FIRST QUARTER MODULE 5

INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES ATTRACTION

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Physical Science– Grade 11/12
Quarter 1 – Module 5: The Structure and Property of Matter: Intermolecular Forces
Attraction

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Laiza May Llobit

Editors/Reviewers: Jocelyn Navera, Brenly Mendoza, Kristina Nieves, Bebelyn Nocomora

Illustrator: Ray Daniel Peralta

Layout Artist: Jose Gamas Jr.

Language Editor: Diana Desuyo

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 Describe the general types of
intermolecular forces
(S11/12PS-IIIc-d-17)

Explain the effect of intermolecular forces

on the properties of substances.
(S11/12PS-IIId-e-19)

(3-5 hrs)

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 Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High School Learners

LESSON
Intermolecular Forces Attraction

Interaction has always been a part of our daily

lives. We connect to other things (biotic or abiotic) in order
to survive. This law of nature is also applicable to the
tiniest compositions of each and every thing that you can
see around you.

Have you ever wondered if atoms and molecules

have telepathic system to create such wonderful phases
of matter? Have you ever thought how they create such
variety of things that make a wonderful world? In today’s
lesson you should have a grasp of understanding on the
things that I asked you to ponder on.
At the end of the module, you should be able to:

• Describe the different types of intermolecular forces;

• Determine the type of intermolecular forces that exist
in a sample substance;
• Relate the intermolecular forces to the properties of
substances.

VOCABULARY ENHANCEMENT
Directions: Give the exact word of the jumbled letters to
form a new word based on their given description.

1. A S T M O
❖ the basic building blocks of ordinary matter

2. A N T R I
❖ a prefix meaning “within,” used in the formation of compound words

3. L O C M E L E S U
❖ an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical
bonds

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4. D C O O U M N P
❖ made up or consisting of two or more existing parts or elements.

5. I T E R N
❖ a prefix meaning “between” two groups.

Hi! How did you find the test?

Please check your answers at the answer key section and
see how you did. Take note that you will be needing the
understanding of these words and the concepts that you
have learned about these in this lesson.

Directions: Describe the following terms on the blank

provided. Use the knowledge that you learned when you
were in the prior years.

1. INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES ATTRACTION

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.

2. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES ATTRACTION

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

3. TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES ATTRACTION

❖ London dispersions forces (LDF)
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
❖ Dipole-dipole forces
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_.
❖ Hydrogen bonding
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.

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 Good job in finishing the activity! Take note that
intramolecular and intermolecular forces are very different
from each other. Intramolecular forces attraction are forces
within molecules or the forces holding a molecule together.
Take note that molecules are composed of different atoms
and these atoms are combined together by intramolecular
forces example are COVALENT BOND and IONIC BOND. In this lesson
we will not be focusing on it rather we will be giving emphasis to INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES ATTRACTION. Now, take time to process the information you acquired by
accomplishing the next task.

Directions: Given the image that represents a type of interaction between molecules of a
compound, observe carefully and answer the guide questions provided below.

Image from
http://www.visionlearning.com/es
/library/Qu%C3%ADmica/1/Proper
ties-of-Liquids/222
(Retrieved June 29,2020)
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What do you think does this illustration represent?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
2. What happens when ends with similar signs (- & -) (+ and +) interact?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
3. What happens when ends different signs (- & +) interacts?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
4. Is this scheme of interaction true to all types of molecules? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

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Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces present between molecules. Generally, they
are called van der Waals forces, named after the Dutch scientist Johannes van der Waals.

The different types of intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA) are:

• London dispersion forces (LDF)

• Dipole-dipole forces
• Hydrogen bonding
London dispersion forces

Dispersion force is present in all molecules. It is the only force present in nonpolar
molecules. It is very weak and acts in very small distances. It is formed due to the attraction
between the positively charged nucleus of an atom with the negatively charged electron cloud
of a nearby atom. This interaction creates an induced dipole.

EXAMPLE
In a nonpolar molecule, such as O2, there are no positive or negative ends. However,
the electrons of this molecule are constantly moving. There are times when electrons move to
one end, making such end partially negative while the other end becomes partially positive.
Hence, the molecule can have an instantaneous dipole.

The temporary dipole of a molecule induces instantaneous dipoles on neighboring

molecules.

TIP
In assessing the relative strengths of London dispersion forces between two different
substances, compare their molecular weight and size. Larger and more massive molecules
are more polarizable (i.e. they have a greater tendency to have distorted electron clouds) and
have stronger IMFA.

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 Dipole-dipole forces
Occurs between polar molecules. This is due to the partial positive pole and the partial
negative pole of the molecule. Average dipole-dipole interaction is relatively weak, around 4kJ/
mol. This interaction is effective over a very short range.

EXAMPLE

HCl is a polar molecule. It has partially

positive and partially negative ends.
The partially positive end of the molecule
is attracted to the partially negative side of another
molecule.

TIP

In assessing the relative strengths of

dipole-dipole forces between two different
substances, compare their polarities. A more
polar substance will have stronger dipole–dipole
forces compared to a less polar one.

Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen bond is a very strong dipole-dipole interaction. Hydrogen bond occurs in
polar molecules containing H and any one of the highly electronegative elements, in particular
F, O, N. Hydrogen tends to be strongly positive due to the strong tendencies of F, O, or N to
attract the electron towards it. The highly electronegative elements make hydrogen strongly
positive.

EXAMPLE

Consider the water molecule, H2O.

The hydrogen of one molecule is attracted

to the oxygen atom of another molecule

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 Identify the types of intermolecular forces present between molecules of
the following substances:

1. NH3——NH3
2. H2——H2
3. CO2——CO2
4. HF——HF

Congratulations, you have finished the first part

of this module!
Please check your answers by referring to the
answer key. If you are still having a hard time
understanding the concept please go over the earlier
parts of this module and take on the activities once
again.

Directions: Get your nearest dictionary and define the following terms.

Solubility

Melting point

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 Boiling point

Surface Tension

Viscosity

Vapor Pressure

Directions: Below are some experiments that you can do

at home to be able to understand better the relationship of
Intermolecular Forces on the Properties of Substances.

Experiment # 1: Get a basin with water and try putting some paper clips or needle on
the surface of water gently.
Experiment #2: Melting sugar and salt at the same the same time. With the same
amount of heat.
Experiment #3: Water and oil transfer. Get the same amount (100 mL) of water and
(100 mL) oil and put it in a container. Prepare another set of container where the
substances will be transferred at the same time.
Experiment #4: Put water and oil in and open container and expose it under the heat
of the sun.
Try to guess what property does each experiment exhibits and observe what happens to the
different substances. Write your answers and observations separately per experiment
following the format below.

Experiment Property Observations

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If you have internet connection, try watching the videos below to gain extra knowledge on what
is the Relation of Intermolecular Forces Properties of Substances.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YwdeEDrfPI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QqTwJzi7Wo

The properties of molecules depend on the type and strength of their intermolecular
forces of attraction.

Properties Dependent on IMFA

Phase at room temperature

When molecules have strong intermolecular forces of attraction, they are packed close
together. They often exist as condensed phase (solid or liquid) at room temperature. When
molecules have weak intermolecular forces of attraction, they are far apart from each other.
They often exist as gas at room temperature.

Solubility

Solubility refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a given amount of solvent at

a specified temperature. Recall the rule “like dissolves like.” When the solute and the solvent
both exhibit the same intermolecular forces of attraction, they form a solution.

EXAMPLE

Water and ethanol are polar substances. They both exhibit LDF, dipole - dipole forces,
and hydrogen bonding. When mixed together, they form a solution.

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 On the other hand, hexane and water do not have similar intermolecular forces of
attraction. The only attractive forces present in hexane are the relatively weak London
dispersion forces. These forces cannot significantly disrupt the strong hydrogen bonding
among water molecules. Therefore, hexane and water form a heterogeneous mixture.

Melting point
Melting point is the temperature at which the substance changes from solid to liquid.
Stronger intermolecular forces means greater amount of energy is needed to break the
attractive forces between molecules. Substances with stronger IMFA have higher melting
points compared to those with weaker IMFA.

Boiling point
Boiling point is the temperature at which the substance changes from liquid to gas.
Similar to melting point, stronger intermolecular forces means greater amount of energy is
needed to break the attractive forces between molecules. Substances with stronger IMFA
have higher boiling points compared to those with weaker IMFA.

Surface Tension
Surface Tension is the tendency of a fluid to acquire the least possible surface area.
Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces will exert greater cohesive forces and acquire
less surface area (higher surface tension) than those with weaker IMFA.

Viscosity
Viscosity is the measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Molecules with stronger
intermolecular forces have greater resistance to flow, and thus, higher viscosity compared to
those with weaker IMFA.

Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid phase
in a closed system. Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces have less tendency to
escape as gas, and thus lower vapor pressure compared to those with weaker IMFA.

Strengths of Intermolecular Forces

When comparing the strengths of intermolecular forces, check the difference in

molecular weight. If the difference is too large (>1000), then generally, the molecule with
greater molecular weight has stronger intermolecular forces. Otherwise, you may use the
following strategy:

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 1. Check which molecule exhibits hydrogen bonding. This molecule will have
stronger intermolecular forces.
2. Check which molecule is polar. Polar molecules have stronger intermolecular
forces.
3. Compare London dispersion forces. More massive molecules have stronger
intermolecular forces.

EXAMPLES

Example 1
Which has higher boiling point, H2O or H2S?
Answer:
H2O exhibits hydrogen bonding. It has stronger intermolecular forces. Therefore, it has
higher boiling point than H2S.
Example 2
Which is most likely solid, F2 or I2?
Answer:
Both fluorine and iodine are nonpolar molecules. They exhibit London dispersion
forces only. Because iodine has higher molecular mass, it has stronger London dispersion
forces. It is most likely to be solid. (Indeed, I2 is solid while F2 is gas at room temperature.

Directions: Compare the intramolecular forces of attraction present in the following

compounds and answer the questions.

