BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 3A (STRMIA3)

TEST 1 (8 MARCH 2019)

Examiner: P. Stachelhaus Time allocated: 70 min

Moderator: Dr T. Laseinde Full marks: 30

Instructions: ● Number all your questions clearly and underline your final answers.
● Answers without units will not be considered.
● The student is expected to make reasonable assumptions for data not supplied.
● GA2 (“The Successful Application of Scientific and Engineering
Knowledge”) is assessed in this test. A minimum of 50% pass mark is
imperative.

Question 1:-

A hollow steel shaft of 100 mm outside diameter and

50 mm internal diameter, transmits 750 kW at 500 r/min,
and is also subjected to an axial thrust of 50 kN.

1.1 Determine the maximum bending moment which

can safely be applied together with the applied
torque and end thrust, if the maximum compressive
stress is not to exceed 100 MPa. (16)

1.2 What will be the principle stresses and the maximum shear stress? (4)
[ 20 ]

Question 2:-

During the test of an airplane wing, the strain gauge readings from a 45°
rosette are as follows:
Gauge A = 520 µm
Gauge B = 360 µm
Gauge C = 80 µm

2.1 Calculate the principle strains and maximum shear strains. (7)

2.2 Verify the above by showing all salient points on a Mohr’s circle. (7)
[A suggested scale: 1 mm : 6ｘ10-6 mm]

[ 14 ]

TOTAL [ 34 ]

…/ 2
 FORMULA SHEET
Transformation of Stresses

1 1
𝜎𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) + (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
1
𝜏𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )
1 1 2
𝜎1,2 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
2 2
1 2 1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦2 = (𝜎 + 𝜎2 )
2 2 1

Analysis of Strain

∆ℓ 1
𝜀1 = = (𝜎1 − 𝜈𝜎2 − 𝜈𝜎3 )
ℓ 𝐸
Δ𝑉 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3
𝜀𝑉 = = 𝜀1 + 𝜀2 + 𝜀3 = (1 − 2𝜈)
𝑉 𝐸
1 1 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝜃 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) + (𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
2 2 2
𝛾𝜃 = −(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
1 1 2
𝜀1,2 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) ± √(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
2 2
𝛾𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 )
2
𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±√(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦
2

Theories of Failure

1. Maximum Principle Stress Theory (Rankine Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 =
𝑛

2. Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guest and Tresca Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 =
𝑛
𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑇𝐸 𝐷
⇒ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 (= )= ⇒ 𝑇𝐸 = √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2
2 2𝐽

3. The Maximum Shear strain Energy Theory (Von Mises Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 2
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2 = 2 [ ]
𝑛
 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 3A (STRMIA3)
TEST 2 (11 APRIL 2019)

Examiner: P. Stachelhaus Time allocated: 70 min

Moderator: D. Ionescu Full marks: 30

Instructions: ● Number all your questions clearly and underline your final answers.
● Answers without units will not be considered.
● The student is expected to make reasonable assumptions for data not supplied.
● This is a supplementary opportunity for students needing to pass the GA2
requirement (“The Successful Application of Scientific and Engineering
Knowledge”). A minimum of 50% pass mark is imperative to obtain the GA2.

Question 1:-

A steel tube has an outside diameter of 100 mm and a thickness of 3 mm. Calculate the torque which
can be transmitted by the tube with a factor of safety of 2.25 if the criterion of failure is:

1.1 The Maximum Shear Stress theory (Guest and Tresca theory).

1.2 The Maximum Shear Strain Energy theory (Von Mises theory).

[σy = 225 MPa; ν = 0.3]

[ 13 ]

Question 2:-

The following strains were measured at a point on a material:

εx = -200×10-6 εy = 400×10-6 ϒxy = 350×10-6

2.1 Calculate the principal strains and maximum shear strain. (5)

2.2 Calculate the linear and shear strains on a plane inclined at an angle of 60° anti-
clockwise from the positive x-axis. (4)

2.3 Use Mohr’s circle to verify the answers obtained from (2.1) and (2.2); (suggested scale
1mm=10mm/mm). (5)

2.4 Calculate the principle stresses and their directions. (5)

[E = 210 GPa; ν = 0.3]

[ 19 ]

TOTAL [ 32 ]
 FORMULA SHEET
Transformation of Stresses

1 1
𝜎𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) + (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
1
𝜏𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )
1 1 2
𝜎1,2 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
2 2
1 2 1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 = (𝜎 + 𝜎2 )
2 2 1

