Name : Ravensky Banunaek

Class : D
Sociolinguisc

Sociolinguistics and Other Linguistic Studies

Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that examines the relationship between language and the
communities of its speakers. This science is a contextual study of the variations in the use of people's
language in natural communication. The term sociolinguistics itself has been used by Haver C. Curie in
an article published in 1952, entitled "A Projection of Sociolinguistics: the relationship of speech to social
status" which is about problems related to a person's language variety with his social status in society.
Groups with different professions or positions in society tend to use different languages. and also
Sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics and various variations of language, as well as the
relationship between language users and the function of the language variations in a language society.

When we learning about linguistic, there are many part of linguistics ;

Linguistics

The scientific study of language; also called linguistic science. As an academic discipline, the
development of this subject has been recent and rapid, having become particularly widely known and
taught in the 1960s. This reflects partly an increased popular and specialist interest in the study of
language and communication in relation to human beliefs and behaviour (e.g. in theology, philosophy,
information theory, literary criticism), and the realization of the need for a separate discipline to deal
adequately with the range and complexity of linguistic phenomena; partly the impact of the subject’s
own internal development at this time, arising largely out of the work of the American linguist Noam
Chomsky and his associates (see Chomskyan), whose more sophisticated analytic techniques and more
powerful theoretical claims gave linguistics an unprecedented scope and applicability

Different branches may be distinguished according to the linguist’s focus and range of interest (and
each is dealt with in separate entries in this book). A major distinction, introduced by Ferdinand de
Saussure (see Saussurean), is
between diachronic and synchronic linguistics, the former referring to the study of language change
(also called historical linguistics), the latter to the study of the state of language at any given point in
time. In so far as the subject attempts to establish general principles for the study of all languages, and
to determine the characteristics of human language as a phenomenon, it may be called general
linguistics (see general) or theoretical linguistics. When it concentrates on establishing the facts of a
particular language system, it is called descriptive linguistics (see description). When its purpose is to
focus on the differences between languages, especially in a language-teaching context, it is called
contrastive linguistics (see contrastive (2)). When its purpose is primarily to identify the common
characteristics of different languages or language families, the subject goes under the heading of
comparative (or typological) linguistics (see comparative (1)

The overlapping interest of linguistics and other disciplines has led to the setting up of new branches of
the subject in both pure and applied contexts, such as anthropological linguistics, biolinguistics, clinical
linguistics, computational linguistics, critical linguistics, developmental linguistics, ecolinguistics,
educational
linguistics, ethnolinguistics, forensic linguistics, geographical linguistics, institutional linguistics,
mathematical linguistics, neurolinguistics, peace linguistics, philosophical linguistics, psycholinguistics,
quantitative linguistics, sociolinguistics, statistical linguistics, theolinguistics (see individual entries).

Sociolinguistics

A branch of linguistics which studies all aspects of the relationship between language and society.
Sociolinguists study such matters as the linguistic identity of social groups, social attitudes to language,
standard and non-standard forms of language, the patterns and needs of national language use, social
varieties and levels of language, the social basis of multilingualism, and so on. An alternative name
sometimes given to the subject (which suggests a greater concern with sociological rather than linguistic
explanations of the above) is the sociology of language. Any of the branches of linguistics could, in
principle, be separately studied within an explicitly social perspective, and some use is accordingly made
of such terms as sociophonetics and sociophonology, when this emphasis is present, as in the study of
the properties of accents. In Hallidayan linguistics, the term sociosemantics has a somewhat broader
sense, in which the choices available within a grammar are related to communication roles found within
the speech situation, as when aparticular type of question is perceived in social terms to be a threat.

The term overlaps to some degree with ethnolinguistics and anthropological linguistics, reflecting the
overlapping interests of the correlative disciplines involved – sociology, ethnology and anthropology.
The study of dialects is sometimes seen as a branch of sociolinguistics, and sometimes differentiated
from it, under the heading of dialectology, especially when regional dialects are the focus of study

Anthropological linguistics

A branch of linguistics which studies the role of language in relation to human cultural patterns and
beliefs, as investigated using the theories and methods of anthropology. For example, it studies the way
in which linguistic features vary in order to identify a member of a speech community with a social,
religious, occupational or kinship group. Any social situation can be explored from an anthropological
point of view, such as everyday interaction, ritual behaviour, political discourse, verbal art and
educational practice. The term overlaps to some degree with ethnolinguistics and sociolinguistics,
reflecting the overlapping interests of the correlative disciplines involved – anthropology, ethnology and
sociology.

