Applied Economics Module

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
REGION III
Division of City of San Fernando
PAMPANGA HIGH SCHOOL
PHS Blvd., Brgy. Lourdes, City of San Fernando, Pampanga
Self-Instructional Packets
(SIPacks)
in
Prepared by:
Ma’am Editha I. Magno Sir Melchor M. Roque Sir Kevin F. Garcia
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
To the learner:
As you start reading, keep in mind that this module will provide additional knowledge and
information to you as a learner of Pampanga High School. This module will also enhance your
skills based on the Most Essential Learning Competencies with corresponding activities which
you will answer as you move from page to page for each week’s lesson.
To get the most out of this module, here are some reminders that you need to consider:
1. Take your time in reading the lesson.
2. Always answer all given activities intended for each week’s lesson.
3. All answers must be written on ONE WHOLE SHEET of PADPAPER.
4. Do not forget to write the following information on your PAD PAPER before answering all your
activities.
a. Your Complete Name(student) e. The quarter No.
b. Your Grade and Section f. Lesson No.
c. The Learning Area /Subject g. Activity No. and Title, with Item Numbers
d. Name of Your Subject Teacher
5. Remember that all the activities that you will answer will serve as your outputs and will be
forwarded to your subject teacher for checking and recording.
6. Above all, put GOD first in everything you do!
GOODLUCK & GODBLESS
1
(SIPacks)
in
Lesson __:
(Week 1)
SELF INSTRUCTIONAL PACKET

APPLIED ECONOMICS
School Teaching Aug 24-28, 2020
PAMPANGA HIGH SCHOOL Dates/ Week Week 1
Teachers Ma’am EDITHA I. MAGNO Quarter First
Sir Melchor M. Roque
Sir Kevin F. Garcia
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I. LAYUNIN
Ang araling ito ay tungkol sa mahahalagang kaalaman na dapat mong
matutuhan bilang isang mag-aaral hinggil sa COVID-19. Pagkatapos mong mapag-
aralan ang isang linggong kurikulum, inaasahang magagawa/matututuhan mo ang
sumusunod na layunin:
1. Masasabi ang pagkakaiba ng outbreak, epidemic, at pandemic;
2. Matutukoy ang pinagmulan at kahulugan ng COVID-19;
3. Maiisa-isa ang mga hakbang o paraan upang maiwasan ang COVID-19;
4. Mauunawaan ang mga ginawang hakbang ng pamahalaan laban sa COVID-
19;
5. Makapagbibigay ng sariling pananaw o opinyon sa mga paksang tinalakay;
6. Magagawa ang mga itinakdang karagdagang gawain ukol sa paksa; at
7. Mapahahalagahan ang mga natutuhan ukol sa COVID-19 para sa pang-araw-
araw na gawain.
II. NILALAMAN
Paksa: Sa Gitna ng Krisis Mula sa COVID-19
III. KAGAMITANG PANTURO

A. Sanggunian
● COVID-19 PH Official website, www.COVID-19.gov.ph (Laging Handa)
● Department of Health Official website, https://www.doh.gov.ph/COVID-19/Gabay-
sa-Publiko
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfwpTMteKMk
● https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/communication/buttons-
badges.html
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1B14cWLsn8
● Talakayan, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUH4kIgnEK0
● Nilalaman ng Bayanihan to Heal as One Act,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaaSDPG_8TY
IV. PAMARAAN
Unang Araw – Oryentasyon para sa mga mag-aaral, pag-organisa ng
klase, pagbibigay
ng mga aklat at iba pang mga pangunang gawain (kung face-to-face)
Ikalawang Araw
A. Balik-aral sa nakaraang aralin at/o Pagsisimula ng bagong aralin/ Subukin
Sa araling ito ay iyong matutunghayan ang iba’t ibang kaalaman hinggil sa
COVID-19. Handa ka na ba? Subukan mong sagutin ang sumusunod na tanong
bago ang pagtalakay sa araling ito. Huwag kang mangamba kung sakaling hindi
ka sigurado sa iyong mga sagot. May mga tulong sa pag-aaral na inihanda para
sa iyo upang lubos mong matutuhan ito.
Panuto: Sa kolum ng Bago ang Pag-aaral, lagyan ng tsek ang tapat ng numero
kung sumasang-ayon ka sa ipinahahayag ng pangungusap at ekis naman kung
hindi sumasang-ayon. Sasagutan ang huling kolum matapos ang pag-aaral ng
aralin.
Bago ang Mga Pahayag/ Pangungusap Matapos
Pag-aaral ang Pag-
aaral
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1. Noong Pebrero 12, 2020, ipinahayag ng World
Health Organization (WHO) na ang kasalukuyang
sakit na novel ay opisyal nang pinangalanan at
tinawag itong Coronavirus Disease 19 o COVID-19.
2. Sa kasaysayan sa buong mundo, ang COVID-
19 ang kauna-unahang naideklarang pandemic.
3. Ang pandemic ay ang biglaang pagtaas ng bilang
ng kaso ng isang sakit kumpara sa inaasahang
bilang o normal expectancy sa isang rehiyon.
4. Epidemic ang tawag sa malawakang pagkalat ng
isang bagong sakit, worldwide ang scale nito, ibig
sabihin bawat kontinente ay apektado na ng sakit.
5. Virus ang pinakamadalas na dahilan ng epidemic.
6. Maliit ang sakop ng isang outbreak kumpara

sa epidemic at sa pandemic.
7. Unang naitala ang Coronavirus outbreak sa
Wuhan, China noong Disyembre 31, 2019.
8. Naipapasa ang virus mula sa COVID-19
sa pamamagitan ng hangin.
9. Ayon sa Department of Health, sa loob man o labas
ng bahay, pinakamabisang paraan ang paggamit
ng face mask upang maiwasan ang anomang sakit
tulad ng COVID-19.
10. Ang mga sanggol at mga batang may edad
sampu pababa ay ang mas posibleng magkaroon
ng malubha o kritikal na anyo ng COVID-19.
11. Base sa WHO, ang mga karaniwang sintomas
na dulot ng COVID-19 ay ang pagsakit ng
sikmura, pagkahilo, at pagsusuka.
12. Ang Home Quarantine ay ang pananatili sa isang
confined o nakahiwalay na silid upang limitahan
ang pagkalat ng sakit.
13. Ang Social Amelioration Program (SAP) ay isang
direktiba mula sa Local Government Units (LGUs) na
makatutulong sa sistematikong pagbibigay-ayuda sa
mga taong nabibilang sa mahihirap o informal sector
na nawalan ng pagkakakitaan sa panahon ng
Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ).
14. Sa ilalim ng Enhanced Community Quarantine
(ECQ), ang mga empleyado ng mga
establisimyentong nagbibigay ng basic at essential
services tulad ng supermarket, parmasya, bangko, at
iba pa ay hindi pinapayagang lumabas ng bahay.
15. Ang Republic Act No. 11469 o ang “Bayanihan to
Heal as One Act,” ang nagbigay ng special
authority sa Pangulo ng Pilipinas upang malabanan
at mapabilis ang mga hakbang na gagawin laban sa
COVID-19.
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B. Paghahabi ng layunin sa aralin/ Pag-uugnay ng mga halimbawa sa
bagong Aralin (Panimula/Tuklasin)
Gawain 1: Matapos mong sagutin ang panimulang pagsusulit, tunghayan ang
mga larawang nasa ibaba:
1. Sa iyong pagsusuri sa mga larawan na nasa itaas, anong tanong kaya ang
iyong mabubuo mula sa mga imaheng ito?
2. Sumulat ka ng tig-iisang kaisipan/ katanungan na nais mong malaman sa
bawat larawan, ilagay ito sa iyong sagutang kwaderno.
3. Basahin mong muli ang iyong mga nabuong tanong sa bawat larawan at iyan
ay tatalakayin sa mga susunod na bahagi ng talakayan.
Ikatlong Araw
C. Pagtalakay ng bagong konsepto at paglalahad ng bagong
kasanayan (Paglinang/Alamin Mo)
Sa bahaging ito ay iyong simulan ang pag-aaral ukol sa COVID-19. Maaaring
ikaw ay may sariling kuwento o karanasan ukol dito mula nang ipinatupad ang
tinatawag na Enhanced Community Quarantine o ECQ. Ilan sa iyong naisulat na
tanong sa nakalipas na gawain ay iyong matutunghayan sa bahaging ito.
Basahin ito nang mabuti at siguraduhing makapagbibigay ka ng iyong sariling
saloobin o mga natutuhan sa bawat paksa gamit ang mga gabay na tanong.
Isulat ito sa iyong sagutang kwaderno. Magsimula ka nang magbasa.
1. Ano ang pagkakaiba ng outbreak, epidemic, at pandemic?

Base sa pag-aaral ng Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ang
outbreak ay ang biglaang paglaganap ng isang sakit. Maliit ang sakop nito
kumpara sa epidemic at pandemic. Ginagamit ang terminong outbreak para
sa mga limitadong geographic area na sakop ng sakit. Ang epidemic ay ang
biglaang pagtaas ng bilang ng kaso ng isang sakit kumpara sa inaasahang
bilang o normal expectancy sa isang rehiyon gaya ng biglaang pagkalat ng
COVID-19 sa Wuhan, China mula Disyembre 2019. Kapag kumalat na ang
sakit sa labas ng isang komunidad, nagiging epidemic na ito. Itinuturing na
pandemic naman ang isang sakit kung kumalat na ito sa iba’t ibang bansa at
kontinente at nakaaapekto sa malaking bilang ng indibidwal.
Gawain 2: Gabay na tanong para sa unang paksa:

a. Saan nagkakaiba ang tatlo: outbreak, epidemic, at pandemic?
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b. Masasabi mo bang madaling tugunan ang isang sakit na nasa
kategoryang epidemic kaysa sa pandemic? Ipaliwanag ang iyong sagot.
c. Ang isang sakit ba na wala pang lunas o gamot ay maituturing na
pandemic? Oo o hindi? Bakit?
2. Saan, kailan, at paano nagsimula ang COVID-19? (Maaaring tunghayan ang

video na nasa link na ito: (Talakayan) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUH4kIgnEK0) o
basahin ang tekstong ito.
Ayon sa masusing pag-aaral ng
mga siyentipiko, lumalabas na ito
ay nagsimula sa Wuhan, China.
Ang unang kaso ng COVID-19 ay
naitala noong November 17,
2019 subalit lumipas pa ang
isang buwan bago ito opisyal na
nadiskubre na isang bagong
virus. Ang Wuhan ay malaking
kapital ng Hubei probinsiya ng
China na pinaniniwalaang
nagsimula ang outbreak sa isang wet market ng Wuhan kung saan
nagkakaroon ng kalakalan ng iba’t ibang mga exotic na mga hayop na
ginagawang laman tiyan ng mga naninirahan doon. Marami ring naniniwala
na ang pangunahing carrier ng virus na ito ay nanggaling sa mga paniki at
naipasa ito sa ibang mga hayop. Mayroon ding mga naglipanang paniniwala
o mga haka-haka ukol sa sinasabing “Conspiracy Theories,” at ang “bio-
engineer,” na ang ibig sabihin ay sinadyang gawin ng tao ang virus upang
gawing sandata o weapon. Ang lahat ang mga ito ay wala pang konkretong
ebidensya upang paniwalaan at kasalukuyan pang inaaral ng mga siyentipiko
ang totoong pinagmulan ng virus.
Gawain 3: Gabay na mga tanong para sa ikalawang paksa:

a. Paano nagsimula sa China ang COVID-19?
b. Bakit kaya pinaniniwalaang nagsimula ang outbreak sa isang wet market
ng Wuhan?
c. Sa iba’t ibang ispekulasyon o paniniwala ukol sa pinagmulan ng virus, alin
ang mas pinaniniwalaan mo at bakit? Ipaliwanag ang iyong sagot.
3. Ano ang COVID-19 at ang iba pang mga konseptong nakadikit dito?
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Ang mga coronavirus ay isang
malaking pamilya ng mga virus.
Zoonotic virus ang mga ito, ibig
sabihin naipapasa ng mga hayop
ang virus sa mga tao.
Pinaniniwalaang pangunahing
carrier ang mga paniki at kalaunan
ay naipapasa nila ito sa ibang mga
hayop, tulad ng mga “dromedary
camels” na nagdulot ng Middle
East Respiratory Syndrome –
Coronavirus o MERS-CoV. Marami
sa kanila ang humahawa sa mga hayop, ngunit ang ilang mga coronavirus
mula sa mga hayop ay maaaring mag-evolve (magbago) na maging isang
bagong coronavirus para sa mga tao na maaaring kumalat mula sa tao-sa-
tao. Ito ang nangyari sa bagong coronavirus na kilala bilang SARS-CoV-2, na
nagdudulot ng sakit na kilala bilang COVID-19. Samakatuwid ang tawag
mismo sa virus ay SARS-CoV-2 at ang sakit na dulot ng virus na ito ay
COVID-19, tulad ng sakit na AIDS ang pinagmulan na virus ay Human
Immunodeficiency Virus o HIV. Sa kasalukuyan, wala pang nadidiskubreng
gamot o bakuna (vaccine) para sa sakit na ito.
Gawain 4: Gabay na tanong para sa ikatlong paksa:

a. Paano mo bibigyan ng sariling pakahulugan ang COVID-19?
b. Sa iyong sariling pagkakaunawa, paano nagkakaiba ang mga salitang:
coronavirus, nCov-19 (novel Coronavirus), at COVID-19?
c. Magbigay ng iba pang halimbawa ng mga sakit na pinagmumulan ng
ibang mga virus. Ipaliwanag kung paano ito maiiwasan.
4. Ano-ano ang mga pagsubok sa kalusugan na kinakaharap ng buong

mundo dala ng iba’t ibang virus?
Marami nang naranasan na iba’t
ibang pagsubok sa kalusugan
ang buong mundo na hinarap ng
bawat mamamayan sa iba’t ibang
panig ng daigdig. Ilan sa mga ito
ang SARS-1 noong 2002
hanggang 2004 na nagmula rin
sa bansang China, Guangdong
na nakapagtala ng 8,908 na kaso
at 774 na namatay. Ang H1N1 o
Swine Flu naman ay may
naitalang 574,400 namatay.
Kasama rin sa mga ito ang Ebola,
at ang pinakamapaminsalang
virus, ang Spanish Flu ng 1918.
Isa itong influenza pandemic virus
na kumitil sa buhay nang nasa 50
hanggang 100 milyong katao at
nakapagtala ng mahigit 500
milyong kataong nagpositibo sa sakit.
Itong 2019 – 2020 ay patuloy pa rin tayong nakikipaglaban sa COVID-19 at
umaasang matutuldukan ang pagdami ng mga nahahawa sa sakit at ang
pagkitil nito sa buhay ng bawat tao sa buong mundo.
Gawain 5: Gabay na mga tanong para sa ikaapat na paksa:
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a. Bakit kaya patuloy nating nararanasan ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan
na kumikitil sa maraming buhay ng mga tao sa buong mundo?
b. Sa iyong palagay, may mga paghahanda kaya ang bawat bansa sa mga
ganitong suliranin? Patunayan ang iyong sagot.
c. Gumawa ng paghahambing sa mga datos gamit ang tsart sa ibaba:
Mga Sakit Bilang ng mga Taong Bilang ng mga Taong

nagkaroon ng sakit Namatay
(buong mundo)
SARS-1
Swine Flu
Spanish Flu
Ikaapat na Araw
D. Paglinang sa Kabihasnan/ Paglalahat ng aralin sa pang-araw-araw na buhay

(Gawin Mo/Gawain) Pagyamanin
Matapos mong malaman ang ilang mahahalagang paksa ukol sa COVID-19 at
nakapagbigay ng iyong mga natutuhan mula sa mga gabay na tanong, maaari ka
nang magpatuloy sa susunod na gawain.
5. Ano-ano ang mga paraan upang maiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng COVID-

19?
Mahalagang malaman mo at maintindihan ang mga hakbang upang ikaw ay
makaiwas sa sakit na COVID-19. Ang mga ito ay kailangang maging bahagi
ng iyong pang-araw-araw na buhay, ang madalas nga nating sabihin ay “New
Normal,” na ang ibig sabihin ay mga pagbabagong ating sinusunod ay siya ng
magiging normal sa ating pang-araw-araw na buhay ayon sa kasalukuyang
sitwasyon. Patuloy mong isabuhay ang mga ito dahil hanggang walang
nakikitang gamot laban sa COVID-19 ay patuloy pa ring kakalat at dadami
ang maaapektuhan ng virus na ito.
Gawain 6: Gamit ang iyong sariling karanasan at mga nababasa o napapanood,

paano mo maipakikita ang mga mungkahing gawain upang maiwasan ang
pagkakaroon ng COVID-19. Itala mo ang iyong mga sagot sa iyong sagutang
kwaderno. Maaaring ang mga ito ay ginagawa mo sa loob ng bahay, sa labas ng
bahay, o maging sa paaralan.
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________
Kung may naiisip ka pang iba, maaari kang magdagdag ng iyong sagot.
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6. Ano-anong hakbang ang mga ginawa ng pamahalaan laban sa COVID-
19?
Ang bawat mamamayan ay may kani-kaniyang paraang ginawa upang
matugunan ang suliraning ito. Malaking bahagi ng solusyon sa mga ganitong
suliranin ay ang suportang manggagaling sa ating bansa at mga namumuno
nito. Ipagpatuloy mo ang iyong pagbabasa para sa paksang ito.
a. Pagpapatupad ng Enhanced Community Quarantine o ECQ – ito ay

ipinatupad ng pamahalaan bilang bahagi ng pag-iingat laban sa COVID-
19. Sa ilalim ng ECQ ay ipinatutupad ang mga sumusunod:
● Maaaring lumabas ng kanilang tahanan: ang mga empleyado ng
mga establisimyentong nagbibigay ng basic at essential services
tulad ng supermarket, parmasya, bangko, at iba pa; pulis, military,
at iba pang uniformed personnel; mga health worker at ang mga
nagtatrabaho sa emergency response teams; at mga media
personnel na may pahintulot mula sa Presidential Communications
Operations Office o PCOO;
● Mahigpit na pinaaalalahanan ang mga taong pinakananganganib
na magkasakit na manatili sa kani-kanilang mga bahay tulad ng
mga senior citizen, mga may iniindang sakit (altapresyon, diabetes,
sakit sa puso, hika, atbp) mga buntis; at mga batang may edad na
21 pababa.
● Hinihikayat ang mga employer na bumuo ng work arrangement na
hindi nangangailangan ng aktuwal na pagpunta sa lugar ng
trabaho;
● Hindi dapat papuntahin ng mga employer ang mga empleyado sa
lugar ng trabaho maliban kung ang kompanya ay nagbibigay ng
pangunahing pangangailangan;
● Pagbibigay ng mga Home Quarantine Pass ng bawat barangay
para sa naatasang lumabas ng bahay upang bumili ng mga
pangunahing pangangailangan tulad ng pagbili ng pagkain at mga
gamot;
● Hindi pahihintulutan bumiyahe o pumasada ang anumang uri ng
pampublikong transportasyon, kabilang ang mga tricycle, pedicab,
taxi, Grab, jeepney, bus, MRT at LRT;
● Inaatasan ang mga kinauukulang LGU na magbigay ng point-to-
point transportation para sa mga taong awtorisadong pumasok sa
trabaho, lalo na ang mga health worker;
● Hindi pagpapahintulot na magbukas ang mga kainan o restaurant,
mga malls, sinehan, pasugalan, mga hotels, at mga resorts;
● Pagpapahinto sa pag-aaral at pagpapasara ng mga paaralan.
Nauunawaan mo ba ang iyong mga binasang panuntunan mula sa ECQ?

Sinunod mo ba ang mga ito?
Gawain 7: Gabay na mga tanong para sa ikaanim na paksa:

a. Mula sa nabasa mong mga hakbang na ipinatutupad sa ilalim ng
Enhanced Community Quarantine o ECQ, ano-ano pa ang hindi
nabanggit? Itala ang mga ito sa iyong sagutang kuwaderno.
b. Sa iyong sariling karanasan, nakatulong ba ang ECQ upang mabawasan
ang pagkalat ng COVID-19? Patunayan ang iyong sagot.
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c. Ano ang pagkakaiba ng Enhanced Community Quarantine o ECQ sa
General Community Quarantine o GCQ o Modified GCQ? Sa bahaging
ito, maaari kang magtanong sa iyong mga kasama sa bahay.
7. Ano ang nilalaman ng Republic Act No. 11469 o ang Bayanihan to Heal
as One Act?
Ito ay ang batas na nagbigay ng special authority sa Pangulo ng Pilipinas
para malabanan at mapabilis ang mga gagawing hakbang tungo sa pagharap
sa hamong dala ng COVID-19 sa bansa. Ilan sa mga mahahalagang
nilalaman nito ay ang sumusunod:
● ang bawat pamilyang nabibilang sa low income household ay
makatatanggap ng 5,000 – 8,000 pesos kada buwan sa loob ng
dalawang buwan o ang tinatawag na Social Amelioration Program o
SAP;
● magkakaroon ng 30-day grace period para sa pagbabayad ng mga
loans at renta sa bahay;
● makatatanggap ng 5,000 – 8,000 pesos ang mga miyembro ng
conditional cash transfer;
● may karapatan ang gobyerno na tiyakin ang tuloy-tuloy na pagbibigay
ng sweldo ng mga empleyado;
● pagpapatupad ng work-from-home scheme sa mga empleyado ng
gobyerno at pribadong sektor;
● titiyakin ng pamahalaan na mapabilis ang daloy ng medical needs at
food supplies;
● mahigpit na ipinagbabawal ang hoarding at over-pricing sa mga
pangunahing bilihin gaya ng alcohol, face masks, pagkain, tisyu at
vitamins;
● magkakaroon ng mabilis na access ang pamahalaan sa delivery ng
mga test kits dahil luluwagan ng mga polisiyang kailangan dito;
● ang distribusyon ng Personal Protective Equipment o PPE, face
masks, face shields, at alcohol ay hindi dapat ma-delay;
● pinalawig din ng batas na ito ang filing ng income tax return or ITR
deadline;
● ang mga medical at health practitioners ay makatatanggap ng
karagdagang risk allowance na iba pa sa kanilang hazard pay;
● sagot ng PHILHEALTH ang lahat ng gagastusin kung sakaling
maospital ang mga frontliner;
● bibigyan ng 100,000 pesos ang mga health worker na magkakaroon
ng COVID-19 habang gumaganap ng kanilang tungkulin;
● bibigyan ng isang milyong piso ang mga health worker na namatay
habang naka-duty laban sa COVID-19.
Gawain 8: Gabay na mga tanong para sa ika-pitong paksa:

a. Paano nakatulong ang “Bayanihan to Heal as One Act” sa pagharap ng
pamahalaan laban sa COVID-19?
b. Sa iyong karanasan, nasunod ba nang tama at naaayon sa kung sino ang
dapat mabigayan ng mga ayuda mula sa Social Amelioration Program o
SAP?
c. Sapat bang natugunan ng pamahalaan ang krisis na dala ng COVID-19?
Patunayan ang iyong sagot.
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E. Paglalahat (Tandaan Mo/Isaisip)
Tandaan Natin:
● Ang outbreak ay ang biglaang paglaganap ng isang sakit na mas maliit ang
sakop nito kumpara sa epidemic at pandemic.
● Ang epidemic ay ang biglaang pagtaas ng bilang ng kaso ng isang sakit
kumpara sa inaasahang bilang o normal expectancy sa isang rehiyon at pagkalat
ng sakit sa labas ng isang komunidad.
● Itinuturing na pandemic ang isang sakit kung kumalat na ito sa iba’t ibang bansa
at kontinente at nakaaapekto sa malaking bilang ng indibidwal.
● Noong Disyembre 31, 2019, naitala ang ilang kaso ng pneumonia na hindi pa
gaanong kilala sa Wuhan, China at naireport sa WHO.
● Ang outbreak ay dulot ng isang uri ng hindi pa nakikilalang coronavirus, na
karaniwang natatagpuan sa mga hayop lamang.
● Ang mga coronavirus ay isang malaking pamilya ng mga virus.
● Ang tawag sa virus ay SARS-CoV-2 at ang sakit na dulot ng virus na ito ay
COVID-19.
● Ilan sa mga naranasang pandemic sa buong kapuluan ay ang: Spanish flu ng
1918, SARS-1, MERS, H1N1 o Swine Flu, Ebola, at ang COVID-19.
● Mahalagang malaman at maisagawa ng bawat mamamayan ang mga hakbang
para maiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng COVID-19 tulad ng madalas na
paghuhugas ng kamay gamit ang sabon at tubig, pagtakip ng bibig at ilong gamit
ang tisyu o panyo, paggamit ng manggas ng iyong damit kung uubo o babahing,
pagdistansya sa mga tao ng may layong tatlong talampakan hanggang isang
metro, at marami pang iba.
● Maraming hakbang ang ginawa ng pamahalaan upang matugunan ang pagkalat
ng sakit na ito. Ilan dito ay ang pagpapatupad ng Enhanced Community
Quarantine o ECQ, General Community Quarantine o GCQ, Modified Enhanced
Community Quarantine o MECQ, at ang paglikha ng batas na tutugon upang
mapabilis ang mga kinakailangang tulong ng mga mamamayan – ang “To Heal
As One Act.”
Ikalimang Araw
F. Pagtataya (Natutuhan Ko)
A. Unang Bahagi (Panghuling Pagtataya/Post-test). Muling balikan ang

ginamit na panimulang pagsusulit o pre-test. Isulat ang iyong mga sagot sa
kolum na Matapos ang Pag-aaral. Kapag iba ang iyong sagot sa Bago ang
Pag-aaral, ipaliwanag kung bakit ito nagkaroon ng pagbabago sa iyong sagot.
(15 puntos)
B. Ibigay ang iyong opinyon o reaksyon sa mga sumusunod: (15 puntos)
1. Kung ako ay may kakayahang mabago ang maling pamamaraan na

aking nakita sa pagtugon ng mga suliraning pangkalusugan katulad ng
COVID-19, ano ito at papaano ko babaguhin at ipatutupad?
2. Sa pagpapatupad ng Social Amelioration Program, lumaganap ang
korapsyon. Sang-ayon o di-sang-ayon. Patunayan ang iyong sagot.
11
3. Handa ang mga estudyanteng Fernandino para sa online na istilo ng pag-
aaral para sa taunang pag-aaral 2020- 2012. Magbigay ng mga patunay
sa kahandaan o hindi kahandaan.
G. Karagdagang Gawain/ Reinforcement