Analysis of Strain

∆ℓ 1
𝜀1 = = (𝜎1 − 𝜈𝜎2 − 𝜈𝜎3 )
ℓ 𝐸
Δ𝑉 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3
𝜀𝑉 = = 𝜀1 + 𝜀2 + 𝜀3 = (1 − 2𝜈)
𝑉 𝐸
1 1 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝜃 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) + (𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
2 2 2
𝛾𝜃 = −(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
1 1 2
𝜀1,2 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) ± √(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
2 2
𝛾𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 )
2
𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±√(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦
2

𝐸
𝜎1 = (𝜀 + 𝜈𝜀2 + 𝜈𝜀3 )
1 − 𝜈2 1

Theories of Failure

1. Maximum Principle Stress Theory (Rankine Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 =
𝑛

2. Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guest and Tresca Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 =
𝑛
𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑇𝐸 𝐷
⇒ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 (= )= ⇒ 𝑇𝐸 = √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2
2 2𝐽

3. The Maximum Shear strain Energy Theory (Von Mises Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 2
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2 = 2 [ ]
𝑛
 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 3A (STRMIA3)
TEST 3 (6 MAY 2019)

Examiner: P. Stachelhaus Time allocated: 70 min

Moderator: D. Ionescu Full marks: 35

Instructions: ● Number all your questions clearly and underline your final answers.
● Answers without units will not be considered.
● The student is expected to make reasonable assumptions for data not supplied.
● This is a supplementary opportunity for students needing to pass the GA2
requirement (“The Successful Application of Scientific and Engineering
Knowledge”). A minimum of 50% pass mark is imperative to obtain the GA2.

Question 1:-
A solid mild steel rod of diameter 16 mm is used as a strut, both ends being pin jointed.

1.1 Determine the load to cripple this strut if the rod length is 1.5 m. (7)

1.2 What length of strut will provide conditions of the JB Johnson load and the Euler
load to be equal? Also determine the magnitude of this crippling load. (6)

1.3 Determine the length of strut for which the Euler formula ceases to be valid (i.e. the
Validity Limit). Also determine the crippling load for this strut length. (6)

1.4 Interpret the above results by plotting the above results on either a “Load versus
𝑃 ℓ
Length” graph or alternatively plot the results on a “ 𝐴 vs 𝑘 ”. (Don’t plot both
(6)
options – only one will be marked.)

[E = 200 GPa; σy = 300 MPa; ν = 0.3]

[ 25 ]

Question 2:-
2.1 Determine the maximum deflection of a cantilever of
length ℓ subjected to a load W at its free end, by any
method of your choice. (5)

2.2 The diagram shows a cantilevered beam,

carrying a uniformly distributed load of
2 kN/m from B to C, and a point load of 8 kN
at B. Use MaCaulay’s method to calculate (9)
the deflection of the beam at its free end A
(answer in terms of any unknowns).
[E = 200 GPa; σy = 300 MPa; ν = 0.3]
[ 14 ]

TOTAL [ 39 ]
 ANNEXURE
FORMULA SHEET
2-D COMPLEX STRESSES

1 1
𝜎𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) + (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
1
𝜏𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )
1 1 2
𝜎1,2 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
2 2
1 2 1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 = (𝜎 + 𝜎2 )
2 2 1
E  x   y  
x 
1  2

ANALYSIS OF STRAIN

∆ℓ 1
𝜀1 = = (𝜎1 − 𝜈𝜎2 − 𝜈𝜎3 )
ℓ 𝐸
Δ𝑉 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3
𝜀𝑉 = = 𝜀1 + 𝜀2 + 𝜀3 = (1 − 2𝜈)
𝑉 𝐸
1 1 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝜃 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) + (𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
2 2 2
𝛾𝜃 = −(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
1 1 2
𝜀1,2 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) ± √(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦
2
2 2
𝛾𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 )

2
𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±√(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦
2

 E
K
3  1  2  
;
 vol
E
G ;
2  1  
P  Vliquid
V 
K liquid
THEORIES OF FAILURE

1. Maximum Principle Stress Theory (Rankine Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 =
𝑛

2. Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guest and Tresca Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 =
𝑛
𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑇𝐸 𝐷
⇒ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 (= )= ⇒ 𝑇𝐸 = √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2
2 2𝐽

3. The Maximum Shear strain Energy Theory (Von Mises Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 2
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2 = 2 [ ]
𝑛

