SHS

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
FIRST QUARTER MODULE 4
POLARITY OF MOLECULES AND
ITS PROPERTIES

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Physical Science – Senior High School
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Polarity of Molecules and its Properties

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Cyrus R. Untalan

Editors/Reviewers:
Jocelyn Navera
Brenly Mendoza
Kristina Nieves
Bebelyn Nocomora

Language Editors:
Diana Desuyo

Layout Artist:
Jose P. Gamas Jr.

Illustrator
Ray Daniel Peralta

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Relate the polarity of a molecule
to its properties
(S11/12PS-IIIc-16)

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 Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High School Learners

LESSON
Polarity of Molecules and its Properties

Why is it that water and oil do not mix? What causes this
behavior? When your shirt got stained with grease, what
substance do you use to remove the stain? These are
some questions that have something to do with the polarity
of molecules.
In the previous module, you have learned that covalent molecules
can be determined as polar and nonpolar molecules based on their electronegativity
differences and molecular geometries. How can we use those concepts to understand the
properties of a substance?

In this module, you will be exposed on how the properties

of the different compounds are related to their chemical
structures.
It is important that you know how the properties of matter
relate to their chemical structures and how it influences
physical, chemical, and biological behavior of substances.
In this way, you can appreciate more the things that you are
• identify a problem
using in your everyday life.
• formulate a hypothesis
This module contains simple activities to help you
understand more the lesson.

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Define solubility;
2. Identify compounds as miscible or immiscible; and
3. Relate the properties of molecules to its polarity.

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 How to learn from this
module

Here’s a simple guide for you in going through this module:

1. Take your time in reading the instructions.
2. Follow the instructions very carefully.
3. Before working on the activities, answer the 10-item test
in order to determine how much you know about the
lessons in this module.
4. Check your answers with the given answer key at the
end of this module.
5. Be very honest in answering the test items so you may
gauge the previous knowledge you have.
6. Read each lesson and do the activities that are provided
for you.
7. Perform all the activities diligently to help and guide you
in understanding the topic.
8. Answer the post-test to measure how much you have
gained from the lessons.

Good Luck and have fun!

Directions: Identify what is asked or described in each

item, then write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following compounds is miscible/soluble in water?

a. oil b. kerosene c. sugar d. all of the above
2. “Like dissolves like” means,
a. atom of the same element can be mixed together to form a solution.
b. substance of the same polarity can be mixed together to form a solution.
c. substance of the same phases (solid, liquid, gas) can combine to form a
solution.
d. molecules of the same electronegativity can be mixed together to form a
solution.
3. Which of the following substances is miscible in oil?
a. kerosene b. sugar c. water d. all of the above
4. Which of the following pairs will be soluble with one another?
a. Br2 and CCl4 c. oil and water
b. H2O and CCl4 d. vinegar and kerosene.
5. Soap is a substance used to forcedly mix oil and water. This is called a/a _________.
a. cleaning agent b. emulsifier c. colloid d. all of the above

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 Hi! How did you find the test?
Please check your answers at the answer key section and
see how you did. Don’t worry if you got a low score, this just
means that there are more things that you can learn from
this module. So, hop on!

Concepts learned on the previous module are important to

understand this module. How much have you learned from the previous
module? Take this simple review below to assess what you have learned.

Activity 1. Polar or Nonpolar: A Review

Directions: Group the following compounds inside
the box into polar or nonpolar using the table below.

Methane (CH4) Water (H2O) Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) Nitrogen gas (N2) Ammonia (NH3)
Chlorine gas (Cl2) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Carbon tetrafluoride (CF4)
Muriatic Acid (HCl)

Polar Nonpolar

How did you find the activity? I hope that you were able to easily group the different
compounds accordingly. Aside from knowing the electronegativity and molecular geometry of
those compounds, what other characteristics or properties are common to them? In real life
scenario, how are you going to explain polarity of molecules to an ordinary citizen in your
community? Let’s find out as you go along in this module.

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 We already know that oil and water do not mix together to form a homogenous mixture.
What causes this phenomenon? Water is a polar substance and oil is a nonpolar substance.
Does the polarity of molecule affect why they do not mix? What other substances mix and do
not mix with water? Are those substances that do not mix with water can be combined
together? Let’s explore on this as we perform the activities that follows.

Activity 2: “Like Dissolves Like” Experiment

Directions: In performing the experiment, make sure that

you are away from any source of fire since you will be using
combustible substances like kerosene and gasoline. Wear
also your facemask to protect you from smelling the strong
odor of the materials to be used. Do not taste any of the
chemical compounds. Better perform the activity under the supervision of your
parents.