Binabati kita sa pagtugon mo sa isang linggong kurikulum ukol sa COVID-19.
Mahalaga na magkaroon ka ng malawak pang kaalaman ukol sa paksang ito.
Para sa iyong karagdagang gawain, magbasa ka ng mga impormasyon at
magsaliksik ukol sa mga susunod na paksa upang iyong masagot ang mga
ito. Gagawin mo lamang ang lebel na naaangkop para sa iyo.
A. Para sa Grade 7:
1. Ano-anong mga bansa sa ASYA ang tinamaan ng COVID-19. Itala ang
mga ito at ang bilang ng kanilang mga kasong nagpositibo.
2. Pumili ng isang bansa mula sa Timog Silangang Asya na may
magandang hakbang na ginawa laban sa COVID-19. Banggitin ang
kanilang mga ginawang hakbang na maaari nating pamarisan.
B. Para sa Grade 8:
1. Gaano kalawak ang pinsala ng COVID-19 sa buong daigdig? Magbigay ka
ng mga pagpapatunay o mga datos ukol dito.
2. Itala ang 10 bansa sa buong mundo na may pinakamaraming kaso ng
COVID-19. Magbigay ng mga dahilan ng pagkakatala ng mga bansang ito
sa “Top Ten.”
C. Para sa Grade 9:
1. Ano-ano ang mga naging epekto ng COVID-19 sa ekonomiya ng bansang
Pilipinas at sa daigdig?
2. Kung ikaw ang pangulo ng Pilipinas, anong mungkahi ang
iyong maibibigay upang makabawi ang ating ekonomiya?
D. Para sa Grade 10:

Marami tayong mga “frontliner” na nagbuwis ng buhay upang maibigay ang
serbisyo sa lahat ng mga tinamaan ng COVID-19. Ilan sa mga ito ay ang
ating mga doktor na namatay sa gitna ng digmaan laban sa COVID-19.
1. Pumili ng isa sa mga Pilipinong doktor na namatay at sumulat ng
isang artikulo tungkol sa kanyang buhay bilang isang manggagamot.
2. Maliban sa mga manggagamot, magbigay ka ng isang “frontliner” na
maaaring kilala mo o hindi na lubhang hinangaan mo sa paglaban
sa COVID-19. Sumulat ng mga patunay bakit siya ang iyong napili.
E. Para sa SHS:
1. Muling suriin ang laman ng “Bayanihan to Heal as One Act,” ano-ano ang
mga positibo at negatibong naidulot nito para sa mga Pilipino. Magbigay
ng mga pagpapatunay at ipaliwanag.
2. Kung ikaw ay gagawa ng isang batas para sa pagharap sa mga ganitong
suliraning pangkalusugan, anong batas ang iyong ipapasa at paano mo
ito ipatutupad.
F. Para sa ALS Mobile Teachers:
12
1. Ano-ano ang mga nakita mong paghihirap sa pagpapatupad ng
Enhanced Community Quarantine sa inyong lugar o barangay? Paano ito
hinarap ng mga opisyales sa inyong barangay?
2. Sa pagpapairal ng “New Normal,” sa larangan ng edukasyon, ano/ano-
ano ang mga nakikita mong paghihirap sa pagpapatupad nito?
Inihanda ni:
MARY JANE Padilla-SORIANO

EPS-Araling Panlipunan
13
(SIPacks)
in
Lesson __:
(Week 2)

APPLIED ECONOMICS
School Teaching August 31/Sept. 1-4,

PAMPANGA HIGH SCHOOL Dates/ Week 2020 Week 2
Sir Kevin F. Garcia
14
I. OBJECTIVES
A. Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of economics as applied science and its
utility in addressing the economic problems of the country.
B. Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to analyze and propose solution/s to the economic
problems using the principles of applied economics.
C. Most Essential Learning Competencies
The learners differentiate economics as social science and applied science in terms
of nature and scope.
D. Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students shall be able to;
● Know the definition of economics and the basics
● Differentiate normative and positive economics
● Distinguish the division of economics
● Identify the four factors of production
● Learn the 3 economic questions
● Compare the different economic systems
● Analyze the importance of applied economics
● Elaborate on the different economic theories
II. CONTENT
Economics and Applied Economics
LEARNING RESOURCES
A. References
Applied Economics by Carnaje (2016); by Dinio & Villasis (2017); and by Saluba
(2018)
B. Other Learning Materials
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/economic-system/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_economics
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/applied-economics.asp
https://managementmania.com/en/economic-theories
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_economics
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-microeconomics/chapter/economic-models/
https://www.infoplease.com/homework-help/social-studies/overview-economics-three-economists-and-their-theories
III. PROCEDURES
A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson
As a review of Grade 10 Ekonomiks, recall the meaning of economics and its
importance.
B. Establishing a purpose for the lesson
We need to study economics due to “scarcity” or inadequacy. We cannot have it all.
That means economic resources are limited while human needs and wants are
infinite. Through learning economic theories and concepts, you would become a
wise decision-maker.
C. Presenting examples/instances of the new lesson
Jumbled Words (10 points)
Arrange the following scrambled words to create meaningful words related to
economics. Then find and write the meaning of each.(Write your answers on
a paper.)
1. RACSTYCI
2. ROMICCOENOCIMS
3. ABOLR
4. LATICAP
5. SUMNOTIPNOC
15
D. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #1
WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
Economics is considered a social science because it tries to understand how people
behave and interact within a society. Economicsis the allocation of scarce resources to
meet man’s unlimited needs and wants. It is almost synonymous to budgeting. People
cannot have everything they want. Consumers are limited by their income while
producers are limited by the factors of production.
Economics is about making choices. Scarcity is a condition of why people have to

study and practice economics. Scarcity is the insufficiency or inadequacy of economic
resources and as result, we have to decide and choose. Resources are the most basic
elements that people use to produce goods (the tangibles) and services (the
intangibles). The four fundamental types of economic resources are land, labor, capital,
and entrepreneurship, which are also called factors of production.
It is a reality of life that getting one thing would mean giving up another thing, which is
called trade-off. For example, you chose to renovate your house instead of buying a car.
On the other hand, opportunity cost refers to the value of the best forgone alternative or
the forgone next best choice. A female manager, for instance, gave up her job to be a
full-time mother, thereby giving up her salary. The salary is the opportunity cost. To
understand better, what is the difference between trade-off and opportunity cost?
Trade-off means the exchange or choosing between alternatives while opportunity
cost is the value or cost of the next best choice/alternative.
Consumers and producers always have to choose. Consumers cannot spend money
twice. Money spent on a cellphone cannot be spent again on buying a TV. On the other
hand, producers cannot use resources again once they are used up. For example, a
farmer who decides to use his land for producing corn gives up the opportunity to
produce rice.
Normative and Positive Economics

In making decisions, economists usually consider both facts and assumptions. In
studying economics, we must know the difference between positive and normative
economics.
Positive economics describes and explains various economic phenomena or the "what
is" scenario. Positive economics is based on facts and cannot be approved or
disapproved. For instance, “Public healthcare increases government expenditures.” On
the other hand, normative economics focuses on the value of economic fairness, or
what the economy "should be". In other words, normative economics is based on value
judgments. For example, “Best healthcare must be free to all citizens.” Nevertheless,
both of these are important in making economic decisions. Most government policies
are based on a combination of both positive and normative economics.
Major Divisions of Economics
Economics is divided into two categories based on certain criteria: microeconomics and
macroeconomics.
Microeconomics is the close-up view of the economy, studying individual and business
decisions. It is also called the “bottom-up approach” that focuses on supply and
demand, and other forces that determine price levels. Included in the scope of
microeconomics are particular individuals, households, markets, firms, and industries. It
16
deals with the decision making of single economic variables such as the demand, price,
consumer, etc.
Macroeconomics is the overall view of the economy looking at the decisions of
countries and governments. It takes a top-down approach that tries to determine the
course of the economy as a whole. Included in the scope of macroeconomics are
national output (GNP, GDP), economic growth, overall price level, monetary and fiscal
policy, unemployment, government spending, etc. It deals with averages and
aggregates of the entire economy.
Both are interdependent and complementary to one another but also are overlapping at
times.
Factors of Production
In economics, the factors of production (sometimes called economic resources or
inputs) are essential to produce goods and services. These are land, capital, labor, and
entrepreneurship
LAND LABOR
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
CAPITAL ENTREPRENEUSHIP
The 4 Factors of Production
● Land includes all the natural resources such as fertile soil, trees, minerals, and
water which can be sources of raw materials to produce goods or products.
● Capital refers to anything that people produce and later used in the production of
other goods and services such as manufactured aids, tools, machines, equipment,
and factories.
● Labor refers to the physical and mental talents of individuals used to produce
goods/services
● Entrepreneurship is the ability to organize the other resources (land, labor, and
capital) to produce goods and services. It is the ability to establish and operate a
business and establish relationships with suppliers, customers, lenders, investors,
and others.
The returns to these factors are often described as rent for land; wage for labor;
interest for capital; and profit for the entrepreneur. That means the owner of land is
entitled to receive rent, the worker is entitled to receive a wage, the owner of capital is
entitled to an interest payment, and the entrepreneur gains profit.
Three Basic Economic Questions
To provide for the needs of the people and to cope with constraints and limitations,
societies must answer these basic questions.
1. What to Produce
Since resources are limited, societies must decide and prioritize what goods and
services should be produced and later followed by determining the quantity (how many /
how much).
17
2. How to Produce
The method of production that has the highest efficiency and yield the highest output
shall be employed/used. This should be the right combination of resources and
technology to be applied.
3. For Whom to Produce
Producers must also consider the target market to know the demand in the economy.
Economic Systems
An economic system is a means by which a society determines the answers to the
basic economic questions mentioned above. Economic systems control the factors of
production and the distribution of goods and services. The following are the four types
of economic systems.
a. Traditional economy
The traditional economic system is the most basic type wherein economic decisions are
based on traditions, beliefs, and practices of the community. There is very little division
of labor or specialization here because families are usually self-sustaining. This type is
common in rural settings where economic activities are predominantly farming, fishing,
hunting, and gathering. This system lacks the potential to generate surplus because of
limited resources to share. However, this system is highly sustainable and wastage is
very little. Bhutan and Haiti are examples.
b. Command economy
In a command system, which is also called “planned system”, the government (or any
centralized authority) controls the production and the distribution of goods and services.
This type is common in communist societies where power is centralized. People do not
have the power to decide on what, how, and for whom to produce. Because of this,
society is vulnerable to economic crises or emergencies, as they cannot quickly adjust
to changed conditions. In theory, this system works well if the central authority exercises
control for the public’s best interests, which is rarely the case. North Korean and Cuba
operate under this system.
c. Market economy
This is based on the concept of free markets wherein competition dictates how goods
and services are allocated. There is very little government interference on economic
activities wherein people have the freedom to produce and/or consume in any way and
in any amount they want. However, a pure market system does not really exist because
the government inevitably has to intervene through laws and policies. Arguably, growth
is highest under a market economic system, however, the distribution of resources is
not equitable because those who succeed economically control most of them and
amass a lot of economic power. Some countries that operate under this system are the
USA, Japan, and Canada.
d. Mixed economy
A mixed economy is the combination of the characteristics of the market and the command
economic systems. This is where the market system is under strict regulatory control. Most
industries are privately-owned but still under regulation, however, industries that provide essential
services are under the control of the government. Mixed systems are the norm globally. The
challenge here is finding the right balance between free markets and government control.
Governments tend to exert much more control than is necessary. Sweden, Russia, and China are
examples.
18
E. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #2
APPLIED ECONOMICS
Applied economics is the use or application of
economic theories, researches, and econometrics
(Econometrics is the application of statistical and
mathematical models using data) to real-life
situations to make informed economic decisions
and of predicting possible outcomes. It may be
practiced at macroeconomic or microeconomic
levels. The purpose is to improve the quality of life
of people, the practices in business, and the
implementation of public policies by considering
the costs and benefits, and human behavior.
Applied economics is characterized by the application of economic theory and
econometrics to address practical issues in a range of fields including demographic
economics, labor economics, business economics, industrial organization, agricultural
economics, development economics, education economics, engineering economics,
financial economics, health economics, monetary economics, public economics, and
economic history.
For example, we may apply the Law of Supply and Demand to understand why quantity
supplied or quantity demanded is high or low, or why prices are high and eventually
what the government can do to stabilize the prices. On the level of the students,
knowing the inevitable existence of scarcity may help them realize how to maximize
their allowances.
Most pressing and recurring problems of countries and governments are actually
economic in nature. These can be frequently seen on TV news or read in newspapers.
Economics also helps people understand and assess if public officials run the
government and formulate policies effectively. If people have a deeper and better
understanding of economic principles, they become wise decision makers and may help
in addressing national economic problems.
To address economic problems, great economists established theories. What are
economic theories anyway? Economic theories are ideas and principles that aim to
describe how economies work. This comprehensive system of assumptions,
hypotheses, definitions and instructions try to explain economic phenomena, interpret
why and how the economy behaves, and propose the best solution/s to economic
problems. Economic theories are statements of a presumed relationship between two or
more variables, such as the relationship of price to demand, price to supply, and so on.
In principle, the approach to economic theory is divided into positive and normative. On
the other hand, economic models may represent economic theories in simplified ways
that are composed of diagrams or equations. Through a model, a complex, real
situation is pared down/summarized to the essentials. A good economic model is simple
enough to be understood while complex enough to capture key information.
What makes economic theories and models necessary is our desire to apply
economics. A theory is a more abstract representation, while a model is a more applied
or empirical representation. Their validity is tested by comparing assumptions against
the facts through gathering data.
Three Great Economists and Their Theories

