Name : Yosef paskalis pati wepora

Class : X C
Reg. Number : 1601020132

1. Historical linguistics is the scientific study of how languages change over

time, which seeks to understand the relationships among languages and to
reconstruct earlier stages of languages. At UGA, our primary focus is on
historical Indo-European linguistics – the history and development of the
Indo-European family of languages, which includes English.

2. The history of linguistics is a record of the development of the study of

linguistics from ancient Greece to modern times. The science of
linguistics has been discussed since the Babylonian civilization, but the
process of standardized research has only begun since the ancient Greek
period. Historical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the
scientific study of language change over time.[1] Principal concerns of
historical linguistics include:[2] to reconstruct the pre-history of
languages and to determine their relatedness, grouping them
into language families (comparative linguistics)
to develop general theories about how and why language changes
to describe the history of speech communities
to describe and account for observed changes in particular languages
to study the history of words, i.e. etymology

3. A split in phonology is where a once identical phoneme diverges in

different instances. A merger is the opposite: where two (or more)
phonemes merge and become indistinguishable. In English, this happens
most often with vowels, although not exclusively. See phonemic
differentiation for more information
4. Assimilation is a sound change in which some phonemes
(typically consonants or vowels) change to be more similar to other
nearby sounds. It is a common type of phonological process across
languages for example In Italian, voiceless stops assimilated historically
to a following /t/:
 Latin octo "eight" > It. otto
 Latin lectus "bed" > letto
 Latin subtus – pronounced suptus "under" > sotto
7. Loanword ia a word adopted from a foreign language with little or
no modification.
Examples of loanwords in the English language include café (from
French café, which literally means "coffee"), bazaar (from Persian bāzār,
which means "market"), and kindergarten (from German Kindergarten,
which literally means "children's garden").

8. Any word in a language can potentially be replaced by a

word from another language. ... Languages with lesser grammar are more
open towards borrowing. There are large differences
between words. Words for modern cultural phenomena, such as
computer, tea, or latte, are loanwords in almost all languages.