Prepare the following materials:

Water sugar kerosene

Vinegar cooking oil gasoline
food coloring (optional for coloring water and vinegar)
spoon for stirring
disposable cup or may use empty bottles or empty mineral water bottle or any
empty clear plastic bottles available.

Before you perform the activity, using the table below, predict whether the following
substances will be soluble or insoluble once they are combined to other substances. Put a
check () for miscible column if you think the two liquids will be mixed homogenously and put
check under immiscible column. if you think they will not.

Solubility (Miscibility of both liquids)

Combination of Substances
Miscible/Soluble Immiscible/Insoluble
Water + cooking oil
Water + sugar
Water + kerosene
Water + vinegar
Water + gasoline
Cooking oil + Kerosene
Cooking oil + sugar
Cooking oil + vinegar
Cooking oil + gasoline
Kerosene + sugar
Kerosene + vinegar
Kerosene + gasoline
sugar + vinegar
sugar + gasoline
Vinegar + gasoline

Let’s now check whether your predictions are correct or not by performing the activity. Follow
the procedures properly.

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Procedures:
1. Mix at least 50 mL or 5 tablespoon of each substance in every set up below.

Set up Amount of substance to be mixed

A 50 mL Water + 50 mL cooking oil
B 50 mL Water + ½ tbsp. sugar
C 50 mL Water + 50 mL kerosene
D 50 mL Water + 50 mL vinegar
E 50 mL Water + 50 mL gasoline
F 50 mL Cooking oil + 50 mL Kerosene
G 50 mL Cooking oil + ½ tbsp. sugar
H 50 mL Cooking oil + 50 mL vinegar
I 50 mL Cooking oil + 50 mL gasoline
J 50 mL Kerosene + ½ tbsp. sugar
K 50 mL Kerosene + 50 mL vinegar
L 50 mL Kerosene + 50 mL gasoline
M ½ tbsp. sugar + 50 mL vinegar
N ½ tbsp. sugar + 50 mL gasoline
O 50 mL Vinegar + 50 mL gasoline

2. Stir the mixture. Observe if the substances are miscible or immiscible. If you are using
only one spoon or stirrer throughout the mixture, remember to wash and dry them after
every use. Write your observations in the table below.

Observations: Check () the appropriate column for your observation on the miscibility
of two liquids.

Solubility (Miscibility of both liquids)

Combination of Substances
Miscible/Soluble Immiscible/Insoluble
Water + cooking oil
Water + sugar
Water + kerosene
Water + vinegar
Water + gasoline
Cooking oil + Kerosene
Cooking oil + sugar
Cooking oil + vinegar
Cooking oil + gasoline
Kerosene + sugar
Kerosene + vinegar
Kerosene + gasoline
sugar + vinegar
sugar + gasoline
Vinegar + gasoline

Answer the following guide questions.

1. Which of the substances are miscible and/or soluble in water? Are these substances
polar or nonpolar? Why do you say so?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 2. Which of the substances are immiscible and/or insoluble in water? Are these
substances polar or nonpolar? Why do you say so?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Which of the substances are miscible and/or soluble in oil? Are these substances polar
or nonpolar? Why do you say so?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Which of the substances are immiscible and/or insoluble in oil? Are these substances
polar or nonpolar? Why do you say so?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. What substances are polar? Nonpolar? Group them in the table below.

Polar Substances Nonpolar Substances

6. Define the following terms:

a. Miscible
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

b. Immiscible
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

c. Solubility
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Reminder: Samples with oil and gasoline should first be mixed with dishwashing liquid before
disposing them down the sink.

Hi! How did you find the activity? I hope you

enjoyed mixing those substances while realizing
and observing which one will mix and which one
will not. You must have also realized that in order
for two substances to form a homogenous mixture
they must be of the same polarity.

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 Knowledge of the polar and nonpolar characteristics of a
substance is very important in the dissolution process. As a
rule, nonpolar compound dissolves in nonpolar solvents, and
polar compounds dissolve in polar solvents. In short, like
dissolves like.
Polar molecules will mix to form solutions and nonpolar molecules
will also mix to form solutions, but a polar and nonpolar combination will not form a
solution. Water is a polar molecule and oil is a nonpolar molecule. Thus, they will not form a
solution. On the other hand, since alcohol is a polar molecule, it will form a solution with water.
Moreover, oil and kerosene are both nonpolar substances; thus, they will form a solution.
Polar molecules are molecules in which the overall dipole moment in a molecule does not
cancel out. The chemical structure of water is seen below.
Since water has a bent shape and the hydrogen-oxygen
bonds have significant dipole moments that do not cancel
out; water is a polar molecule. Generally, molecules with
oxygen atoms, nitrogen atoms and ionizable group (-CO2H
and –SO2H) tend to be polar.