STRUTS

1
C  ; 1; 2; 4
4
C 2 EI C 2 EA
Euler load: FE  
2  Lk 2
1 1 1
Rankine load:  
FR FE  y A

  y  Lk 2 
Johnson: FJ  A y 1  2 
 4C E 

L 2C 2 E L
Johnson   Euler
k y k
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

𝑑2𝑥
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = ∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐴 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: = 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐸𝐼𝑦 = ∫ [∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐴] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Möhr 1: The change of slope of the elastic line from A to B is equal to the area of the curvature
diagram between A and B.
Möhr 2: The sweep of a tangent rolling on the elastic line from A to B is equal to the first moment of
area of the curvature diagram between A and B taken about the axis where the sweep is
measured.

bd 2bd
Parabola: A1  A2 
3 3
3b 3b
x1  x2  from the turning point axis
4 8
ENERGY METHODS

𝜕𝑈
𝛿𝑊 =
𝜕𝑊
𝜕𝑈
𝜃𝑀 =
𝜕𝑀
1 𝑓𝑠 1 1
𝑈= ∫ 𝑃2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑄2 𝑑𝑥 + 2
∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑇 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝐸𝐴 2𝐺𝐴 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐺𝐽
𝜕𝑈 1 𝜕𝑃 𝑓𝑠 𝜕𝑄 1 𝜕𝑀𝑥𝑥 1 𝜕𝑇
𝛿𝑊 = = ∫𝑃( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑄( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑇 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑊 𝐸𝐴 𝜕𝑊 𝐺𝐴 𝜕𝑊 𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑊 𝐺𝐽 𝜕𝑊
𝜕𝑈 1 𝜕𝑃 𝑓𝑠 𝜕𝑄 1 𝜕𝑀𝑥𝑥 1 𝜕𝑇
𝜃𝑀 = = ∫ 𝑃 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑄 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑇 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝐸𝐴 𝜕𝑀 𝐺𝐴 𝜕𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑀 𝐺𝐽 𝜕𝑀

USEFUL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 2(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 2(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

PROGRAM : NATIONAL DIPLOMA
ENGINEERING: MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

SUBJECT : STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 3A

CODE : STRMIA3
DATE : MID-YEAR EXAMINATION
31 MAY 2019
DURATION : (X-PAPER) 8:30 - 11:30
WEIGHT : 40 : 60
FULL MARKS : 100
TOTAL MARKS : 109

ASSESSOR : MR P STACHELHAUS

MODERATOR : MS D IONESCU 2187

NUMBER OF PAGES : 4 PAGES AND 1 ANNEXURE (7 TOTAL)

EXAM INSTRUCTIONS:

● A CALCULATOR OF ANY MAKE OR MODEL IS PERMITTED.

EXAM REQUIREMENTS:

● NIL

2/ ….
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS:
 MAKE REASONABLE ENGINEERING ASSUMPTIONS FOR DATA NOT SUPPLIED.
 NUMBER YOUR QUESTIONS CLEARLY AND UNDERLINE THE FINAL ANSWER.
 ANSWERS WITHOUT UNITS WILL BE IGNORED.
 ALL DIMENSIONS ON DIAGRAMS ARE IN mm UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED.
 SOME HELPFUL FORMULAE ARE PROVIDED IN THE ANNEXURE.

QUESTION 1 TRANSFORMATION OF STRESSES

At a certain point in the material shown, the principal stresses are 10 MPa (tensile) and 5 MPa (compressive), the first
acting at an angle of 20° from the positive x-axis.

Calculate by the resolution of forces:

1.1 the normal and shear stresses acting on a plane normal to the x-axis and y-axis;
(7)
1.2 the maximum shear stress and on which axis it occurs; (5)
1.3 the plane on which the normal stresses are zero. (4)
1.4 Verify the above answers on Mohr’s stress circle. (6)

[ 22 ]
QUESTION 2 ANALYSIS OF STRAIN

A compressive steel specimen, 30 mm in diameter, is subjected to an axial compressive load of 50kN.

Calculate:

2.1 the strains in the 3 principle directions; and (8)

2.2 the percentage change in volume. (3)
2.3 If all lateral expansion is prevented, what will be the resultant strain in the axial
direction? (5)
[E = 200 GPa; ν = 0.33]
[ 16 ]

QUESTION 3 THEORY OF FAILURE

A thin cylinder with a diameter of 0.5 m and wall thickness of 10 mm is subjected to an internal pressure of 2 MPa and a
torque of 30 kNm. The yield strength is 300 MPa. Determine the factor of safety using both criteria for elastic failure.
Also provide a design judgment on your results obtained.

