Section 27
I. Provision Breakdown
Removal may be with cause or without cause. If
without cause, it cannot be used to deprive
minority stockholders or members of the right of
representation to which they may be entitled
under Section 23 of this Code.
How Removal is Done
1. Corporate Secretary sends written Notices or
notice by publication to stockholders or
members of the corporation of the intention to
propose a removal, as well as the time and place
of the special meeting (this latter instance is not
required if it is a regular meeting).
If it is to be held at a special meeting
called for such purpose, notice is by
corporate secretary upon order of the
President. If it is the President who shall
be removed or if there is no secretary or
the latter fails or refuses to call despite
demand, the stockholder or member of
the corporation signing the demand
may call for the meeting by directly
addressing the stockholders or
members.
2. Removal shall take place at a regular meeting
or at special meeting for such purpose. Note that
a special meeting of the stockholders or
members for the purpose of removing any
director or trustee must be called for such
purpose by the secretary:
a. on order of the president,
b. upon written demand of the
stockholders representing or holding at
least a majority of the outstanding capital
stock, or a majority of the members
entitled to vote (if nonstock)
If there is no secretary or If the secretary fails or
refuses despite demand, the stockholder or
member of the corporation signing the demand,
supported by the prescribed majority of
shareholders or members, may call for the
meeting by directly addressing the stockholders
or members.
SECTION 27. Removal of Directors or
Trustees.
— Any director or trustee of a corporation
may be removed from office by a vote of
the stockholders holding or representing
at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding
capital stock, or in a nonstock
corporation, by a vote of at least two-
thirds (2/3) of the members entitled to
vote: Provided, That such removal shall
take place either at a regular meeting of
the corporation or at a special meeting
called for the purpose, and in either case,
after previous notice to stockholders or
members of the corporation of the
intention to propose such removal at the
meeting. A special meeting of the
stockholders or members for the purpose
of removing any director or trustee must
be called by the secretary on order of the
president, or upon written demand of the
stockholders representing or holding at
least a majority of the outstanding capital
stock, or a majority of the members
entitled to vote. If there is no secretary, or
if the secretary, despite demand, fails or
refuses to call the special meeting or to
give notice thereof, the stockholder or
member of the corporation signing the
demand may call for the meeting by
directly addressing the stockholders or
members. Notice of the time and place of
such meeting, as well as of the intention
to propose such removal, must be given
by publication or by written notice
prescribed in this Code. Removal may be
with or without cause: Provided, That
removal without cause may not be used
to deprive minority stockholders or
members of the right of representation to
which they may be entitled under Section
23 of this Code.
The Commission shall, motu proprio or
upon verified complaint, and after due
notice and hearing, order the removal of
a director or trustee elected despite the
disqualification, or whose disqualification
arose or is discovered subsequent to an
election. The removal of a disqualified
director shall be without prejudice to
other sanctions that the Commission may
impose on the board of directors or
trustees who, with knowledge of the
disqualification, failed to remove such
3. Vote of stockholders holding or representing atleast 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock
in a stock corporation or vote of 2/3 of the members entitled to vote in a non-stock
corporation. (Shotgun power = power of shareholder or members to dismiss the board to
address inefficiency, failure or abuse of said persons in the board or the board as a whole)

Removal by the Commission due to the presence

of a ground for disqualification
The commission does not have general authority to remove directors or trustees or
call a special meeting for the stockholders or members to do so, it does have specific
authority to remove directors or trustee on the issue of disqualification.

Removal by disqualification is a removal with cause which may be executed

with the vote of stockholders holding or representing atleast 2/3 of the OCS in a
stock corporation or 2/3 of the members in a nonstick corporation. The removal by
disqualification can also be done thru the commission.

Requisites:
1. Motu propio or upon verified complaint
2. After due notice and hearing
a. Proof of any ground of disqualification
b. That director knowingly held position despite such ground
or willfully concealed such fact.

Failure to remove by the

board despite knowledge
Likewise, the Commission may impose sanctions on the Board of directors or
trustees who, despite knowledge, FAILED to remove such director or trustee. However, the
board’s power to remove only covers corporate officers suffering statutory disqualifications.
Thus, failure to remove has been taken to mean inaction by the board which is tantamount
to tolerance of such disqualification when they should have called a stockholders meeting
called for such purpose.