The chemical structure of vegetable oil is seen below.

The long fatty acid chains mainly
contain carbon-hydrogen bonds which
have essentially no dipole moment.
Therefore, oil is nonpolar. Generally,
the more carbon and hydrogen atoms a
molecule have, the more nonpolar it will
be.
Liquids will mix when both are polar or
both are nonpolar, but do not mix when
one is polar and the other is nonpolar.
This phenomenon happens because
polar molecules have partially positive
and partially negative sides to them.
When they are next to other molecules
that are polar, the partially positive side
of one molecule can align with the
partially negative side of another
molecule, making the system more
stable than if there were no other
charges in solution (the case for non-
polar solutions).
Since the oil and water do not mix, this
shows that polar and non-polar
solutions do not mix.

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 On the other hand, kerosene, having chemical formula of C16H32 is long chain hydrogen
and carbon (hydrocarbon) molecule has definitely no positive and negative ends; thus, making
kerosene a nonpolar molecule. This makes kerosene miscible with oil but not in water.
Sugar the common name for sucrose has a
molecular formula of C12H22O11 and has a
structural formula shown on the left. The
bond between O-H bonds gives partial
negative on the oxygen atom and a partial
positive on the hydrogen atom just like with
water. This makes sugar a polar compound,
thus, soluble in water but insoluble in oil.
https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/structural-
formula-of-sucrose.png

To help you differentiate between polar molecule and nonpolar molecule using the
property on solubility, let us do an activity.

Activity 3. Predicting Solubility and Polarity

Determine the polarity of molecules and predict if it soluble
or insoluble in water or in oil. Put check () if it is soluble
and (x) if it is not.

Substance Dissolves in H2O? Dissolves in Oil? Polar or Nonpolar

Sugar (C12H22O11)  x polar
Kerosene (C16H32) x  nonpolar
Sugar (C12H22O11)
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Nitrogen (N2)
Ammonia (NH3)
Chlorine (Cl2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Isopropyl alcohol
(C3H7OH)
Muriatic Acid (HCl)
Nitric acid (HNO3)
Lubricating oil

Based on the activity performed, what is solubility?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

How does the polarity of molecule affects solubility?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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Good job in finishing the activity! Now, take time to process the information you acquired by
accomplishing the next task.

In this time of pandemic where we are battling against

COVID-19, the authorities always instruct us to wash our
hands with soap to kill the coronavirus and prevent the spread
of it. Have you ever wondered if it works? Or better yet, why it
works?
Soap molecules have both properties of
non-polar and polar molecules; the soap
acts as an emulsifier, or something that
is capable of diffusing one liquid into
another unmixable liquid.
The principle of soap works because
soap is made up of molecules with two
very different ends. One is hydrophilic
(water loving) polar molecule, and it is
this end of the soap molecule that loves
water. This is the "salt" end of the soap;
it is ionic and soluble in water. The
hydrophobic (water fearing) nonpolar
molecule end does not mix with water,
and is, therefore, repelled by it.
When you mix soap and water, the soap
molecules position themselves into
micelles, or tiny clusters. The
hydrophilic part of the soap molecules
points out, whereas the hydrophobic parts group together on the inside. The hydrophobic parts
do not come into contact with the water at all, due to the repulsion. These collect the oil
particles in the center, as shown in the figure above. The oil is trapped in the soap, and then
when water is washed over your hands, the hydrophilic parts are attracted to water, taking the
soap, and the dirt connected to the soap with it.
On the other hand, Chemist can design drugs that could inhibit the action of some
pathogenic viruses and bacteria. An example of this is the antiviral drug Oseltamivir. It
prevents the reproductive budding of the influenza virus by binding effectively in the active site
of an important enzyme. In the same manner, the whole world is looking for and or developing
a vaccine for COVID-19. Experts have already identified the molecular structure of the corona
virus to be made up of protein molecules. Proteins are macromolecules having polar and
nonpolar parts that are essential to life. Protein chains can be so long that they must bend and
form a particular shape. The shape is affected by attraction and repulsion among polar and
non-polar groups. Proteins that have an irregular shape are not able to perform biological
functions well.
From the information given above about the molecular structure of soap and how it
works and the protein composition of coronavirus, describe how does handwashing using
soap breaks down the protein structure of the virus that kills them eventually. Write an essay
to explain your idea.

