby accredit
all organizations and individuals for the use and/or granting their kind permission to reprint
or reproduce illustrations, photos, and other materials in this book. Where contacts were not
possible, such organization or individuals are referenced and accredited in each chapter, as
appropriate, and are included herein.

American Petroleum Institute (API)

ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) 2008
Buckeye Equipment
CEPA (Canadian Energy Pipeline Association)
CB&I
Corrpro Canada
Daniel Meters
Enbridge
Endress+ Hauser
Energy Solutions International
Flowserve
FMC Technologies
GPSA
HMT Inc. www.hmttank.com
Hydraulics Institute
ITA
Kobe Steel Ltd. (KOBELCO)
Micro Motion
Pembina Pipeline Corporation
OCP Ecuador, Ecuador
OTEC, Singapore
Resource Protection International, Dr. Niall Ramsden
Smith Meters
Telvent North America, a Schneider Electric company
TransCanada Corporation

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 FOREWORDS
Foreword From TransCanada

The use of pipe for petroleum transportation was conceptualized in 1863 by Dmitri Men-
delev. The development of hydrocarbon liquid pipeline transportation over long distances
goes back to the late1800s when oil was exploited in large quantities first in the USA and
in the Persian Gulf area and Baku, Azerbaijan. Pipelines have since proven to be the safest,
the most reliable and economical means for transporting such oil and petroleum products
from sources of supply to market areas.
The series of pipeline books commenced with the authors’ training courses delivered
for the industry and those held at the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, since mid-
1980s.
We at TransCanada supported the authors and ASME Press with the publication of
the series of books in pipeline development that commenced in 2000 with the publication
of “Pipeline Design and Construction — A Practical Approach,” Mohitpour, Golshan, and
Murray. The book is now in its 3rd edition and the authors and colleagues have now seven
such publications by ASME Press, New York.
This book “Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems —
­Design and Operation” is a culmination of the series. This book is a comprehensive resource
that marks a significant contribution for the pipeline industry. The book brings together the
entire spectrum of liquid pipeline transportation including pumping, storage, measurement,
automation, design, and operation from supply to delivery points.
TransCanada is very pleased to provide our support for the series of pipeline books
published by ASME Press. This is a significant achievement by the authors to bring together
the knowledge and expertise and condenses this important information in a single reference
guide.

Andrew Jenkins, P.Eng

Vice President TransCanada

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 Forewords    n    xxiii

Foreword From Enbridge Inc.

The business of transporting a wide variety of hydrocarbon liquids by pipeline is multi-

faceted, technically intensive and continually evolving. Liquid pipelines are absolutely
vital to the support and growth of our society, and they represent the safest and most
efficient means of transport, particularly over long distances, for crude oils, refined
products, and a host of other energy commodities.
To undertake the writing of a comprehensive book on liquid pipelines is a mon-
umental task. Hydrocarbon Liquid Pipelines and Storage Systems — Design and
Operation is equal to that task. The authors have explained the history and purpose
of pipelines; the origin and characteristics of the fluids they transport; the technical
design philosophy and features of pipelines; the purpose and design of ancillary tanks
and equipment; pipeline operations; batching and safety considerations, including the
detection of leaks from the system. This book will well serve the need for a single
source of learning for new entrants to the business and industry veterans alike, and I
can envision the book becoming a vital teaching tool in pipeline company engineering
departments, University programs, pipeline regulators’ offices and anywhere that a
deeper understanding of how pipelines really work is sought.
It has been my privilege to have known and worked with Messrs. Mohitpour, Yoon
and Russell. They represent many decades of theoretical and practical experience in the
pipeline industry and have condensed their broad and deep knowledge into a logically
organized book. It is my honor to recommend it to you.

Stephen J. Wuori
President, Liquids Pipelines
Enbridge Inc.