[ 20 ]

QUESTION 4 STRUTS

A 6 mm square steel bar is to be used as a strut for experimental purposes. The length of the steel bar is 1 m with both
ends pin-jointed. The yield stress of the material is 360 MPa and E = 210 GPa.

Determine, for pin-jointed ends:

4.1 the crippling load for the strut. (7)

4.2 the length of strut where the JB Johnson load will be equal to the Euler load; also
determine the magnitude of this crippling load. (6)
4.3 the length of strut where the Euler formula ceases to be valid; also determine the
applicable crippling load for this length. (6)
4.4 𝑃 ℓ (6)
Plot the above conditions on a vs graph showing all salient points.
𝐴 𝑘

[ 25 ]
QUESTION 5 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
5.1

For a simply supported beam with point load P at midspan and

length ℓ, derive using a method of your choice, an expression for:

5.1.1 the maximum slope, and (3)

5.1.2 the maximum deflection. (3)

5.2

The sketch shows a simply supported beam, carrying a uniformly distributed load of
6 kN/m from one end of the beam to its mid-point. Use MaCaulay’s method to
calculate the deflection of the beam at its centre. (9)

[ 15 ]

QUESTION 6 ENERGY METHODS

The “hangman frame”, shown above, is constructed from piping with ID = 80 mm and
OD = 100 mm. Calculate the vertical deflection at A.
[E = 200GPa]
[ 11 ]

TOTAL : 109
 ANNEXURE
FORMULA SHEET
USEFUL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 2(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 2(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

2-D COMPLEX STRESSES

1 1
𝜎𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) + (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
1
𝜏𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )
1 1 2
𝜎1,2 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
2 2
1 2 1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 = (𝜎 + 𝜎2 )
2 2 1
E  x   y  
x 
1  2

ANALYSIS OF STRAIN

∆ℓ 1
𝜀1 = = (𝜎1 − 𝜈𝜎2 − 𝜈𝜎3 )
ℓ 𝐸
Δ𝑉 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3
𝜀𝑉 = = 𝜀1 + 𝜀2 + 𝜀3 = (1 − 2𝜈)
𝑉 𝐸
1 1 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝜃 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) + (𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
2 2 2
𝛾𝜃 = −(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
1 1 2
𝜀1,2 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) ± √(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦
2
2 2
𝛾𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 )

2
𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±√(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦
2

 E
K
3  1  2  
;
 vol
E
G ;
2  1  
P  Vliquid
V 
K liquid
THEORIES OF FAILURE

4. Maximum Principle Stress Theory (Rankine Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 =
𝑛

5. Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guest and Tresca Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 =
𝑛
𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑇𝐸 𝐷
⇒ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 (= )= ⇒ 𝑇𝐸 = √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2
2 2𝐽

6. The Maximum Shear strain Energy Theory (Von Mises Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 2
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2 = 2 [ ]
𝑛

STRUTS

1
C  ; 1; 2; 4
4
C 2 EI C 2 EA
Euler load: FE  
2  Lk 2
1 1 1
Rankine load:  
FR FE  y A

  y  Lk 2 
Johnson: FJ  A y 1  2 
 4C E 

L 2C 2 E L
Johnson   Euler
k y k
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

𝑑2𝑥
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = ∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐴 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: = 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐸𝐼𝑦 = ∫ [∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐴] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Möhr 1: The change of slope of the elastic line from A to B is equal to the area of the curvature
diagram between A and B.
Möhr 2: The sweep of a tangent rolling on the elastic line from A to B is equal to the first moment of
area of the curvature diagram between A and B taken about the axis where the sweep is
measured.
bd 2bd
Parabola: A1  A2 
3 3
3b 3b
x1  x2  from the turning point axis
4 8
ENERGY METHODS

𝜕𝑈
𝛿𝑊 =
𝜕𝑊
𝜕𝑈
𝜃𝑀 =
𝜕𝑀
1 𝑓𝑠 1 1
𝑈= ∫ 𝑃2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑄2 𝑑𝑥 + 2
∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑇 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝐸𝐴 2𝐺𝐴 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐺𝐽
𝜕𝑈 1 𝜕𝑃 𝑓𝑠 𝜕𝑄 1 𝜕𝑀𝑥𝑥 1 𝜕𝑇
𝛿𝑊 = = ∫𝑃( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑄( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑇( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑊 𝐸𝐴 𝜕𝑊 𝐺𝐴 𝜕𝑊 𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑊 𝐺𝐽 𝜕𝑊
𝜕𝑈 1 𝜕𝑃 𝑓𝑠 𝜕𝑄 1 𝜕𝑀𝑥𝑥 1 𝜕𝑇
𝜃𝑀 = = ∫𝑃( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑄( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑇( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝐸𝐴 𝜕𝑀 𝐺𝐴 𝜕𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑀 𝐺𝐽 𝜕𝑀
PROGRAM : NATIONAL DIPLOMA
ENGINEERING: MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