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 Congratulations on finishing the supplementary
learning module! You have just an amazing learning
journey and for sure, you will have the same in the
succeeding modules.
This time, share to the class your final insights
by completing the following sentence prompts.
,

To strengthen what you have learned in this module, perform the following additional tasks:
Create a poster showing the importance of handwashing and/or hand-sanitizing to
prevent the spread of coronavirus. Remember to apply what you have learned on the property
of polar and nonpolar molecules. Please be guided with the rubrics below.

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 Rubrics for Poster

5 4 3 2 1
Content is Content is
Content is Content is either
accurate but inaccurate.
Content Content is accurate but some questionable or
some required Information is
Poster contains accurate and all required incomplete.
information is incomplete,
appropriate items and required information is Information is
missing and/or inaccurate, or
information information is missing and/or not not presented in
not presented in not presented in
(information is presented in a presented in a a logical order,
a logical order, a logical order,
appropriate to logical order. logical order, but making it
making it making it
assigned topic). is still generally difficult to
difficult to difficult to
easy to follow. follow.
follow. follow.

Presentation is Presentation is Presentation Presentation is

neat, clean, well- mostly neat and flows well. unorganized.
Presentation organized and clean. Information Some tools are Tools are not Presentation
Poster is clean, neat, presented in a is organized in a used to show used in a has no flow.
and creative. The creative way. logical manner acceptable relevant Insufficient
information is well Presentation is and shows some understanding. manner. information and
organized, interesting,
colorful and degree of Each member’s Lacking some of lacking some of
accurate, and reflects
creative. creativity. The information is the members’ the member’s
an understanding of
the topic.
Information is overall represented and information/ and information.
interesting and presentation is identified with or information is
accurate. interesting. their name. not identified

Pictures, Clip Images, pictures, Images, pictures, Most images

Art and Artwork Images are
clip art and drawn and clip art and and/or artwork
Images, pictures, clip
inappropriate
artwork are drawn artwork are is are colorful
art and drawn artwork and artwork
colorful, and mostly colorful and appropriate.
are colorful and shows little, if No images or
appropriate to the and appropriate. The layout
appropriate to the any, creativity. artwork
topic. Layout Layout may show shows little
assigned topic. The The layout is included.
flows well, shows some degree of creativity and/or
layout flows well and messy,
creativity, and is creativity but is not is not organized
shows creativity. The disorganized or
pleasing to the organized logically logically or
overall result is cluttered.
eye. and/or is cluttered. cluttered.
pleasing to the eye.
No more than 5 No more than 7
No spelling, spelling, spelling, More than 7
Mechanics A few (2-3) errors
grammar, or grammar or grammar or spelling,
Spelling, grammar, in spelling,
punctuation punctuation punctuation grammar or
and grammar or
errors in the text. errors. Several errors. Most of punctuation
punctuation in any punctuation. Most
Text is in the instances where text is not in errors. Text is
text on the poster is text is in student’s
student’s own the text is not in authors’ own copied or not
accurate. own words.
words. student’s own words and/or no included.
words. text included.

The poster fulfills

Overall The poster fulfills
all but one of the
Presentation requirements of
all requirements
The poster fulfills all the assignment
of the assignment
requirements of the and shows that
and represents
assignment and the student put
the student’s full
shows the student’s forth an honest
potential.
full potential. effort to complete
the assignment.
Source:
http://www.gsiccharter.com/cms/lib011/GA01933819/Centricity/Domain/69/Cinco%20de%20Mayo
%20Poster%20Grading%20Rubric.doc

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The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:
Nonpolar molecule – when electron density is distributed symmetrically within the molecule

Polar molecule – when electron density is distributed asymmetrically throughout the

molecule. It contains a “negative” end and a “positive” end

Solubility – is a property referring to the ability of a given substance, the solute, to dissolve
in a solvent
Miscibility – is the property of two substances to mix in all proportions, forming a
homogeneous solution
Miscible – two liquids that combine in any ratio to form a homogeneous solution
Immiscible – two liquids that do not combine in any ration to form a homogenous solution
Emulsifier – or emulsifying agent is a compound or substance that acts as a stabilizer for
emulsions, preventing liquids that ordinarily do not mix from separating