The following economists developed economic theories that were employed and
affected the world’s economies for centuries.
19
Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand
Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher and economist who was
born in 1723, is considered as “The Father of Economics” or
“The Father of Capitalism”. He believed that all individuals act
in their self-interest, and can produce and purchase by
themselves. In his book The Wealth of Nation published in
1776, he called this mechanism of self-regulation of economy
as “the invisible hand” which became the basic idea of free-
market economy or capitalism. Later during the 1900s, the
doctrine of laissez faire, anchored with Smith’s idea, was
coined and found use to describe an approach that holds that
the market will find its equilibrium without government
intervention. Smith also emphasized that new machinery,
division of labor, and specialization would lead to higher production and greater wealth
to a nation.
Karl Marx and Class Struggle
Karl Marx, a German philosopher born in 1818 viewed
capitalism negatively. Contrary to the ideas of Smith, Marx saw
instability, struggle, and the decline of a free market economy.
Presented in his 1867 work titled Das Kapital, he explained that
the capitalists (the bourgeoisie/ the rich/ the ruling class) make
profit by exploiting the labor of the workers (the proletariat/ the
poor/ the ruled class). He said that the workers were underpaid
for the value that they worked for. Marx believed that this
struggle eventually intensifies and would lead to the fall of
capitalism. To him, this situation later leads to the movement of
society toward communism wherein everybody, through
government intervention, owns the means of production.
John Maynard Keynes and Government Intervention
John Maynard Keynes, a British economist born in 1883,
also examined capitalism and came up with different
views. In 1936, he published his work General Theory of
Employment, Interest, and Money. His most significant
work is about the role of the government in a capitalist
economy. His works were written during the Great
Depression in the US which questioned the validity and
applicability of Smith’s invisible hand (no government
intervention). Keynes strongly believed that the only
solution is government intervention through government
spending by creating massive public works program to
employ the idle workforce (unemployed). This way the
money is put back to the economy and into private-sector pockets, ignite demand for
goods and services, and pump the economy again.
F. Developing mastery
Identify the following.(Write your answers on a paper.)
1. The allocation of scarce resources to meet man’s unlimited needs and wants
2. Intangible products sold in the market
3. The condition of insufficiency or inadequacy of economic resources
4. Economic resources that include land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship
5. Approach in economics based on facts and cannot be approved or
disapproved
6. The close-up view of the economy, studying individual and business decisions
20
7. Anything that people produce and later used in the production of other goods
and services such as manufactured aids, tools, machines, equipment, and
factories
8. The return for wage
9. Based on the concept of free markets wherein competition dictates how goods
and services are allocated
10. The economist who believed that all individuals act in their self-interest, and
can produce and purchase by themselves
G. Finding practical applications of concepts and skills in daily

living Activity: Budget Time(Write your answers on a paper.)
In a pie graph, show how your family budget the household income. Show the
percentage as well as the actual amount.
RUBRICS
Content & Correctness 15 points
Presentation & Clarity 15 points
Total 30 points
Guide Questions
Based on the activity above, answer the following. (10 points)
• What expense consumes most of the family’s budget? Why?
• Is the budget adequate? How does it suffice for all the expenses?
• Did the budgeting change due to Covid19? How?
H. Making generalizations and abstractions about the lesson
Economics is the study of theories and the history of these theories in general
terms while applied economics helps people and governments evaluate the costs
and benefits of applying economic to ensure stability based on numbers and
trends.
I. Evaluating learning
ESSAY: Answer the following questions in maximum of 10 sentences for each.
(10 points) (Write your answers on a paper.)
1: At your age, what is the importance of economics and how do you apply it?
2. Explain the relationship or connection of the factors of production to each
other.
J. Additional activities for application or

remediation Enumeration:
Enumerate the following. (Write your answers on a
paper.) 1-3. Basic economic questions
4-7. Types of Economic Systems
8-10. Three Great Economists
21
(SIPacks)
in
Lesson __:
(Week 3)

APPLIED ECONOMICS
School Teaching Sept. 7-11, 2020

Sir Kevin F. Garcia
22
I. OBJECTIVES
A. Content Standard
The learners examine the utility and application of applied economics to solve
economic issues and problems.
D. Objectives
✔ To learn the economic history of the Philippines
✔ To understand the basic macro and microeconomic issues and the solutions
✔ To know the present economic issues in the country
II. CONTENT
Utility & Economic Issues and Problems
LEARNING RESOURCES
A. References
Saluba, Dennis J. 2018. Applied Economics for Senior High School. C & E
Publishing, Inc.
Dinio, Rosemary P. &Villasis, George A., 2017. Applied Economics. Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Carnaje, Gideon P. 2016. Applied Economics. Vibal Group, Inc.
https://www.educba.com/macroeconomics-problems/
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/economic-recession-causes-effects-possible-solutions-oti-felix
http://econsilp2014.weebly.com/solutions.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rT5S-4bvKQ
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/businesscycle.asp
https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/three-ways-reduce-trade-deficit
https://gsdrc.org/topic-guides/poverty-and-inequality/measuring-and-analysing-poverty-and-inequality/defining-
poverty-extreme-poverty-and-inequality/
https://borgenproject.org/10-solutions-to-global-poverty/
https://www.economicshelp.org/microessays/markets/regulation-monopoly/
https://byjus.com/biology/environmental-issues-solutions/
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/utility.asp
https://tradingeconomics.com/philippines/unemployment-rate
https://www.rappler.com/business/231871-charts-regions-get-richer-poor-ones-barely-improve-philippines
https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/overview
https://tradingeconomics.com/philippines/inflation-cpi
III. PROCEDURES
A. Reviewing the previous lesson or presenting the new lesson
Recall the following and enumerate them. (10 points) (Write your answers on a paper)
A) Three basic economic questions B) Four factors of production C)Three great
economists.
Jumbled Words (10 points)
Decode and define these economic issues. (Write your answers on a paper.)
1. OPEVRYT
2. MNETUNPLOYME
3. YLPOONOM
4. FLAINIONT
5. ADERT FIDECIT
23
ACTIVITY 1. ANALYZE THE PICS (20 points)(Write your answers on a paper.) *The
following pictures show four economic problems caused by the Covid19 pandemic.
Identify each problem analyze how these scenarios affect our economy. In your
opinion, how can the government solve these? (Minimum of 5 sentences for each)
(20 points)
Before discussing the present, recurring, and common economic problems faced by our
country, let us look at the economic history of the Philippines as enumerated by D.
Saluba in his book Applied Economics for Senior High School sourced from the
Philippines Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with Philippines.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES

1300: Trade ties with China and India.
1500: Islamic influences spread. First sultanate in Mindanao.
1521: Magellan claimed islands for Spain.
1543: Villalobos claimed islands for Spain and named them Filipinas for King Philip II.
1575: Spain took over non-Islamic areas and monopolized trade.
1872: Cavite revolt against Spain; some trade restrictions were relaxed.
1896: Spain quelled armed revolt and executed nationalist Jose Rizal.
1898: The U.S. purchased the Philippines at the end of the Spanish-American War.
1900: The U.S. quelled nationalists’ resistance and instituted a colonial government.
1935: New Constitution was adopted; Manuel L. Quezon was elected president of the
Philippine Commonwealth
1941: Japan invaded the islands.
1945: The U.S. expelled Japan from the Philippines. The Philippines joined the UN as a
charter member.
1946: The Philippines gained full independence. Manuel A. Roxas was elected
president.
1958: The Filipino First Policy of President Carlos P. Garcia was introduced.
1965: President Ferdinand Marcos was elected.
1966: Asian Development Bank (ADB) was headquartered in Manila.
24
1967: The Philippines joined the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
1969: Re-election of President Marcos.
1972: Marcos declared martial law.
1973: The Philippines became a provisional member of the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
1984: Opposition candidates gained strength in congressional elections, coalescing
around Corazon Aquino. People Power Revolt gained momentum.
1986: Corazon Aquino wins a disputed election with the support of the military. Marcos
was exiled. Aquino restructured the government.
1987: New constitution was ratified. First free election in two decades was held.
1989: Limited autonomy granted to Muslim provinces. Dispute with China over the
Spratly Islands escalated.
1990: The Build-Operate-Transfer Law was signed.
1991: TheForeign Investment Act of 1991 was signed into law.
1992: Fidel Ramos was elected president. Philippines 2000 plan was adopted. The U.S.
withdrew military bases.
1993: Philippines 2000 was introduced by President Fidel V. Ramos.
1997: Asian Financial Crisis affected the Philippines.
2000: AngatPinoy 2004 was introduced by President Joseph Estrada.
2003: The Strong Republic Nautical Highway was inaugurated by President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo.
2010: President Benigno S. Aquino III was elected president and strengthened the
PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps program) through the DSWD.
2014: The Republic Act 10644 otherwise known as the “Go Negosyo Act” was
implemented.
2017: The Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 of President Rodrigo Duterte was
publicly launched.
❖ UTILITY
In economics, utility refers to the total satisfaction received from consuming a good or
service. The word “utility” which was derived from the concept of usefulness was first
coined by the Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli. It is important to understand that
the economic utility of a good or service directly influences the demand and the price of
it.
Ordinal Theory of Utility - the idea that individuals could order or rank the usefulness of
various discrete units of economic goods
Cardinal Theory of Utility – the idea of giving utility value to different economic choices
or the ranking of the magnitude of preference (measurable)
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility - states that as consumption increases, the