SUBJECT : STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 3A

CODE : STRMIA3
DATE : MID-YEAR SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION
16 JULY 2019
DURATION : (X-PAPER) 8:00 - 11:00
WEIGHT : 40 : 60
FULL MARKS : 100
TOTAL MARKS : 109

ASSESSOR : MR P STACHELHAUS

MODERATOR : MS D IONESCU 2187

NUMBER OF PAGES : 4 PAGES AND 1 ANNEXURE (7 TOTAL)

EXAM INSTRUCTIONS:

● A CALCULATOR OF ANY MAKE OR MODEL IS PERMITTED.

● THIS QUESTION PAPER IS TO BE HANDED IN WITH THE
EXAMINATION SCRIPT.
EXAM REQUIREMENTS:

● NIL

2/ ….
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS:
 MAKE REASONABLE ENGINEERING ASSUMPTIONS FOR DATA NOT SUPPLIED.
 NUMBER YOUR QUESTIONS CLEARLY AND UNDERLINE THE FINAL ANSWER.
 ANSWERS WITHOUT UNITS WILL BE IGNORED.
 ALL DIMENSIONS ON DIAGRAMS ARE IN mm UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED.
 SOME HELPFUL FORMULAE ARE PROVIDED IN THE ANNEXURE.

QUESTION 1 TRANSFORMATION OF STRESSES

A 50 mm diameter rod is subjected to an axial tensile load of 70 kN and a torque of 1.25 kNm as shown below.

1.1 Determine the principal stresses at a point on the surface of the rod and the angle of
the planes on which they act relative to the longitudinal axis of the rod.
(14)
1.2 Verify these answers on Mohr’s stress circle. (6)

[ 20 ]
QUESTION 2 ANALYSIS OF STRAIN
A boiler shell is 2.4 m long and 0.9 m in diameter with a plate thickness of 40 mm. Calculate for an internal pressure of
1.8 MPa:

2.1 the longitudinal strain; (7)

2.2 the circumferential strain. (2)
[E = 200 GPa; ν = 0.23]
[9]

QUESTION 3 THEORY OF FAILURE

The cantilever mild steel bracket shown is acted upon by a 6.3kN load. Determine, for the cross-sectional plane “AA” at
point B:

3.1 the intensity of the stress normal to the plane “AA” at point B; (11)
3.2 the intensity of the shear stress at point B; (3)
3.3 the magnitude of the principle stresses and the inclinations of the planes on which they act. (5)
3.4 the factor of safety according to:
(2)
3.4.1 the Maximum Shear Stress (Guest and Tresca) theory; and
3.4.2 the Maximum Shear Strain Energy (von Mises) theory. (3)

3.4.3 Evaluate in a commentary the factors of safety obtained for the design. (3)

[σy = 300 MPa; E = 200 GPa]

[ 27 ]
QUESTION 4 STRUTS

A simply supported beam, spanning a 6 mm diameter alloy rod of length of 750 mm, was found to have a maximum
deflection of 5.8 mm under the action of the centrally applied load of 5 N.

When a similar rod of 1m length (the material and diameter being the same as above) is being tested during an experiment
as a column, determine:

4.1 Young’s Modulus; (4)

4.2 the crippling load for this rod - if it is pin-jointed at both ends and the material has a
yield stress of 240 MPa. (9)
4.3 the load and column length at the Euler validity limit. (6)

[ 19 ]

QUESTION 5 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

A parallel flange I-section 305 x 165 x 40.5 kg/m is used as a horizontal beam with a free span of 4 m. It supports a
concentrated mass of 8155 kg at midspan. Take the mass of the beam into consideration and determine the maximum
deflection if E = 206 GPa, Ixx = 85.51 x 10-6 m4, and:

5.1 the ends are simply supported; (9)

5.2 the ends are fixed. (12)

[ 21 ]

