VOLCANOES

 There are 1,500 active volcanoes can be found across the world though countless others
are on the ocean floor. Most volcanoes whether on land or underwater are located where
tectonic plates meet. In fact the Ring of Fire a path that traces the boundaries between
several tectonic plates around the Pacific Ocean contains about 75% of the planets
volcanoes.

 Volcano
- A is a vent or chimney that connects magma from within the earth’s crust to the earth
surface
 Magma
- Is the liquid rock that is under the earth’s surface
 Lava
- Is the liquid rock that comes out of the volcano
 Common Volcanic Gasses
1. Water Vapor
2. Carbon Dioxide
3. Sulfur Dioxide
4. Hydrogen chloride
5. Hydrogen Fluoride
6. Hydrogen Sulfide

 Volcanic Eruption
- Is a phenomenon which cannot be predicted.
- Even though this cannot be avoided but we can prepare for it

 CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES ACCORDING TO ITS ACTIVITY

 Active Volcanoes
- Volcanoes that has a record of eruption within the 600 years or those that erupted 10,000
years ago.
 Inactive Volcanoes
- Volcanoes that has not erupted for the 10,000 years.

 HAZARDS
1. Blasts
2. Dome growth
3. Gases
4. Lava Flow
5. Pyroclastic Flow
6. Pyroclastic Surges
7. Tephra Falls
8. Lahar

 CONSEQUENCES
1. Earthquakes
2. Wildfires
3. Tsunami

 How do the volcanoes erupt?

 The core can burn as hot as the surface of the sun, transfers its heat to the
surrounding rocky mantle. In doing so the heat melts some of the rock this molten
rock or magma is lighter than the surrounding solid rock layer so it rises through the
mantle. The magma then escapes through vents in the earth’s crust, causing volcanic
eruptions.
  The molten rock stored in the magma chamber rises through the crater pipe pockets
as it travels up the main vent gasses expand and water becomes stream creating
pressure. When the pressure can no longer be contained the volcano erupts through
the crater and secondary side vents.

 TYPES OF ERUPTIONS

 Pheatic or Hydrothermal
- Is a stream-driven eruption as hot rocks come in contact with water
- It is short-lived
- Occurs when water comes in contact with rocks
 Phreatomagmatic
- Is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma
- As a result, a large column of very fine ash is observed
- Occurs when magma comes in contact with water
 Strombolian
- A periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava
- Occurs when a weak fountain like volcanic eruption occurs
 Vulcanian
- Characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20km high with pyroclastic flow
and ashfall
- Occurs when a fairly strong eruptions
 Plinian
- Excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic, just like Mount Pinatubo
in Zambales
- Characterized by a strong volcanic eruption

Viscosity

- Viscosity is the property of the material’s resistance to flow

- It is also described as the liquid’s thickness and stickiness
- The more viscous and thicker the material is, the greater is its resistance to flow.

Viscosity of Magma

 Temperature of Magma
- The higher the temperature of magma is, the lower is its viscosity
- As lava flows, it cools and begins to harden, its ability to flow decreases and eventually it
stops.
 Composition of Magma or Silica
- Magma that contains less silica travels far before solidifying. (Less Viscous)
- Magma with high silica content are more viscous.
 Amount of gases contained in the Magma
- More gas (mainly water vapor) dissolved in magma the more violent is the flow of lava or
the magma during eruption

 Strato Volcano
o Viscous magma
o Plinian
 Cinder
o Viscous magma
o Vulcanian
 Shield Volcano
o Less Viscous magma
o Strombolian
 To measure and classify eruptions scientist developed the volcanic explosivity index or VEI.
It contains various factors such as the volume of lava, gas and other emissions from the
volcano, along with the height of the eruption cloud above the volcano’s summit. The VEI
scale begins at zero each successive measurement increases logarithmically meaning that
each magnitude is 10 times more powerful than the one before it. The VEI scale does not
have an upper limit but the most catastrophic eruptions measured thus far are categorized
as VEI 8. These eruptions occurred thousands and millions of years ago.

 While Volcanoes are some of the most destructive forces of nature they have also helped
make life on Earth possible. Volcanic ash provides nutrients to nearby soil making the land
fertile and lava when it cools harden into rock and creates new landforms. With heat from
the heart of the earth volcanoes have helped para form the planet making it the rich
dynamic landscape.