marginal utility derived from each additional unit declines. Marginal utility is the
incremental increase in utility that results from the consumption of one additional unit.
NOTE: Economic theories rationally assume that consumers will strive to maximize their
utility.
APPLYING ECONOMICS IN SOLVING COUNTRY’S ECONOMIC ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
Deep knowledge and understanding of economic principles and the ability to apply them
in real-life situations can be used as powerful tools in addressing national economic
issues and problems. Although consumer’s utility is impossible to measure and quantify,
some economists believe they can indirectly estimate utility by employing various
models.
25
MICROECONOMIC ISSUES
❖ Poverty. It is pronounced deprivation in well-being. Poverty is the lack of monetary
resources to meet one’s needs or the lack of specific goods like food, asset, shelter,
health, or even time.
Solutions: Solving poverty issues is a long battle and the government plays a very
important role in addressing the problem. Common solutions to poverty are as
follows; create jobs, raise the minimum wage, promote pay equity, properly allocate
time and resources, provide access to healthcare, create micro-financing programs,
provide an adequate social safety net, and increase access to education.
The World Bank had projected the poverty rate in the Philippines to fall below 20%
starting 2020, amid easing inflation and rising incomes. Previous estimation of poverty
incidence were at 24.5% for 2016, 23.1% for 2017, and 21.9% for 2018. This is a good
indication that the Philippine economy is progressing. Unfortunately, economic activities
have been hampered by the pandemic Covid19 which may cause poverty to worsen.
❖ Social Inequality. It refers to disparities and discrepancies in areas such as income,
wealth, education, health, nutrition, space, politics, and social identity.
Solutions: The government may implement progressive income tax, spend more on
public/social services and infrastructure, and increase government ownership of
basic utilities.
According to the data from the Philippine Statistics Authority, as of May 2019, the gap
between rich and poor widens even more. The inequality in the gross regional domestic
product (GRDP) per capita, or the average income of people in a region, has widened
from 2009 to 2018. As of 2018, the National Capital Region (NCR) reached GRDP per
capita of P253,893, a 40% leap compared to P181,748 in 2009 while the Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) peaked only at P14,657 compared to P14,052 of
2009. The regions with large agricultural bases are the regions with very low GRDP per
capita.
❖ Monopoly. A market structure characterized by a sole seller in a particular market
wherein the business entity may control the supply, compromise the quality of goods
and services, and manipulate the price.
Solutions: Since a monopoly does not face competition, only the government may
help solve the problem. The government may implement price capping (limiting price
increases), regulate mergers, regulate the quality of service, and investigate and
address abuses.
The Philippines has among the most restrictive markets in ASEAN, resulting in a lack of
market competition and high priced goods and services of low-average quality,
especially in businesses like telecommunications, retailing, shipping, airline, energy,
transportation, construction, and even schools. According to the World Bank (2019), the
Philippine economy is hampered by monopolies, duopolies, and oligopolies in key
markets especially in the sectors that need more competition like electricity,
telecommunications, and transport.
❖ Environmental issues. These are harmful effects of human activities (usually
economic activities) on the environment.
Solutions: Some of the solutions to environmental issues are the following; use
reusable items, conserve water and energy, proper waste disposal, recycle waste,
find clean renewable energy sources.
26
The Philippines is prone to natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and
typhoons due to its location. These disasters surely cause so much damage to the
country’s economy. But other environmental issues we are facing are usually caused by
economic motives. These problems include pollution, illegal mining and logging,
deforestation, dynamite fishing, landslides, coastal erosion, wildlife extinction, global
warming, and climate change.
MACROECONOMIC ISSUES
❖ Recession. It is a period of temporary economic decline during which industrial and
trade activities are reduced, marked by a fall in GDP in two consecutive quarters (6
to 18 months).
Solution: The government may implement expansionary fiscal policy to expand the
money supply in the economy by either reducing taxes or increasing government
spending.
● Tax cuts or reduced tax will increase people’s disposal income which later
results in increased consumption, increased production, employment, and so on.
● Increased government spending, done by investing or making projects like

construction of infrastructures like roads, railways, ports, and the like. These
activities will create jobs as well as purchases of the government. Therefore, this
will both stimulate production (producers receive payment) and consumption
(workers spend salary)
As stated on the website of the World Bank last April 2020, with the continued
industrialization, a growing middle class, and a big young population, the Philippine
economy is considered one of the most dynamic economies in the East Asia Pacific
region. The economy is backed up by strong consumer demand, an active labor market,
and robust remittances. As always, our country excels in the service sector such as the
real estate, business process outsourcing (BPO), and finance and insurance industries.
The country has sustained average annual growth of 6.4% between 2010 and 2019.
However, with the impact of the Covid19 pandemic, our economy this year will be
severely affected and most may experience negative economic growth leading to
recession.
❖ Unemployment. This happens when a lot of people are jobless/cannot find work or
are losing jobs. It means less output or low production which leads to scarcity.
Unemployment rate is calculated by;
Unemployment Rate = Number of Unemployed (job seekers) X 100 Labor

Force
Solutions: Jobs creation, with the help of the government, is the best solution. The
government may create public projects/jobs, provide employment subsidies to
businesses to lower the costs of production or invite foreign investments. Another
one is reducing occupational mobility for people to easily find new different jobs.
From 5.1% in 2019, the unemployment rate of the Philippines has jumped to 17.7% by
the second quarter of 2020. This rate equivalent to 7.3 million jobless Filipinos was the
highest on record due to the Covid19 pandemic that forced the country to an economic
shutdown. Among employed persons, workers in the services sector made up 57.1% of
the total, followed by those in the agriculture sector (25.9%) and industry (17%)
❖ Inflation. It is the consistent increase in the average price level of goods and
services. The purchasing power of money declines and it lowers living standards
27
According to experts, 2-3% of inflation is good for the economy. There are different
factors why inflation happens. It can be caused by an increase in the cost of
production (cost-push inflation), a high rise in demand (demand-pull inflation), or too
much money supply in the economy.
Inflation Rate = Current Period CPI - Prior Period CPI

Prior Period CPI
where CPI is consumer price index
Solutions: Solutions to inflation vary depending on its nature/cause.
● Monetary measures (Contractionary Monetary Policy) – The central bank
controls the money supply in the economy. This can be done by raising bank
rates/ interest rates, expand open market operations (government selling
securities like bonds), or increase the reserve requirements of the banks.
● Fiscal measures (Contractionary Fiscal Policy) – government reduces its

expenditure/ spending and raises tax rates to decrease the money supply in the
economy
Both measures target to decrease the money supply in the economy.
The inflation rate in the Philippines seems to have settled after peaking at more than 5%
in 2018. The number edged down to 2.1% in May 2020 due to the coronavirus
pandemic. Inflation rate below 3% is an indication of a weaker economic activity.
However, if slow economic activity is prolonged, slow production cannot meet up the
demand and therefore increasing the prices significantly.
❖ Trade deficit. This condition occurs when a country's imports exceed its exports
during a given time period. It is known as a negative balance of trade (BOT). A
country may rely heavily on imports due to lacking the efficient capacity to produce
its own products due to lack of technology, resources, or skills.
Solutions:
● Discourage consumption and increase savings . If households and the
government reduce their consumption, then the need for imports decline and
less foreign borrowing to pay.
● Depreciate the exchange rate. Because we use the dollar for foreign trade, a
weaker peso makes imports more expensive and exports cheaper and improves
the trade balance. The central bank may control the supply of dollars or foreign
currencies.
● Raise the quotas and tariffs on imports. This will make imports more expensive
so it will discourage people and local businesses from buying foreign products.
In September 2019, Board of Investments (BOI) executive director Ma. Corazon

Dichosa said that the Philippines’ trade deficit has been growing at a quite alarming rate
of 76.54% for the past 5 years (2014-2018) amounting to $127.93 billion. The 90% of
the overall deficit is accounted for 5 countries. The bulk of it which is 32.41% is China’s,
followed by South Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, and Taipei. However, the Philippines
marked its lowest trade deficit at $0.5 billion this April 2020 which is significantly very
low compared to $3.80 billion in the same month last year.
Identification: (Write your answers on a paper.)
Identify the following past events that affect the Philippine economy.
1. The year Spain took over non-Islamic areas and monopolized trade
28
2. The country that took over and bought the Philippines from Spain
3. The year Japan annexed the Philippines
4. The economic policy of President Garcia in 1958 that encouraged the Filipinos
to patronize their own products
5. The organization in which the Philippines became a provisional member in
1973
6. The president who launched the program The Philippine Development Plan
2017-2022
7. The economic program launched in 2014 known legally as Republic Act 10644
8. The year the Foreign Investment Act was signed into law
9. The president who had the national program named Philippines 2000
10. The assistance program of the government under the Aquino administration,
through the implementation of DSWD, which aims to help poor Filipinos
G. Finding practical applications of concepts and skills in daily

living ESSAY: (20 points) (Write your answers on a paper.)
Recently, the Philippine government released cash emergency subsidy through a
financial assistance program called “Social Amelioration Program” or SAP to help
people economically affected by the Covid19 pandemic.
Question: Why did the government launch “Social Amelioration Program”? Did
your family receive the SAP subsidy? Why or why not? Do you think the program
is fair? Why didn’t the DSWD just give all Filipino families SAP?
(Maximum of 10 sentences)
Rubric
Correctness & Relevance 10 points
Presentation & Conciseness 10 points
Total 20 points

The usual recurring problems of every country are usually caused by economic motives.
Economics helps people understand and assess if public officials run the government and
formulate policies effectively. If people have a deeper understanding of economic principles,
they become wise decision makers and may help in addressing national economic problems.
Multiple Choice: Choose the solutions to each economic problem. There are 2
answers for every number. (10 points) (Write your answers on a paper.)
1. Poverty
A. create jobs
B. solve crimes
C. raise the minimum wage
D. change the government officials
2. Monopoly
A. Impose higher taxes on businesses
B. Privatize government corporations
C. Implement price controls
D. Regulate mergers
3. Recession
A. Increase government spending
B. Reduced tax especially on income
C. Raise the minimum wage
D. Decrease government spending
4. Inflation
A. Expansionary monetary policy
29
B. Contractionary monetary policy
C. Contractionary fiscal policy
D. Expansionary fiscal policy
5. Poverty
A. Discourage trade with other countries
B. Decrease the quotas and tariffs on imports
C. Discourage consumption of imported goods
D. Raise the quotas and tariffs on imports
J. Additional activities for application or

remediation DEFINE: (10points)
Briefly define the following words. (2 sentences for each)
1. Inflation
2. Contractionary monetary policy
3. Contractionary fiscal policy
4. Trade deficit
5. Recession
30
(SIPacks)
in
Lesson __:
(Week 4)

APPLIED ECONOMICS

Sir Kevin F. Garcia
31
I. OBJECTIVES
A. Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the law of supply and demand, and
factors affecting the economic situation.
The learners shall be able to conduct a survey of current economic situations within
the vicinity.

The learners analyze market demand, market supply, and market equilibrium.
D. Objectives
✓ To learnthe Law of Supply and analyze the factors affecting supply

✓ To know the Law of Demand and explain the factors affecting demand
✓ To determine the equilibrium price through a graph
✓ To elaborate the effect on the price of the movement/shift of either supply or
demand
II. CONTENT
Demand and Supply; Price Equilibrium
LEARNING RESOURCES
A. References
Saluba, Dennis J. 2018. Applied Economics for Senior High School. C &
E Publishing, Inc.
Dinio, Rosemary P. & Villasis, George A., 2017. Applied Economics. Rex
Bookstore, Inc.
Carnaje, Gideon P. 2016. Applied Economics. Vibal Group, Inc.
B. Other Learning Material

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/law-of-supply-
demand.asp III. PROCEDURES
A. Reviewing the previous lesson or presenting the new lesson
WHAT’S WRONG! (10 points)(Write your answers on a paper.)
Choose 2 macroeconomic issues/problems and explain their causes, effects, and
solutions.

JUMBLED WORDS (10 points)
Rearrangeand define these words. (Write your answers on a paper.)
1. MANEDD
2. PPUSYL
3. ECIRP
4. STISUBTETU
5. ELIUMQUIBRI
DEMAND FOR THE SEASON…(10 points)(Write your answers on a paper.)
Give 2 products that are in-demand during these occasions/ seasons?
1. Valentine’s Day
32
2. Summer
3. Rainy days
4. All Saints’ Day
5. New Year

Before elaborating the meaning of the “Law of Supply and Demand”, let us know and
understand first what demand and supply mean as well as the concept of “ceteris
paribus”in economics.
• Demand is the quantities of a particular good or service consumers are willing and
able to buy at different possible prices.
• Supplyisthe amount of a product
that is offered for sale at all possible prices in the market.
What Is Ceteris Paribus?
Ceteris paribus, which means "holding other things constant"or "all else being equal",
acts as a shorthand indication of the effect of one economic variable on another,
provided all other variables remain the same. For example, “higher income will raise
demand, ceteris paribus”. It means that you cannot argue other things like “What if
people did not choose to buy and save instead?”, “What about if there is inflation?”,
“What if people pay their loans?” because these are considered constant or
unchanging.
THE LAW OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
The most basic economic law and the foundation of other economic theories is the Law
of Supply and Demand. Developed by British economist Alfred Marshall, this theory
explains the interaction between the producers and the consumers of products (both
tangible and intangible). It defines the effect on the price of the relationship between the
availability of a product and the demand for it. Generally, if the demand is higher than
the supply, price will increase and vice versa. In a free market, supply and demand pull
against each other until the equilibrium price is settled. Other than the price, however,
there are other factors affecting both supply and demand.
LAW OF SUPPLY
The economic law that explains the relationship between price and quantity supplied
which is directly proportional. It states that“as the price of a good or service
increases, the quantity supplied increases, and vice versa”, ceteris paribus. If the
price of a product increases, the producers would be willing to supply more of that
product, and vice versa.
PRICE SUPPLY
PRICE SUPPLY
Supply schedule is a chart that showsthe different quantities of goods/service that a

producer is willing to provide/produce to meet demand at various prices.
33
Supply Schedule and Supply Curve
Factors Affecting Supply
Aside from price, the following are factors affecting supply:
1. Cost of production / cost of inputs
There are four factors/ inputs of production which are land, labor,
capital, and entrepreneurship.
• When production costs go up, supply goes down.
• When production costs go down, supply goes up.
When raw materials, salary for workers, machines and factories,
and/or conceptualizing or planninga business cost a lot, then
producers could make fewer products.
2. Changes in productivity / Technological progress
Technology has a big role in affecting productivity.Using

automated machines definitely speeds up production.
• When productivity goes up, supply goes up.
• When productivity goes down, supply goes down.
China invested heavily on technology on its mass production
that it became the number one exporter in the world.
3. Changes in the number of sellers
• More sellers in the market increases supply.
• Fewer sellers in the market decreases supply.
Nueva Ecija is considered the “rice granary of the Philippines”
where there are plenty of rice sellers.
4. Fiscal policy / taxes
Both local and imported products are subjected to different
taxes and these costs are added to the price of these products.
• Higher duty and tariff will restrict supply.
• Lower duty and tariff will stimulate supply.
Raw materials and finished products are sometimes imported, so
if custom duty or tariff rises, it will restrict and decrease supply.
5. Future/ price expectations
• When producers expect the prices to go up, they increase
supply.
• When producers expect the prices to go down, they
decrease supply.
34
When “All Soul’s Day” or “Valentine’s Day” is approaching, farmers of flowers increase
their production because the demand and the price are high.
LAW OF DEMAND
The law that explains the relationship between price and quantity demanded which is
inversely proportional. It states that “as the price of a good or service increases, the
quantity demanded decreases, and vice versa”, ceteris paribus. If the price of a
product increases, less consumers would want to buy that product, and vice versa.
DEMAND PRICE
PRICE DEMAND
Demand Schedule shows the different quantities of goods that a consumer is willing to
buy at various prices.
Demand Schedule Demand Curve
Factors Affecting Demand