QUESTION 6 ENERGY METHODS

Calculate the vertical deflection at point B on the pin jointed structure shown. The cross-sectional area of both
members is 2×10-3 m2.
[E = 200 GPa]
[ 13 ]

TOTAL : 109
 ANNEXURE
FORMULA SHEET
USEFUL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 2(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 2(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

2-D COMPLEX STRESSES

1 1
𝜎𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) + (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
1
𝜏𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )
1 1 2
𝜎1,2 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
2 2
1 2 1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 = (𝜎 + 𝜎2 )
2 2 1
E  x   y  
x 
1  2

ANALYSIS OF STRAIN

∆ℓ 1
𝜀1 = = (𝜎1 − 𝜈𝜎2 − 𝜈𝜎3 )
ℓ 𝐸
Δ𝑉 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3
𝜀𝑉 = = 𝜀1 + 𝜀2 + 𝜀3 = (1 − 2𝜈)
𝑉 𝐸
1 1 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝜃 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) + (𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
2 2 2
𝛾𝜃 = −(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
1 1 2
𝜀1,2 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) ± √(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦
2
2 2
𝛾𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 )

2
𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±√(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦
2

 E
K
3  1  2  
;
 vol
E
G ;
2  1  
P  Vliquid
V 
K liquid
THEORIES OF FAILURE

7. Maximum Principle Stress Theory (Rankine Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 =
𝑛

8. Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guest and Tresca Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 =
𝑛
𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑇𝐸 𝐷
⇒ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 (= )= ⇒ 𝑇𝐸 = √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2
2 2𝐽

9. The Maximum Shear strain Energy Theory (Von Mises Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 2
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2 = 2 [ ]
𝑛

STRUTS

1
C  ; 1; 2; 4
4
C 2 EI C 2 EA
FE  
 Lk 2
Euler load:
2
1 1 1
Rankine load:  
FR FE  y A

  y  Lk 2 
Johnson: FJ  A y 1  2 
 4C E 

L 2C 2 E L
Johnson   Euler
k y k
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

𝑑2𝑥
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = ∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐴 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: = 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐸𝐼𝑦 = ∫ [∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐴] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Möhr 1: The change of slope of the elastic line from A to B is equal to the area of the curvature
diagram between A and B.
Möhr 2: The sweep of a tangent rolling on the elastic line from A to B is equal to the first moment of
area of the curvature diagram between A and B taken about the axis where the sweep is
measured.
bd 2bd
Parabola: A1  A2 
3 3
3b 3b
x1  x2  from the turning point axis
4 8
ENERGY METHODS

𝜕𝑈
𝛿𝑊 =
𝜕𝑊
𝜕𝑈
𝜃𝑀 =
𝜕𝑀
1 𝑓𝑠 1 1
𝑈= ∫ 𝑃2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑄2 𝑑𝑥 + 2
∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑇 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝐸𝐴 2𝐺𝐴 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐺𝐽
𝜕𝑈 1 𝜕𝑃 𝑓𝑠 𝜕𝑄 1 𝜕𝑀𝑥𝑥 1 𝜕𝑇
𝛿𝑊 = = ∫𝑃( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑄( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑇( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑊 𝐸𝐴 𝜕𝑊 𝐺𝐴 𝜕𝑊 𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑊 𝐺𝐽 𝜕𝑊
𝜕𝑈 1 𝜕𝑃 𝑓𝑠 𝜕𝑄 1 𝜕𝑀𝑥𝑥 1 𝜕𝑇
𝜃𝑀 = = ∫𝑃( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑄( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑀𝑥𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑇( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝐸𝐴 𝜕𝑀 𝐺𝐴 𝜕𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑀 𝐺𝐽 𝜕𝑀
 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS3A (STRMIA3)
TEST 1 (2 MARCH2020)

Examiner: P. Stachelhaus Time allocated: 70 min

Moderator: D. Ionescu Full marks: 30

Instructions: ● Number all your questions clearly and underline your final answers.
● Answers without units will not be considered.
● Make reasonable engineering assumptions for data not supplied.
● GA2 (“The Successful Application of Scientific and Engineering
Knowledge”) is assessed in this test. A minimum pass mark of 50% is
imperative.

Question 1:-

A hollow steel shaft of outside

diameter 150 mm and internal
diameter 100 mm, transmits a
torque of 8 kNm, is subjected to
a bending moment of 10 kNm,
and experiences a tensile axial
load of 100 kN. Determine the
maximum stresses experienced
on an infinitely small element on
the shaft.
Hint: use elements positioned at A and B on the vertical axis of the diagram.
[14 ]

Question 2:-

A stress element experiences direct and shear stresses as shown

in the diagram.