Biolinguistics)

A developing branch of linguistics which studies the biological preconditions for language
development and use in human beings, fromthe viewpoints of both the history of language in the race,
and the development of language in the individual. It is also known as biological linguistics. Topics of
common interest to the two subject-areas involved include the genetic transmission of language,
neurophysiological models of language production, the anatomical parallels between human and other
species, and the development of pathological forms of language behaviour (see clinical linguistics).

Comparative linguistics

A term used to characterize a major branch of linguistics, in which the primary concern is to make
statements comparing the characteristics of different languages (dialects, varieties, etc.), or different
historical
states of a language. During the nineteenth century, the concern for comparative analysis was
exclusively historical, as scholars investigated the relationships between such families of languages as
Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, their hypothetical antecedent. A term used in the three-way grammatical
description of adjectives and adverbs into degrees (comparison), specifying the extent of their
application; often abbreviated as comp. The comparative form is used for a comparison between two
entities, and contrasts with superlative, for more than two, and positive, where no comparison is
implied

Corpus linguistics

A collection of linguistic data, either written texts or a transcription of recorded speech, which can be
used as a startingpoint of linguistic description or as a means of verifying hypotheses about a
language (corpus linguistics). In fieldwork on a new language, or in historical study, it may be very
difficult to get beyond one’s corpus (i.e.
it is a ‘closed’ as opposed to an ‘extendable’ corpus), but in languages where linguists have regular
access to native-speakers (and may be native-speakers themselves) their approach will invariably be
‘corpus-based’, rather than corpusrestricted. Corpora provide the basis for one kind of computational
linguistics. A computer corpus is a large body of machine-readable texts

Ethnolinguistics

A branch of linguistics which studies language in relation to the investigation of ethnic types and
behaviour. The term overlaps to some degree with anthropological linguistics and sociolinguistics,
reflecting the overlapping interests of the correlative disciplines involved – ethnology, anthropology and
sociology. The phrase ethnography of communication or ethnography of speaking has been applied by
sociolinguists to the study of language in relation to the entire range of extralinguistic variables which
identify the social basis of communication, the emphasis being on the description of linguistic
interaction

Forensic linguistics

Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistic knowledge, methods and insights to

the forensic context of law, language, crime investigation, trial, and judicial procedure. It is a branch of
applied linguistics.

When was Forensic Linguistics first used?

1968
The earliest attested usage of the term “forensic linguistics” dates from1968, with the publication of Jan
Svartvik's analysis of four statements purportedly made to the police by Timothy Evans in which he
confessed to strangling his wife and baby daughter in 1949.Nov 5, 2012

What is a forensic linguistic detective?

A forensic linguist is a language analyst who uses their skills to help solve crimes, assist in legal
defense/prosecution cases, and apply language as it relates to the law in general. Their work is usually
devoted to understanding spoken and written language.Dec

Historical linguistics

A branch of linguistics which studies the development of language and languages over time; also
known as diachronic linguistics. The data of study are identical to that of comparative philology, viz. the
extant records of older states of languages; but the methods and aims are not the same. Historical
linguistics uses the methods of the various schools of synchronic linguistics (including sociolinguistics
and psycholinguistics, especially in considering the reasons for language change). One thus encounters
such subfields as ‘historical phonology/morphology/syntax’, etc. It also aims to relate its findings to
general linguistic theory.

Neurolinguistics

A branch of linguistics, sometimes called neurological linguistics, which studies the neurological basis
of language development and use, and attempts to construct a model of the brain’s control over the
processes of speaking, listening, reading, writing and signing. The main approach has been to postulate
the stages of a neural

Pragmalinguistics

A term sometimes used within the study of pragmatics,to refer to the study of language use from the
viewpoint of a language’s structural resources; it contrasts with those pragmatic studies which examine
the conditions on language use which derive from the social situation (sometimes referred to as
sociopragmatics). A pragmalinguistic approach might begin with the pronoun system of a language, and
examine the way in which people choose different forms to express a range of attitudes and
relationships (such as deference and intimacy). The latter approach might begin with the social
backgrounds of the participants in an interaction, and examine the way in which different factors (such
as age, sex, class) lead people to choose particular pronouns.