Besides price, the following are factors affecting demand;
1. Changes in income (Income effect)
• When income goes up, consumers buy more.
• When income goes down, consumers buy less.
Ex. If a family’s income of P15,000 raises by P10,000, now
the family can buy more of goods and services they used
to buy.
2. Availability and prices of substitutes (Substitution effect)
• If the price of product A increases significantly, consumers
switch to its cheaper substitute/alternative, thus decreasing the
demand for A.
• If the price of product A decreases significantly, consumers of
its substitute switch to it, thus increasing the demand for A.
Ex. If the price of Coke increases, people may buy Pepsi instead.
Similarly, if the price of pork increases, then people would switch to chicken or fish.
3. Availability and prices of complementary goods
(Note: Complementary goods are things that are often sold and used together.)
• If the price of complementary good for product A falls,
then the demand for both increases.
• If the price of complementary good for product A rises,
then the demand for both decreases.
Ex. If the price of ink falls significantly, then the demand for
printers increase. The same goes with gasoline and cars.
35
4. Changes in the number of consumers
• The more buyers there are, the higher the demand.
• The fewer buyers there are, the lower the demand.
Ex. The demand for goods and services in cities (where
there are more people) are higher than the demand in rural
areas.
5. Changes in tastes and preferences
• If a productis on trend or becomes popular, the demand for
it increases.
• If a product is outdated or if an alternative becomes more
popular, its demand decreases.
Ex. In early 2000s, the demand for iPod skyrocketed because it was
on tend. However, when smartphones were released, its demand decreased.
6. Future/ price expectations
• When consumers expect the price of commodities to rise,
then they demand/ buy more.
• When people expect the price to fall, then they are
discouraged to buy now. Instead, they wait till that time
comes.
Ex. After the announcement of the Enhanced Community
Quarantine (ECQ) due to Covid19 pandemic on mid-March 2020, panic buying of basic
commodities followed fearing possible shortages and inflation.
The Equilibrium Price
Equilibrium market is a state wherein demand
is equal to supply. This is an implicit agreement
of how much buyers and sellers are willing to
transact to each other. The price at which
demand and supply are equal is the
equilibrium price, also called as“market
clearing price”.
In this figure, equilibrium priceis denoted by

theE. The upward sloping curve is the supply
curve (S) and the downward sloping curve is
the demand curve (D). Equilibrium quantity is attained whenquantity demanded is equal
to quantity supplied (Qd = Qs).
E. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #2.
Disequilibrium and Shifts
In a market (free market) economy,

disequilibrium happens when supply
and demand are not equal. This
imbalance of the two creates
disequilibrium prices, surpluses, and
shortages.
* When the quantity supplied is more

than the quantity demanded, it results
to surplus. That means consumers
36
buy less because the price is higher than they can afford. Eventually, this will
encourage sellers to lower their prices to eliminate the surplus.
* When the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied , shortage
exists. Consumers are able to pay and demand more but sellers cannot provide
enough for this demand. Later, this would lead to price increase, an opportunity to
make more profit.
Supply > Demand = Surplus

Supply < Demand = Shortage
The Shifts That Change Price
Supply shifts to the right
• An increase in supply shifts the supply curve

to the right (S2). This movement increases output
(Q2) and causes the price to reduce (P2).
• Possible reasons for the supply to increase are;

cheaper cost of production, improvement in productivity,
increase in number of sellers, lowered taxes, and
expectation of price increase by the producers.
Supply shifts to the left
• A decrease in supply shifts the supply curve to

the left (S2). This shift decreases output (Q2) and
causes the price to increase (P2).
• Possible reasons for the supply to decrease are;

expensive cost of inputs, decline in productivity,
decrease in number of sellers, imposition of high taxes,
and expectation of price fall by the producers.
Demand shifts to the right
• An increase in demand shifts the

demand curve to the right (D2). This movement
increases consumption (Q2) and causes the price to
rise (P2).
• Possible causes for demand to rise are;

increase in income, unavailable or costly substitutes,
available and cheaper complementary goods,
increase in population, and anticipation of elevated prices by the consumers.
37
Demand shifts to the left
• A decrease in demand shifts the demand curve

to the left (D2). This shift decreases consumption (Q2)
and causes the price to fall (P2).
• Possible causes for demand to fall are; reduced

income, available or cheaper substitutes, unavailable
or expensive complementary goods, decrease in
population, and anticipation of reduced prices by the
consumers.
Enumeration: Provide 5 factors affecting Demand and Demand. (10 points)(Write
your answers on a paper.)
5 Factors Affecting Demand 5 Factors Affecting Supply
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
G. Finding practical applications of concepts and skills in daily living

Activity: GRAPH IT!(30 points)(Write your answers on a paper.)
Referring on the table below, graph the data to show the demand and supply curves
together. Then answer the questions that follow. (Graph 20 points)
Price (Php) Quantity Supplied Quantity Demanded

10 10 120
15 20 100
20 40 90
25 50 80
30 60 60
35 70 40
40 80 20
50 90 5
• At equilibrium, what is the price? quantity supplied? quantity demanded? (5 points)

• At what prices would there be a surplus? At what prices would there be a
shortage? (5 points)

In a capitalistic society, prices are not dictated by the government but rather are the
result of buyers and sellers interacting in these markets. The law of supply and demand
forms the basis for introductory concepts of economics. The supply and demand model
refers to the combination of buyers' demand and sellers' supply, which together
determine the market prices and product quantities in any given market.
Fill in the missing ideas.(Write your answers on a paper.)
38
1. The Law of Supply states that
“__________________________________________.”
2. The Law of Demand says
“_____________________________________________.”
3. When production costs go up, supply _______ _______.When production
costs go down, supply _______ _______.
4. Higher duty and tariff will ________ supply.Lower duty and tariff will _______
supply.
5. If the price of product A increases significantly, consumers _________ to its
cheaper substitute/alternative, thus ___________ the demand for A.
6. If the price of complementary good for product A falls, then the demand for
both _____.
7. If a product is outdated or if its substitute is more popular, its demand
____________.
8. When the quantity supplied is more than the quantity demanded, it results
to_______.
9. An increase in supply shifts the supply curve to the ________ and causes the
price to ________.
10. A decrease in demand shifts the demand curve to the ________ and causes
the price to ___________.
J. Additional activities for application or remediation

If you had a sari-sari store, what products (10 goods) will you stock and sell
during a pandemic? Why these products?(Write your answers on a paper.)
39
(SIPacks)
in
Lesson __:
(Week 5)
NO. OF Page
ACTIVITY
DAYS
DAY 1
DAY 2
DAY 3
DAY 4
DAY 5

APPLIED ECONOMICS

Sir Kevin F. Garcia
40
I. OBJECTIVES
E. Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the law of supply and demand, and
factors affecting the economic situation.
F. Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to conduct a survey of current economic situations within
the vicinity.
G. Most Essential Learning Competencies

The learners determine the implications of market pricing on economic decision
making.
H. Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students shall be able to;
✓ Know and understand the factors affecting price determination

✓ Learn and differentiate the different types of Price Elasticity of Demand (PED)
✓ Understand the factors affecting elasticity of demand
II. CONTENT
Market Pricing & Elasticity of Demand
III.LEARNING RESOURCES
C. References
D. Other Learning Material
https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/pricing/price-determination-6-factors-affecting-price-determination-
of-product/2267
https://www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/price-elasticity-ofdemand?
fbclid=IwAR3VYP31vbE2I1hnYIdQBeIaiGpbx03J0GBnF4a7qL1YAzC-4uDhQMrT3dQ
https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Price_elasticity_of_demand.html
IV. PROCEDURES
F. Reviewing the previous lesson or presenting the new lesson
Exercise 1: Let’s Recall… (10 points)(Write your answers on a paper.)
Explain the meaning of the Law of Supply and the Law of Demand. Give
5 factors affecting Demand and 5 factors affecting Supply.
G. Establishing a purpose for the lesson
Exercise 2: Think of It! (10 points)(Write your answers on a paper.)

• What product or service would you still buy even its price may rise significantly
(Let’s say 50% increase)?Why?
• What product or service would you exchange for another/substituteeven just a
slight increase in its price? Why?
H. Presenting examples/instances of the new lesson

Exercise 3: Choose Now(10 points) (Write your answers on a paper.) Which
of these would you buy even their prices go up significantly? Why?
Clothes Video Games Chocolate Medicines

Rice Shoes Transportation Jewelries Massager
41
I. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #1
Before discussing the implications of market pricing on making economic decisions,

it is essential to know the factors considered by entrepreneurs in setting prices.
Factors Affecting Price Determination
1. Product Cost
The price of a commodity is based on its total cost. There are three types of costs to be
considered; fixed, variable, and semi variable. These costs may be incurred during the
production, distribution, and selling of the products.
• Fixed costs are those that remain unchanged at all levels of transaction. Fixed
costs may include salary, rent of building, etc.
• Variable costs are directly related to the levels of production or sales. Examples
of these are costs of raw materials, labor costs, etc.
• Semi variable costs are those that change with the level of activity, but not in
direct proportion. For example, fixed salary plus graded commission depending
on the volume of sales.
2. The Utility and Demand (Elasticity of Demand)
Besides the price, elasticity of demand plays an important role in setting prices. For
example, when a product is elastic, a little change on its price may have a big impact on
its demand. In case of inelastic demand, a variation in the prices does not really affect
demand. That means consumers would still buy despite a change in price. Thus, firms
cannot easily impose higher prices on commodities with elastic demand while they can
charge more on products with inelastic demand.
3. Market Competition
It is important to consider the nature and degree of competition in determining prices.
When competition is low, a firm may impose higher price for its products. However,
when the level of competition is intense, the price of a product must be determined on
the basis of competitors’ prices and their product quality. In general, the higher the
competition, the lower the price.
4. Government Intervention
Some companies may monopolize an industry or a sector in an economy. Firms usually
charge high price for their products to make more profit. However, in order to protect
public interests, the government may intervene and set price floor and price ceiling.By
imposing price controls and taxes, the government affects consumption, production, and
allocation of goods and services.
• Price Control – refers to the fixing of prices by the government. By restricting
prices below or above their equilibrium level, the government creates shortage or
surplus.
• Price Ceiling – a maximum price at which a good can be sold. In orderto control
the price of commodities, firms are prohibited from charging a price higher than
the price ceiling. Ex. Gasoline price is regulated in some countries.
• Price Floor – a legal minimum price at which a product can be sold. Example:
the minimum wage is the legal lowest price for labor that any employer may pay.
5. Pricing Objectives
a. Profit Maximization
• During a short run, a firm may charge high prices to earn maximum profit.
• During a long run, a business may reduce its prices to capture many
buyersand therefore earn more through increased sales.
b. Obtaining Market Share Leadership
A firm usually keeps its price low if its objectives is to obtain a big market share.
Low price would result to an increase in sales. But if a firm has a specific target
market, for instance the upper class, it will surely sell at a high price.
42
c. Surviving in a Competitive Market
If a firm is not able to compete with strong rivals and is finding difficulties in
surviving, it may sell at discounted prices or very low clearing prices.
d. Attaining Product Quality Leadership
Generally, firms that maintain good reputation of providing high quality products
charge higher prices to cover high production and maintenance costs. For
example, Apple products are considered high quality goods so they are sold at
high prices.
6. Marketing Methods Used
Marketing methods used by a firm like advertising, packaging, distribution system,
quality of sales team, customer service, etc. also affect pricing scheme. The more
expensive these things are, the higher the final price will be.
J. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #2.
Price Elasticity of Demand (PED)