2.1 Determine the direct and shear stresses acting at an angle of 24° from the vertical
plane as shown, using first principles. (5)

2.2 Make a judgment discussion including conclusion of your answers determined in

(2.1). (6)

2.3 Verify your answers from (2.1) on a Mohr’s circle drawn to scale.
[A suggested scale: 2 mm : 1 MPa] (5)

[ 16 ]

TOTAL [ 30 ]
 FORMULA SHEET
Transformation of Stresses

1 1
𝜎𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) + (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
1
𝜏𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )
1 1 2
𝜎1,2 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
2 2
1 2 1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦2 = (𝜎 + 𝜎2 )
2 2 1

Analysis of Strain

∆ℓ 1
𝜀1 = = (𝜎1 − 𝜈𝜎2 − 𝜈𝜎3 )
ℓ 𝐸
Δ𝑉 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3
𝜀𝑉 = = 𝜀1 + 𝜀2 + 𝜀3 = (1 − 2𝜈)
𝑉 𝐸
1 1 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝜃 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) + (𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
2 2 2
𝛾𝜃 = −(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
1 1 2
𝜀1,2 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) ± √(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
2 2
𝛾𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 )
2
𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±√(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦
2

Stress formulae

𝑀𝑦
𝜎𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝐼
𝐹
𝜎𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 =
𝐴
𝑃𝐷
𝜎𝐻𝑜𝑜𝑝 =
2𝑡
1
𝜎𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = (𝜎𝐻𝑜𝑜𝑝 )
2
𝑉𝐴𝑦̅
𝜏𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 =
𝐼𝑡
𝑇𝑟
𝜏 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 =
𝐽
Theories of Failure

1. Maximum Principle Stress Theory (Rankine Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 =
𝑛

2. Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guest and Tresca Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 =
𝑛
𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑇𝐸 𝐷
⇒ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 (= )= ⇒ 𝑇𝐸 = √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2
2 2𝐽

3. The Maximum Shear strain Energy Theory (Von Mises Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 2
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2 = 2 [ ]
𝑛
 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 3A (STRMIA3)
TEST 2 (9 JUNE 2020)

Examiner: P. Stachelhaus Time allocated: 180 min

Moderator: D. Ionescu Full marks: 60

Instructions: ● This is an open book test, and no formula sheet is given.

● Number all your questions clearly and underline your final answers.
● Answers without units will not be considered.
● The student is expected to make reasonable assumptions for data not supplied.
● This is a supplementary opportunity for students needing to pass the GA2
requirement (“The Successful Application of Scientific and Engineering
Knowledge”). A minimum of 50% pass mark is imperative to obtain the GA2.

Question 1:-

The following readings were recorded from a Delta Strain Gauge Rosette with the angles mentioned
relative to a horizontal axis:

ɛA = -29 × 10-6 at 20°

ɛB = 31 × 10-6 at 80°
ɛC = -5 × 10-6 at 140°

If the material constants are: E = 200 GPa, σy = 300 MPa and ν = 0.3, then:

1.1 calculate the principal strains and maximum shear strain; (10)

1.2 use Mohr’s circle (drawn neatly to scale) to verify the answers obtained from (1.1);
and (6)

1.3 calculate the principal stresses and their orientations. (9)

[ 25 ]
Question 2:-

A mild steel structure is composed of circular members of diameter d. At a certain position along
one member, the loading is found to consist of a shear force of 10 kN together with an axial tensile
load of 20 kN. Using a factor of safety of 4, and material constants of σ y = 300 MPa; ν = 0.290,
estimate the magnitude of d required according to:

2.1 the Maximum Shear Stress theory (Guest and Tresca theory); (12)

2.2 the Maximum Shear Strain Energy theory (Von Mises theory); and (4)

2.3 discuss the relevance of the above theories, or any other suitable theories, and
which would yield the best results. (3)

[ 19 ]
Question 3:-

An I-Section, of parallel flanges,

305 x 165 x 40 kg/m, is used as a steel
column. The columns’ ends are
constrained from any rotation movement
and it has a length of 6 m.