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 xxiv  n  Forewords

Foreword From Willbros Engineering

I feel honored to have been asked to prepare the foreword for “Hydrocarbon Liquid Trans-
mission Pipeline and Storage Systems — Design and Operation.” This is the latest in a
noteworthy series of technical books which have added immensely to the available litera-
ture on what is perhaps the most important bulk transportation technology in the world to-
day. Indeed, today’s pipelines move almost anything imaginable from crude oils to refined
products, from natural gas to carbon dioxide, from coal slurry to drinking water in a safe,
efficient, reliable, and quiet way.
In 2000, when this series was originally begun, there was little organized information
available for the practicing pipeline professional, and what was available was mostly out
dated and in sore need of bringing up to speed with today’s needs. I, like most other pipe-
line engineers, had amassed a collection of technical papers, vendors’ catalogs, engineering
handbooks, magazine articles and such that I had found to contain the information that was
needed in my work. Shortly after the ASME Pipeline Systems Division was organized in
2000, we began hearing from academic institutions that wanted to include some aspect of
pipeline engineering in their curricula and asking where they could find suitable texts. The
answer at the time was that there were very few.
“Pipeline Design and Construction — a Practical Approach” by Mohitpour, Golshan
and Murray was first published in 2000, with a second, updated edition published in 2003,
followed by a third edition in 2009. It is a true pipeline engineer’s text, which includes not
only detailed technical explanations for the theories and equations that are needed to design
safe, efficient and reliable pipeline systems, but also has many practical examples for ana-
lyzing, planning and constructing those systems. It has undoubtedly resulted in better pipe-
line transportation systems around the world. This text has been followed on a regular basis
by others, each of which delves into more detail on specialized aspects of pipeline tech-
nology: pipeline construction and maintenance, pipeline integrity management, pumping
and compression systems, pipeline transportation of carbon dioxide, pipeline automation
and control, and pipeline geomatics. The result is that today we have a well-documented,
well-indexed collection of reference materials for the pipeline specialist, of which “Hydro-
carbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems — Design and Operation” is an
invaluable addition.

Ed Seiders
Senior Technical Advisor

Tulsa, Oklahoma

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 Metric conversion of
some common units
To Convert
From Customary Unit To Define Unit As Symbol Multiply By
barrel per hour liters per second L/s 0.044 163
3
barrel per day cubic meters per day m /d 0.158 987
3
MMBOD cubic meters per day m /d 0.158 987 106
Btu/second kilowatt kW 1.055 056
Btu/hour watt W 0.293 071
Btu/lbm kilojoule per kilogram kJ/kg 2.326
Btu/lbm-°F kilojoule per kilogram-
Kelvin kJ (kg K) 4.1868
Btu/lbm-mole-°R joule per mole-Kelvin J/(mol K) 4.1868
Btu/°R kilojoule per Kelvin kJ/K 1.8991
Btu/ft2-hr. joule per sq. meter-second J/(m2 s) 3.154 591
Btu/ft-hr-°F joule per meter-second-
Kelvin J/(m/s K) 1.730 735
2
Btu/ft -hr-°F joule per square meter-
­second Kelvin J/(m2 s K) 5.678 263
Centipoise milliPascal-second cP 1
Centistoke square millimeter per second cSt 1
Foot meter m 0.3048
foot-pound force (ft. lbf) joule J 1.355 818
2 2
foot square meter m 0.092 903
3 3
foot cubic meter m 0.028 316 85
3
foot /minute liter per second L/s 0.471 947
foot3/hour cubic meter per day m3/d 0.679 604
3
MMSCFD cubic meter per second m /s 0.327 774
gallon/minute (GPM) liter per second L/s 0.063 090

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 xxvi  n Metric conversion of some common units

inch2 square centimeter cm2 6.451 600

3 3
inch cubic centimeter cm 16.387 064
kilowatt-hour (kWh) megajoule MJ 3.6
mile per hour kilometer per hour km/h 1.609 344
pound kilogram Kg 0.453 592 37
pound force newton N 4.448
3 3 3
pound mass/foot (lbm/ft ) kilogram per cubic meter kg/m 16.018 463
pound mass/gallon kilogram per liter kg/L 0.119 826
pound mass/hour kilogram per hour kg/h 0.453 592
psi kiloPascal kPa 6.894 757
psi/foot kiloPascal per meter kPa/m 22.620 59
psi/mile Pascal per meter Pa/m 4.284 203
Watt-hour kilojoule kJ 3.6
2 2
yard square meter m 0.836 127
3 3
yard cubic meter m 0.764 555
acre square meter m2 4046.856
atmosphere (std) kilopascal kPa 101.325
3
barrel (42 US gal) cubic meter m 0.158 987
Btu (International Table) kilojoule kJ 1.055 056
calorie (Thermochemical) joule J 4.184
degree F degree Celsius °C 5/9 ´ (°F-32)
degree R degree Kelvin K 5/9
foot meter m 0.3048
gallon (US liquid) liter L 3.785 412
horsepower (US) kilowatt kW 0.7457
inch (US) millimeter mm 25.4
inch of mercury (60°F) kilopascal kPa 3.376 85
inch of water (60°F) kilopascal kPa 0.248 843
mil micrometer μm 25.4
mile (US Statute) kilometer km 1.609 344
ounce (US fluid) milliliter mL 29.573 53
poise Pascal-second Pa.s 0.1
SSU Saybolt-Universal-Seconds cSt See graph on
next page
stokes square centimeter per second cm2/s 1
ton, long (2240 lbm) ton t 1.016 047
ton, short (2000 lbm) ton t 0.907 184 74

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 Metric conversion of some common units  n  xxvii

ton of refrigeration kilowatt kW 3.516 853

yard (US) meter m 0.9144

  Relationship between SSU and cSt

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