1. Which has higher boiling point, HBr or HF?

2. Which is most likely gas at room temperature, CH4 or CH3Cl?

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 Congratulations on finishing the supplementary
learning module! You have just had an amazing learning
journey and for sure, you will have the same in the
succeeding modules.
This time, share to the class your final insights
by completing the following sentence prompts.
,

To strengthen what you have learned in this module,

perform the following additional tasks.

Amazing it is that water is made from two gases that are flammable but together they
make a substance that can put out fire. These two elements bonded together allow life on
earth to exist. The ability of water to form hydrogen bonds presents many interesting properties
which are useful for life. Given the selected topics concerning water create a reflection paper
showing what you have researched on. You can choose one topic from the given options.

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 Topics options:

1. Water and the earth. How is water stored on earth? (polar ice, underground, sea
water, atmosphere). How much water does the earth have? How does water shape
land?

2. Water and the human body. How does a human being’s water content change
throughout his life? (fetal stage, at birth, adulthood). How much water do we
consume in our lifetime?

3. The triple point of water (for advanced learners)

4. Water and agriculture

5. Water and electricity production

6. Water and religion/ myths

7. The different shapes of water (solid, liquid, ice, snow)

8. Water and its high specific heat capacity

9. Water and its availability to all

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is CORRECT and

change the underlined word if that makes the statement
WRONG or FAULTY.

1. The weakest IMFA is dipole-dipole force.

2. London dispersion forces is present in nonpolar molecules
3. IMFA is also called as Van der Waals forces.
4. Intramolecular forces attraction are forces between molecules.
5. When molecules have weak intermolecular forces of attraction, they are far apart from
each other.
6. Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces have less tendency to escape as liquid.
7. Viscosity is the measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.
8. Substances with stronger IMFA have lower boiling points.
9. Substances with stronger IMFA have lower melting points.
10. Solution refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a
specified temperature.

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TRY THIS
1. ATOMS
2. INTRA
3. MOLECULES
4. COMPOUND
5. INTER
DO THIS
1. Intramolecular forces attraction are forces within molecules or the forces holding a
molecule together.
2. Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces present between molecules. Generally,
they are called van der Waals forces, named after the Dutch scientist Johannes van
der Waals.
3. Dispersion force is present in all molecules. It is the only force present in nonpolar
molecules. It is very weak and acts in very small distances.
4. Occurs between polar molecules. This is due to the partial positive pole and the partial
negative pole of the molecule.
5. Hydrogen bond is a very strong dipole-dipole interaction. Hydrogen bond occurs in
polar molecules containing H and any one of the highly electronegative elements, in
particular F, O, N

EXPLORE
1. The red and blue colors represents two different charges at both ends making it polar
molecules. The red represents a positive end while the blue ones represent a negative end.
2. When the same colors like blue and blue / red and red interacts with each other there are
gray lines that represents repulsion. Following the rule that like repels like in magnetism just
the same with these molecular ends they tend to repel each other.
3. When different colors interact with each other (blue and red) there is a presence of green
arrow and these represents attraction. In short, the different colored ends tend to attract each
other.
4. There are two types of molecules the polar and the nonpolar. Polar molecules have these
positive and negative ends and most likely to experience this type of event while the nonpolar
molecules have instantaneous dipoles meaning it is not permanent. It can happen but very
weak and for a short period of time only.

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

1. dipole-dipole, H-bonding
2. dispersion forces
3. dispersion forces
4. dipole-dipole, H-bonding
WORD BANK
The definitions can be found on the KEEP THIS IN MIND part of the module.

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EXPLORE

Experiment Property Observations

Some of the misplaced clips/needle settled at the bottom

1 Surface tension
while some stayed on the surface.

2 Melting point The sugar melt faster than the salt.

3 Viscosity The water flowed faster than the oil

After exposing to sun’s heat the alcohol seems to be lesser

4 Boiling point
compared to the water

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

1. The intermolecular attraction between HBr molecules is Dipole-Dipole Interaction while

between HF molecules is Hydrogen Bond, therefore, HF has higher boiling point than
HBr because Hydrogen Bond is stronger than ordinary Dipole-Dipole Interaction.
2. Both CH4 and CH3Cl molecules are bonded by Dispersion Forces but because CH4
has lower molecular mass so most likely it is gas at room temperature.
ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
1. LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
2. ALL TYPES
3. TRUE
4. INTERMOLECULAR
5. TRUE
6. GAS
7. TRUE
8. HIGHER
9. HIGHER
10. SOLUBILITY

Phisical Science Teaching Guide

1) Whitten, K. W., Davis, R. E., Peck, M. L., & Stanley, G. G., (2005). General
Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: Thomson/ Brooks/ Cole.;
(2) Atkins, P. W. Chemical Bonding. (2016). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved
February 20, 2016 from http:// www.britannica.com/science/chemical-
bonding/Intermolecularforces
(3) Berstein, R., Carpi, A., (2015). Properties of Liquids In Visionlearning. Retrieved
February 20, 2016 from http://
www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Chemistry/1//222/reading
(4) https://link.quipper.com

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