Price elasticity of demand (PED) is the measure of responsiveness of quantity
demanded to price change. Gathering and analyzing data on how buyers respond to
price change can help businesses reduce risk and uncertainty. Knowing this concept of
PED can definitely assist firms set price and forecast sales. PED is calculated by using
these formulas,
PED = % change in quantity
demanded % change in price
Point Elasticity Formula
PED
Arc or Midpoint Formula
PED
The word “coefficient”, is used to describe the value for elasticity of demand. The
answer is always “negative” due to
the negative relationship of price and demand. However, the coefficient is always
expressed in absolute value.
NOTE: The arc or midpoint formula is preferable when calculating PED because it is
consistent, giving the same answer regardless of the direction of the change.
Inelastic Demand (PED < 1)

* If the coefficient of PED is less than 1, then
demand is price inelastic. This means that
demand is unresponsive to price change.
*A rise in price (from P1 to P2) leads to an

increase in total revenue.
43
Elastic Demand (PED > 1)
* If the coefficient of PED is greater than 1, then
demand is price elastic. This means that demand is
highly responsive to price change.
*A change in quantity demanded is proportionately

higher than the price reduction. Firms gain more
revenue by reducing their prices.
Perfectly Inelastic
Demand (PED = 0)
* If the coefficient of PED is equal tozero, then demand
is perfectly price inelastic. This means that demand is
not affected by any price change.
* Demand for a product is perfectly price inelastic if

consumers are still able and willing to buy at any price.
If supply curve shifts to the left, which means reduction
in supply, equilibrium price may increase but the
quantity demanded remains unaffected.
Perfectly Elastic Demand (PED = infinity)

* If the coefficient of PED is infinite, then
demand is perfectly price elastic. There is
only one price that consumers are willing to
pay.
* Shift in supply would not result to any

change in the equilibrium price. This
condition exists only in extremely
competitive markets where there are too
many sellers and therefore none has the
power to raise the price.
Unitary Elastic Demand (PED = 1)

* If the coefficient of PED is 1, then demand is unitary
elastic. A change in price is exactly the same with the
change in demand.
* Shift in supply would not result to any change in the

equilibrium price. This condition exists only in
extremely competitive markets where there are too
many sellers and therefore none has the power to
raise the price.
44
Sample Problems
PED = % change in quantity demanded
% change in price
2. Last week, the price of coffee in sachets was P50 a bundle and Rowena was willing
to buy 10 bundles. However, the price went up to P60 and now Rowena is willing to buy
8 boxes. Is this demand for coffee elastic or inelastic?
Given: Q1=10, Q2 = 8 ; P1=50, P2=60
Using Point Elasticity Formula:
→
% change in demand (8-10) / (10) = -0.20 = -20%
→
% change in price (60-50) / (50) = 0.20 = 20%
PED = (-20%) / (20%) = |-1| = 1
The PED of Rowena on coffee is the absolute value 1 which means unitary elastic
demand.
Using Arc or Midpoint Formula

→
% change in demand (8-10) / [(8+10) / 2] = (-2)/9 = 0.22 = -22%
→
% change in price (60-50) / [(60+50) / 2] = 10/55 = 0.18 = 18% PED =
(-22%) / (18%) = |-1.22| = 1.22
2. If Mr. Roque’s elasticity of demand for burgers is 0.8 consistently, and he buys 4
burgers when the price is P15 per burger, how many will he buy when the price is P10
per burger?
Instead of finding PED, we use the formula to find quantity demanded. By transposing
the formula, quantity can be solved.
Therefore:PED computation is…
PED=|(Q2–Q1)/Q1|
| (P2 – P1) / P1 |Remember that |x| means absolute
value. 0.8=(Q2–4)/4
(10 – 15) /15
0.8=(Q2–4)/4 |
33%|
(0.8) (0.33) = (Q2 – 4) / 4
Q2 = (0.264) (4) + 4
Q2 = 5.056
Therefore, Mr. Roque will buy 5 burgers when the price drops to P10 each.
Factors Affecting PED
The following are some of the reasons why consumers’ response to price change may
be elastic or inelastic.
a. Availability of substitutes
• A product that has few/no substitutes is likely to exhibit inelastic demand,
while a product that is readily replaceable has elastic demand.
b. Degree of necessity
• Necessity products have inelastic demand while goods which we can do
without have elastic demand.
c. Proportion of income spent on a product
• Cheap products usually exhibit inelastic demand while very expensive
ones exhibit elastic demand. A percentage increase would mean big
amount for costly items such as cars.
d. Consumers’ loyalty
• Trusted brand items have loyal consumers and therefore inelastic in
demand while the demand for inferior / unknown products is elastic.
e. Life cycle of product
• When a newly launched product is introduced to market, its demand is
relatively inelastic since there are none/ very few competitors. However,
45
as other similar products emerge as competitors, consumers of that
product become very responsive/ sensitive to price.
f. Effects of advertising
• Advertising a product makes it more appealing to consumers and
therefore makes its demand inelastic while an unpopular product may
have elastic demand.
Fill in the missing ideas.(Write your answers on a paper.)
1. Fixed costs are those that remain __________ at all levels of economic
transaction.
2. In general, the higher the competition, the ___________ the price.
3. In order to protect public interests, the ____________ may intervene and set
price floor and price ceiling.
4. Price Ceiling is the imposed ____________ price at which a good can be sold.
5. During a short run, a firm may charge high prices to earn __________ profit.
6. A firm usually keeps its price _________ if its objectives is to obtain a big market
share.
7. The more __________ marketing methods used are, the higher the final price will
be.
8. Price elasticity of demand is the measure of ____________ of quantity
demanded to price change.
9. If the coefficient of PED is less than 1, then demand is price _______________.
10. For perfectly inelastic demand, if supply contracts, equilibrium price increases but
the quantity demanded remains ______________.
Activity: Solving Time! (15 points)(Write your answers on a paper.)

Compute the PED of the following word problems and identify what type of
elasticity is each. Show your answers using both point elasticity formula and
midpoint formula.
1. Last month, at P7 per kilowatt hour (KWH), a household used to consume 190
KWH. However, price of electricity has risen to P10 per KWH that resulted to
decreased consumption of 170 KWH.
2. A fruit vendor used to sell 500 apples at P15 each. Due to inadequate supply,
the price increased to P20 that led to selling 250 apples.
3. Using the point elastic formula, find the value of Q1 if Q2=5, P1=15, P2=20,
and PED=1.5\

Firms consider important factors first before setting their prices, like the costs incurred in
the process of production, distribution, and selling. They may also consider the price
elasticity of demand (PED) on the products they sell. Both producers and consumers
may benefit from the concept of PED in making economic decisions.
Activity: WHICH ONE?
Which of the following goods are likely to have elastic demand and which are likely to
have inelastic demand?
a. Cooking oil f. Sunglasses
b. Softdrink g. Rice
c. Chocolate h. Electricity
d. Water i. Salt
e. Maintenance medication j. Honey
46
Test: Enumeration
1-5. Factors affecting price determination
6-10. Types of PED
11-15. Factors affecting PED
47
(SIPacks)
in
Lesson __:
(Week 6)
NO. OF Page
ACTIVITY
DAYS
DAY 1
DAY 2
DAY 3
DAY 4
DAY 5

APPLIED ECONOMICS
School Teaching Sept 28-30/Oct 1-2,

PAMPANGA HIGH SCHOOL Dates/ Week 2020 Week 6
Sir Kevin F. Garcia
48
I. OBJECTIVES
A. Content Standard
5.Differentiate various market structures in terms of:
a. number of sellers
b. types of products
c. entry/exit to market
d. pricing power
e. others
D. Objectives
• Explain market structures (perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic
competition) (ABM_AE12-Ie-h-7)
II. CONTENT
A. References
Areseni Balisacan and Hal Hill ,The Philippine Economy, Ateneo Printing Press
(2003)
IV. PROCEDURES
Which is better in terms of speed, price, and promos?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________
49
At the end of the lesson you should be able to differentiate various market structures in terms of:
number of sellers, types of products, entry/exit to market, pricing power, others; and Explain
market structures (perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition).
Activity 1: Look at the collage image below and make a choice regarding the signature product
Fried Chicken
☺
Your choice of Chicken a.
Jollibee
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
____________
b. Kentucky Fried Chicken

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
____________
c. Others
___________________
Did you have difficulty in choosing? If yes/no why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________
Revisiting the Globe V.S. Smart thoughts, for many years the two telecommunication
giants dominated the Philippine country thus local subscribers pays for the imposed
pricing and prepaid services because of the absence of third option that might challenge
the pricing of the two said telecoms.
The following article is about the possibility of third player in telecommunication industry.
Read and try to analyze the possible outcome if such will materialize in near future.
rd
ACTIVITY 2: Read the article from Inquirer regarding the 3 telecommunication to
enter the Philippines to fight giants Globe and Smart.
The
Philippin
es has moved one step closer to breaking the cellular market duopoly of
well-established operators PLDT/Smart and Globe Telecom.
Mindanao Islamic Telephone Company (Mislatel)–the new major player (NMP) that
was licensed in November 2018–has formally been issued its Certificate of Public
50
Convenience and Necessity (CPCN). This paves the way for a planned commercial
launch next year.
In awarding the newcomer its operating license, President Rodrigo Duterte challenged
Mislatel to break the stronghold. “Let me take this opportunity to pose this challenge to
Mislatel: break the prevailing duopoly in the telecommunications industry and fulfill
your commitment to provide better telco services to our people,” he said.
The Filipino cellular market is currently home to just two mobile network operators:
PLDT, which trades under the Smart Communications and Sun Cellular brands,
and Globe Telecom.
Should Mislatel’s DITO service make it to commercial launch in 2020, it will join a
market that has over 147 million subscribers and a population penetration rate of
over 137%. It will be a tall order to win market share from the well-established duo,
but the Mislatel consortium seems confident it can make a splash. (End)
ACTIVITY 3: Write your answer on your paper.
1. Will the entry of a third telecommunication beneficial for consumers?

a. Point for market.
b. Point for consumers
Processing Questions
1. Does the economy benefits if there are more than two sellers of the same product?
2. How does having two more sellers beneficial for buyers?

Market structure is best defined as the organizational and other characteristics of a market.
We focus on those characteristics which affect the nature of competition and pricing – but it is
important not to place too much emphasis simply on the market share of the existing firms in an
industry. Ordinarily, the term “market” refers to a particular place where goods are purchased
and sold. But, in economics, market is used in a wide perspective. In economics, the term
“market” does not mean a particular place but the whole area where the buyers and sellers of a
product are spread.
This is because in the present age the sale and purchase of goods are with the help of agents
and samples. Hence, the sellers and buyers of a particular commodity are spread over a large
area. The transactions for commodities may be also through letters, telegrams, telephones,
internet, etc. Thus, market in economics does not refer to a particular market place but the
entire region in which goods are bought and sold. In these transactions, the price of a
commodity is the same in the whole market.
The essential features of a market are:

1. An Area:
In economics, a market does not mean a particular place but the whole region where sellers and
buyers of a product are spread. Modem modes of communication and transport have made the
market area for a product very wide.
2. One Commodity:
In economics, a market is not related to a place but to a particular product. Hence, there are
separate markets for various commodities. For example, there are separate markets for clothes,
grains, jewelry, etc.
3. Buyers and Sellers:
The presence of buyers and sellers is necessary for the sale and purchase of a product in the
market. In the modem age, the presence of buyers and sellers is not necessary in the market
because they can do transactions of goods through letters, telephones, business
representatives, internet, etc.
4. Free Competition:
There should be free competition among buyers and sellers in the market. This competition is in
relation to the price determination of a product among buyers and sellers.
51
5. One Price
The price of a product is the same in the market because of free competition among buyers and
sellers.
The following are the factors which creates the condition of the type of market that can or could
emerge in economy.
Determinants of a Market Structure
1. The number and nature of sellers.

The market structures are influenced by the number and nature of sellers in the market. They
range from large number of sellers in perfect competition to a single seller in pure monopoly, to
two sellers in duopoly, to a few sellers in oligopoly, and to many sellers of differentiated
products.
2. The number and nature of buyers.

The market structures are also influenced by the number and nature of buyers in the market. If
there is a single buyer in the market, this is buyer’s monopoly and is called monopsony market.
Such markets exist for local labor employed by one large employer. There may be two buyers
who act jointly in the market. This is called duopsony market. They may also be a few organized
buyers of a product.
3. The nature of the product.

It is the nature of product that determines the market structure. If there is product differentiation,
products are close substitutes and the market is characterized by monopolistic competition. On
the other hand, in case of no product differentiation, the market is characterized by perfect
competition. And if a product is completely different from other products, it has no close
substitutes and there is pure monopoly in the market.
4. The conditions of entry into and exit from the market.