Pragmatics

A term traditionally used to label one of the three major divisions of semiotics (along with semantics
and syntactics). In modern linguistics, it has come to be applied to the study of language from the point
of view of
the users, especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social
interaction, and the effects their use of language has on the other participants in an act of
communication. The field focuses on an ‘area’ between semantics, sociolinguistics and extralinguistic
context; but the boundaries with these other domains are as yet incapable of precise definition. At
present, no coherent pragmatic theory has been achieved, mainly because of the variety of topics it has
to account for – including aspects of deixis, conversational implicatures, presuppositions, speech acts
and discourse structure

Psycholinguistics

A branch of linguistics which studies the correlation between linguistic behaviour and the
psychological processes thought to underlie that behaviour. There are two possible directions of study.
One may use language as a means of elucidating psychological theories and processes
 Sociolinguistics ; History and Overview

l. Language

The Concise Encyclopedia of Socialinguistics (C ESO) is intended to give a comprehensive overview of

the main topies in an irnportant branch of language study, generally known as Sociolinguistics.
Linguistics may be somewhat blandly defirred as the study of language. Such a chara ctenzation leaves
out the allimportant formulation of how such study is to be conducted, and where exactly the
boundaries of the term 'language' itself lie. Broadly speaking, different branches of linguistics are
concerned with language siructure, acquisition, and use. The terrn 'language' is generally accepted to
refer to il system of arbitrary symbols used for human Cornmunication.

2. Sociolingubtics' d,ntecedents

While Sociolinguistics as a specially demarcated &rea of language study only dates to the early 1960s
(see e.8., Paulston and Tucker (1997) 4nd Shuy (1997: 23) who cite the surnmer of IgM as a crucial time),
attention to the social was implicit in many earlier studies. In terms of a continuous lineage for rnodern
sociolinguistics, however, four western traditions have been rnost influential: historical and comparative
linguistics, anthropology; rural dialectology; and the study of mixed languages. especially the
ethnographical approach. The ferrn 'sociolinguistics' appears to have been first used in 1957 by Haver
Currie., a poet and philosopher who noted the general absence of any consideration of the social in the
linguistic research of his day

3. Emphrses in Smioli,tguistics

Chomsky's insistence in the 1950s and 1960s on abstracting language away frorn everyday contexts.
ironically led to the distillation of a core area of sociolinguistics, opposed to his conception of languerge.
ln a now infamous passage Chomsky (1965: 3) argued that linguistic theory should b€ concerned
primarily with an ideal speaker-listener in practice the boundaries between the two areas of stud y are
so flexible as to merit one cover terrn. CESO tries to give equal coverage to both areas. Sometimes the
distinction between the two orientations is expressed by the terrns m&cro- and micro-sociolinguistics.
As in other subjects, notably econornics, macro-studies involve an examination of interactions at a
broader level (the focus is broad, as in the study of multilingualism, or language attitudes in a
community). Micro-studies examine finer patterns on a local level

4. Brarmhes of Sociotinguistics

To a large extent the sections within CESO cover the main concerns of the discipline: Interaction;
Variation; Culture; Power and ldeology; Language Contact; Applications of Sociolinguistics. Like most
editors in this series I have agonized over whether io present entries in sections or as a siraight
alphabetical list. It is hoped that the choice of entries within sections rather than a straight alphabetical
list gives a better sense of the subject, without getting in the way of looking up specific entries. The first
section Foundntions of Society and Language is concerned with defining and approaching the key
concepts language and society, from the vantage points of the parent disciplines of Linguistics.,
Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Psychology. Sociolinguists have learned to live with the situation
that, alter extensive research and debate, key tenns like 'language
5. Applications of Sociolinguistics

There are many practical outcomes of sociolinguistic research. which are described in entries spread
throughout cESo. one section is specifically lupplied' in focus (Language and Education), since
contributions of sociolinguists in this arena are numerous, covering the home language-school language
interface, the public debates about Standard Engiish and less feted varieties tike Ebonics, an
understanding of educationa! failure, enhancing gender sensitivity in male dominated classrooms' and
so forth. Entries within CESO detail other ways in which sociolinguists have given publicly of their
expertise