Directions: Identify what is asked or described in each

item, then write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following compounds are immiscible in water?

a. kerosene b. vinegar c. sugar d. all of the above
2. “Like dissolves like” means,
a. atom of the same element can be mixed together to form a solution.
b. substance of the same polarity can be mixed together to form a solution.
c. substance of the same phases (solid, liquid, gas) can combine to form a
solution.
d. molecules of the same electronegativity can be mixed together to form a
solution.
3. Which of the following substances is immiscible in oil?
a. Kerosene b. sugar c. lubricating oil d. all of the above
4. Which of the following pairs will be soluble with one another?
a. CH4 and H2 c. Oil and sugar
b. H2 and H2O d. water and kerosene
5. In terms of molecular structure, what makes soap a good substance in removing dirt
and in killing viruses and bacteria?
a. It has both the property of polar molecule and nonpolar molecule that acts as
an emulsifier.
b. It has hydrophilic heads that are attracted to polar molecule and hydrophobic
tales attracted to nonpolar molecules.
c. It contains antibacterial ingredients.
d. Both a and b

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TRY THIS
1. c 2. c 3. a 4. a 5. B

Activity 1

Polar Nonpolar
sugar Methane
water Chlorine gas
sulfur dioxide Nitrogen gas
muriatic acid Carbon dioxide
ammonia Carbon tetrafluoride

Activity 2

Observation: check () the appropriate column for your observation on the miscibility of
two liquids.

Solubility (Miscibility of both liquids)

Combination of Substances
Miscible/Soluble Immiscible/Insoluble
Water + cooking oil 
Water + sugar 
Water + kerosene 
Water + vinegar 
Water + gasoline 
Cooking oil + Kerosene 
Cooking oil + sugar 
Cooking oil + vinegar 
Cooking oil + gasoline 
Kerosene + sugar 
Kerosene + vinegar 
Kerosene + gasoline 
sugar + vinegar 
sugar + gasoline 
Vinegar + gasoline 

Answer the following guide questions.

1. sugar and vinegar are soluble and/or miscible in water. They are polar since they both
dissolve in water which is a polar substance.
2. Cooking oil, kerosene and gasoline are immiscible in water. They are nonpolar substances
since they do not dissolve in water which is a polar substance.
3. Kerosene and gasoline are miscible in oil. They are nonpolar substances since they both
dissolve in oil which is a nonpolar substance.
4. Water, sugar and vinegar are immiscible and/or insoluble in oil. They are polar substances
since they do not dissolve in oil which is a nonpolar substance.
5. What substances are polar? Nonpolar? Group them in the table below.
Polar Substances Nonpolar Substances
Water Cooking oil
Sugar Kerosene
Vinegar gasoline

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6. Define the following terms:
Miscible – two liquids that combine in any ratio to form a homogeneous solution
Immiscible – two liquids that do not combine in any ration to form a homogenous
solution
Solubility – is a property referring to the ability of a given substance, the solute, to
dissolve in a solvent

Activity 3

Substance Dissolves in H2O? Dissolves in Oil? Polar or Nonpolar

Candle wax x  nonpolar
Carbon dioxide
x  nonpolar
(CO2)
Nitrogen (N2) x  nonpolar
Ammonia (NH3)  x polar
Chlorine (Cl2) x  nonpolar
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)  x polar
Isopropyl alcohol
 x polar
(C3H7OH)
Muriatic Acid (HCl)  x polar
Nitric acid (HNO3)  x polar
Lubricating oil x  nonpolar

Based on the activity performed, what is solubility?

Solubility is the ability of a substance to be dissolved to another substance.

How does the polarity of molecule affects solubility?

“Like dissolves like”. Substance of the same polarity will be soluble to each other and will
form a solution while substance of different polarity will not be soluble, thus will not form a
homogenous mixture.

Assess What You Have Learned

1. a 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. d

Project EASE, Chemistry, Module 14

Caintic, Helen, Physical Science, Quezon City, C&E Publishing, Inc., 2016, pp.33 – 39
Chemistry Textbook, Science and Technology III, SEMP 2 pp. 103 – 126
Chemistry for the New Millennium, Science and Technology Textbook pp. 123 – 131
Physical Science, Teaching Guide for Senior High School, Commission on Higher Education,
2016, pp. 66 – 77
https://people.chem.ucsb.edu/feldwinn/darby/DemoLibrary/DemoPDFs/Demo045.pdf

https://chem.ku.edu/sites/chem.ku.edu/files/docs/CHEM190/soap.pdf

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