The section and material details are as

follows:
Iyy = 7.7 × 106 mm4
ky = 38.5 mm
Ixx = 85.5 × 106 mm4
kx = 129 mm
A = 5.2×103 mm2
σy = 300 MPa
E = 210 GPa
ν = 0.3
Rankine constant a = 1/7500 and

Using a factor of safety of 4, determine:

3.1 the buckling load according to Euler; (4)

3.2 the buckling load according to Rankine; and (4)

3.3 the buckling load according to Johnson. (4)

3.4 Make a judgement call as to which value determined above is the best suited, giving
reasons referring to the validity limits, showing any calculations used to support your
arguments. (8)

[ 20 ]

TOTAL [ 64 ]
 FORMULA SHEET
Transformation of Stresses

1 1
𝜎𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) + (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
1
𝜏𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )
1 1 2
𝜎1,2 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
2 2
1 2 1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 = (𝜎 + 𝜎2 )
2 2 1

Analysis of Strain

∆ℓ 1
𝜀1 = = (𝜎1 − 𝜈𝜎2 − 𝜈𝜎3 )
ℓ 𝐸
Δ𝑉 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3
𝜀𝑉 = = 𝜀1 + 𝜀2 + 𝜀3 = (1 − 2𝜈)
𝑉 𝐸
1 1 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝜃 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) + (𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
2 2 2
𝛾𝜃 = −(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
1 1 2
𝜀1,2 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) ± √(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
2 2
𝛾𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 )
2
𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±√(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦
2

𝐸
𝜎1 = (𝜀 + 𝜈𝜀2 + 𝜈𝜀3 )
1 − 𝜈2 1

Theories of Failure

1. Maximum Principle Stress Theory (Rankine Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 =
𝑛

2. Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guest and Tresca Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 =
𝑛
𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑇𝐸 𝐷
⇒ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 (= )= ⇒ 𝑇𝐸 = √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2
2 2𝐽

3. The Maximum Shear strain Energy Theory (Von Mises Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 2
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2 = 2 [ ]
𝑛
 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 3A (STRMIA3)
TEST 3 (22 JUNE 2020)

Examiner: P. Stachelhaus Time allocated: 180 min

Moderator: D. Ionescu Full marks: 60

Instructions: ● Place your surname and student number on your answer script as well as on
file name.
● Submit your test either to the portal provided or via email to peterst@uj.ac.za.
● Late test submissions (i.e. after the expiry of the additional 15min given after
12:00) will only be considered if accompanied by evidence of any valid error
message (e.g. print-screen or foto).
● This is an open book test, and no formula sheet is given.
● Number all your questions clearly and underline your final answers.
● Answers without units will not be considered.
● The student is expected to make reasonable assumptions for data not supplied.

Question 1:-

For the beam shown, which has a constant cross-section of value EI = 0.65 MNm2 :

1.1 determine where the position of the maximum deflection occurs, as measured from
position A, and (22)

1.2 quantify the magnitude of the maximum deflection. (4)

[ 26 ]
Question 2:-

Calculate the vertical deflection at point D on the pin-jointed structure shown. The cross-sectional
area of the members in tension is 0.03×10-3 m2 and for the those in compression is 0.2×10-3 m2.
E = 200 GPa

[ 34 ]

TOTAL [ 60 ]
 FORMULA SHEET
Transformation of Stresses

1 1
𝜎𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) + (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
1
𝜏𝜃 = (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )
1 1 2
𝜎1,2 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
2 2
1 2 1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ± √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 4 ∙ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 = (𝜎 + 𝜎2 )
2 2 1

Analysis of Strain

∆ℓ 1
𝜀1 = = (𝜎1 − 𝜈𝜎2 − 𝜈𝜎3 )
ℓ 𝐸
Δ𝑉 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3
𝜀𝑉 = = 𝜀1 + 𝜀2 + 𝜀3 = (1 − 2𝜈)
𝑉 𝐸
1 1 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝜃 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) + (𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
2 2 2
𝛾𝜃 = −(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
1 1 2
𝜀1,2 = (𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 ) ± √(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
2 2
𝛾𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 =
(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 )
2
𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±√(𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 ) + 𝛾𝑥𝑦
2

𝐸
𝜎1 = (𝜀 + 𝜈𝜀2 + 𝜈𝜀3 )
1 − 𝜈2 1

Theories of Failure

1. Maximum Principle Stress Theory (Rankine Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 =
𝑛

2. Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guest and Tresca Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 =
𝑛
𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑇𝐸 𝐷
⇒ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 (= )= ⇒ 𝑇𝐸 = √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2
2 2𝐽

3. The Maximum Shear strain Energy Theory (Von Mises Theory)

𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 2
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2 = 2 [ ]
𝑛