The conditions for entry and exit of firms in a market depend upon profitability or loss in a
particular market. Profits in a market will attract the entry of new firms and losses lead to the exit
of weak firms from the market. In a perfect competition market, there is freedom of entry or exit
of firms.
But in monopoly and oligopoly markets, there are barriers to entry of new firms. Usually,
governments have a monopoly in public utility services like postal, air and road transport, water
and power supply services, etc. By granting exclusive franchises, entries of new supplies are
barred. In oligopoly markets, there are barriers to entry of firms because of collusion, tacit
agreements, cartels, etc. On the other hand, there are no restrictions in entry and exit of firms in
monopolistic competition due to product differentiation.
5. Economies of scale.
Firms that achieve large economies of scale in production grow large in comparison to others in
an industry. They tend to weed out the other firms with the result that a few firms are left to
compete with each other. This leads to the emergency of oligopoly. If only one firm attains
economies of scale to such a large extent that it is able to meet the entire market demand, there
is monopoly.
Four Types Of Market Structure
52
1. Perfect Competition-a market is said to be
Perfectly Competitive if it satisfies the following
features:- a)Under perfect competition, there
exists a large number of sellers and the share of
an individual seller is too small in the total
market output. As a result a single firm cannot
influence the market price so that a firm under
perfect competition is a price taker and not a
price maker. Similarly, there are a large number
of buyers and an individual buyer buys only a
small portion of the total output available. Under perfect competition all firms sell homogenous
goods which are identical in quantity, shape, size, colour, packaging etc. So the products are
perfect substitutes of each other.
2. Monopoly- refers to the market situation

where there is one seller and there is no close
substitute to the commodities sold by the seller. The
seller has full control over the supply of that
commodity. Since there is only one seller, so a
monopoly firm and an industry are the same.
Monopoly is a form of market structure where there
is a single seller producing a commodity having no
close substitute. The word monopoly is derived from
two Greek words- Mono and Poly. Mono means
single and Poly means 'seller'.
3. Monopolistic competition refers to a

market situation where there are many
firms selling a differ-entailed product.
“There is competition which is keen,
though not perfect, among many firms
making very similar products.” No firm
can have any perceptible influence on
the price-output policies of the other
sellers nor can it be influenced much by
their actions. Thus, monopolistic
competition refers to competition among
a large number of sellers producing
close but not perfect substitutes for
each other
4. Oligopoly -is a market situation

in which there are few firms producing either
differential goods or closely differential goods.
The number of firms is so small that every
seller is affected by the activities of the others.
Exercise 1
1. Give an example of each market structure that could be observed in the Philippines. Write the
reason why such market was considered under that type of market.
A. Perfect Competition
B. Monopoly
53
C. Monopolistic Competition
D. Oligopoly
2. Which of the following market types is the most consumer friendly? Rank them from 1-4, where 1
is the most friendly and 4 for the other end.
TYPE OF MARKET RANKING
Perfect Competition
Monopoly
Monopolistic
Competition
Oligopoly
Let us put these types of market in a table to see how it differs from one another.
Exercise 2
1. Give two sample of each market and their product that could be seen or available in
the Philippines.
Monopolistic 1. (Product)
Competition 2. (Product)
Oligopoly 3. (Product)
Market 4. (Product)
Monopoly 5. (Product)
Market 6. (Product)
Monopsony 7. (Product)
Market 8 (Product)

ACTIVITY 4: Read article below written in 2015. The effect of monopoly on price of electricity
and its effect on development of the country
Processing Questions
1. How did the monopoly of said market greatly impact the economy and you/family as
consumers?
54
The presence of market structure depicts the variety of market that could develop under an
economy. The effect of such imbalance transcends not just sellers but also buyers. Thus a middle
ground, or equilibrium – balance between the two, for the two players in microeconomics is vital
to sustain existing economic flow.
1. Give an example of Monopolistic Competition in the Philippines and its effect to the consumers.
Explain your answer with details.
2. How would you categorize the oil market in the Philippines? Explain your answer with details.

Construct/Think of a possible business idea. Use the discussed concepts in strategizing the fulfilment
of your business.
55
(SIPacks)
in
Lesson __:
(Week 7)
NO. OF Page
ACTIVITY
DAYS
DAY 1
DAY 2
DAY 3
DAY 4
DAY 5

APPLIED ECONOMICS
School Teaching October 5-9, 2020

Sir Kevin F. Garcia
56
I.OBJECTIVES
A. Content Standard:
The learner demonstrates an understanding of the law of supply and demand,
and the factors affecting such economic situation
B. Performance Standard:
The learners shall be able to develop wise decision making in their consumption
practices
C. 6. Learning Competency / Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC 6):

Analyze the effects of contemporary economic issues affecting the Filipino
entrepreneur
D. Specific Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
1. Analyze the effects of contemporary issues such as migration,
fluctuations in the exchange rate, oil price increases, unemployment, peace and
order, etc. on the purchasing power of the people (ABM_AE12-Ie-h-8)
II.CONTENT
A. Article Reading on Covid 19 Crisis and OFWs
B. Economic Issues facing the business
C. PESTLE Analysis
III.LEARNING RESOURCES
A. References
1. Economics Basic Principles, Applications and Issues by Gideon P.
Carnaje, Ph.D, et.al
1. Google Slide share
2. https://www.groupmap.com/map-templates/pestle-analysis/
IV.PROCEDURE
FIRST DAY
57
Rubric for ESSAY: Each question is a total sore of 10
Relevance – 3 Content – 4 Clarity – 3 TOTAL = 10
Activity 1 (To be answered on your answer sheet)

1. What is your analysis of the pictures shown above?
2. Do you have a family member or relatives or friends who were laid off from
their previous jobs because of the pandemic?
3. How did such loss of job affect your family and your relatives?
SECOND DAY
B. Establishing a purpose for the lesson. (Read the following except
from Manlangit’s article)
58
59
THIRD DAY
C.Presenting examples/instances of the new lesson
Activity 2: Use your answer sheets in answering this activity

1. What specific issue/s are shown in the article?
2. How can these issues be resolved??
3. Cite contemporary issues and problems that the government may have to face
upon return of the OFWs or as we call them Bagong Bayani.
D.Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills

A contemporary issue can be defined as any event, idea, opinion or topic in a
given subject that is relevant to the present day. Our economy cannot produce all
that we need and want especially nowadays that pandemic crisis is being felt by
everyone. The resources needed to produce goods and services are limited.
60
Meanwhile, human needs and wants are unlimited. There is therefore a need to
make wise decisions about how to use the available resources, and to choose
the allocation system best suited for the society’s needs.
Economic Issues Facing Business
● Inflation – means rising average level of all prices. There are
reasons why prices rise.
Example, when society’s demand for commodities run high, firms may have to
produce at their full capacity, because of this firms may no longer be able to raise
production. And for the economy, it means that most of its productive resources
are already being employed and it becomes difficult to produce more to meet
society’s demand. Because output cannot rise, prices will have to increase to
balance production with high demand. Raising prices will gently affect the
demand for a product
● Recession Periods – A decline in economic activity. During the
period of economic decline. Example, a business may focus on a
limited scope on the present conditions of the business, failing to
apply plans to reach long term goals due to a decreased cash flow.
● Unemployment – can affect businesses. This time of pandemic
many business firms were forced to closed due to reduction in
sales. Unemployed consumers have less to spend the reason why
some businesses were forced to temporarily shut down their
business
● Interest Rates – High interest rates have a substantial effect
especially on small businesses that operate on credit. They need to
meet everyday expenses and the obligation to pay bank interest
rates.
Many businesses are being opened and many are also being closed. Some
business owners’ plunge into production of goods and services, raises capital to
meet the production cost, but not all of them become successful and that results
to business failure. A business that operates on credit needs the daily obligation
of paying a high interest rates.
● Cost of Employee Benefits – Businesses need to cope with the
rising cost from wages to benefits. In order to keep a rising number
of employees additional healthcare benefits, paid leaves are added.
From this scenario, some companies choose to outsource or hire
part time workers to limit the cost of paying benefits.
● Minimum Wage - is a price floor that makes paying workers less
than the specified wage. Most high skilled and experienced workers
earn wages that are higher than minimum wage. And that their
employment opportunities are largely unaffected by the government
imposition of a minimum wage. At a higher wage, employers would
choose to hire fewer workers. At a lower wage, they would choose
to hire a larger number of workers. Some business owners choose
a wage that is too low, and that they won’t be able to employ
anyone.
● Taxes - Taxation policy affects business budgets. For example, a
rise in business tax has the same effect as an increase in costs.
Businesses can pass some of this tax on to consumers in higher
prices also. Other business taxes are environmental taxes (e.g.
landfill tax), and VAT (value added tax). VAT is actually passed
61
down the line to the final consumer but the administration of the
VAT system is a cost for business.
FOURTH DAY
E.Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills
#2 What is a PESTLE analysis?
A PESTLE analysis is a strategic management tool used to identify, analyze,
organize, and monitor key external factors that can have an impact on an
organization now and in the future. The framework examines opportunities and
threats due to Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and
Environmental forces, to inform planning and decision-making.
A PESTLE analysis helps a team to understand the organization’s market and

business position better, plan strategically, and conduct market research in new
and existing markets. The framework:
Encourages strategic thinking and helps you evaluate how your strategy fits into
the broader environment. Provides an overview of the crucial external influences
on the organization. Allows leaders to make more decisive and knowledgeable
decisions
FIFTH DAY
F.Developing Mastery
Our economy cannot produce all that we need and want especially nowadays
that pandemic crisis is being felt by everyone. The resources needed to produce
62
goods and services are limited. Different issues are being felt not only about
health issues but our economy as well.
It is important to have also an understanding of the external pressures that are
being faced by businesses. Every organization’s marketing environment is made
up of:
A. Internal Environment
B. Micro Environment
C. Macro Environment
PESTLE Analysis is important in designing a marketing strategy for the business.
It helps align company’s performance positively and all forces that are affecting
the business environment.
Activity 3:
Cite one example of a business which you think have a positive impact among
consumers. What other factors that added to the company’s performance?
Activity 4:
Develop an essay with a title, to be written on your sheet stating the

following:
1. Why is it important to undergo to an environmental scanning before

establishing a business?
H..Making generalization and abstractions about the lesson
I.Evaluating learning
Activity 5: Make a reflection on the article about “The Hurting Heroes: The
Covid 19 Crisis and Overseas Filipino Workers”, addressing their concerns and
possible effect in our economy.
Rubric for the Reflection:
Correct Sequencing of events – 5 Clarity of thoughts – 5 TOTAL = 10
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III. KAGAMITANG PANTURO

6. Maliit ang sakop ng isang outbreak kumpara

1. Ano ang pagkakaiba ng outbreak, epidemic, at pandemic?

Gawain 2: Gabay na tanong para sa unang paksa:

2. Saan, kailan, at paano nagsimula ang COVID-19? (Maaaring tunghayan ang

Gawain 3: Gabay na mga tanong para sa ikalawang paksa:

Gawain 4: Gabay na tanong para sa ikatlong paksa:

4. Ano-ano ang mga pagsubok sa kalusugan na kinakaharap ng buong

Gawain 5: Gabay na mga tanong para sa ikaapat na paksa:

Mga Sakit Bilang ng mga Taong Bilang ng mga Taong

D. Paglinang sa Kabihasnan/ Paglalahat ng aralin sa pang-araw-araw na buhay

5. Ano-ano ang mga paraan upang maiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng COVID-

Gawain 6: Gamit ang iyong sariling karanasan at mga nababasa o napapanood,

a. Pagpapatupad ng Enhanced Community Quarantine o ECQ – ito ay

Nauunawaan mo ba ang iyong mga binasang panuntunan mula sa ECQ?

Gawain 7: Gabay na mga tanong para sa ikaanim na paksa:

Gawain 8: Gabay na mga tanong para sa ika-pitong paksa:

A. Unang Bahagi (Panghuling Pagtataya/Post-test). Muling balikan ang

B. Ibigay ang iyong opinyon o reaksyon sa mga sumusunod: (15 puntos)

1. Kung ako ay may kakayahang mabago ang maling pamamaraan na

G. Karagdagang Gawain/ Reinforcement

D. Para sa Grade 10:

F. Para sa ALS Mobile Teachers:

MARY JANE Padilla-SORIANO

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School Teaching August 31/Sept. 1-4,

Economics is about making choices. Scarcity is a condition of why people have to

Normative and Positive Economics

The 4 Factors of Production

Three Great Economists and Their Theories

G. Finding practical applications of concepts and skills in daily

J. Additional activities for application or

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School Teaching Sept. 7-11, 2020

D. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #1

ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility - states that as consumption increases, the

● Increased government spending, done by investing or making projects like

Unemployment Rate = Number of Unemployed (job seekers) X 100 Labor

Inflation Rate = Current Period CPI - Prior Period CPI

● Fiscal measures (Contractionary Fiscal Policy) – government reduces its

In September 2019, Board of Investments (BOI) executive director Ma. Corazon

G. Finding practical applications of concepts and skills in daily

H. Making generalizations and abstractions about the lesson

J. Additional activities for application or

SELF INSTRUCTIONAL PACKET

School Teaching Sept. 14-18, 2020

C. Most Essential Learning Competencies

✓ To learnthe Law of Supply and analyze the factors affecting supply

B. Other Learning Material

B. Establishing a purpose for the lesson

D. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #1

Supply schedule is a chart that showsthe different quantities of goods/service that a

Technology has a big role in affecting productivity.Using