“REACTIVE POWER IMPROVEMENT IN A DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM BY OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF SHUNT CAPACITOR”

A project submitted to Mekelle University in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Under the Ethiopian Institute of Technology-Mekelle

BY:
1. Ashenafi Assefa.……….. FST/UR0087/00
2. Doju Kebede….…………. FST/UR0118/00
3. Ketema Adbela…………. FST/UR0171/00
Under the guidance of
ZENACHEW MULUNEH. (MSc. Electrical power)

Department of Electrical and computer Engineering

Ethiopian Institute of Technology- Mekelle
Mekelle University, Mekelle
June 2012
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Success in life is never attained single handedly. We would like to express our
heartfelt gratitude to the almighty God who helped us in everything. We wish to extend
our thanks to Ato Zenachew Muluhneh who was our advisor for his professional
guidance that enabled us accomplishes this project.
We would like to thank Ato Teshome for his valuable cooperation, and also we
would like to thank Ato Fissha officer in Mekelle region Distribution System office by
giving all the necessary feeder line data of the selected area.
Last but not least, we acknowledge all our friends and all our classmates of
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department for being very cooperative in our
whole project period.

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 Table of content
Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Project .............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Objective .......................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Problem of Statement...................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Motivation ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.5 Scope of the Project ......................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO
BACKGROUND THEORY AND LITREATURE REVIEW ................................................................ 5
2.1 Theory ...................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Distribution System Modeling .................................................................................................. 5
2.1.2 Radial Feeders ............................................................................................................................ 5
2.1.3 Production and Absorption of Reactive Power ....................................................................... 7
2.1.4 Reactive Power Control ............................................................................................................. 7
2.1.5 Distribution System Devices ...................................................................................................... 8
2.1.5 Power Factor ............................................................................................................................ 15
2.1.6 Load Condition......................................................................................................................... 16
2.2 Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 17
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLGY....................................................................................................................................... 21
3.1 Data Collection ...................................................................................................................... 21
3.2 DATA Fed to ETAP ............................................................................................................. 27
3.2.1Transformer Parameters .......................................................................................................... 27
3.2.2Transmission Line Parameter.................................................................................................. 30
3.2.3 Shunt Capacitor Parameter .................................................................................................... 31
3.2.4 Load Parameters ...................................................................................................................... 33
3.3 ETAP ANALYSIS................................................................................................................. 34

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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISSCUSSION ............................................................................................................... 44
4.1 First Result ................................................................................................................ 44
4.2 Second Result ............................................................................................................ 44
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...................................................................................... 46
Reference ................................................................................................................................................... 48

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 List of tables
Table 1 Property of AAC .............................................................................................................. 11
Table 2 Property of ACSR ............................................................................................................ 11
Table 3 Pf value of some industries .............................................................................................. 22
Table 4 EEPCo Transformer History card .................................................................................... 23
Table 5 total load of feeder line 06 ............................................................................................... 25
Table 6 Transformer parameters ................................................................................................... 29
Table 7 Transmission line Parameter ............................................................................................ 31
Table 8 Determined Capacitor sizes ............................................................................................. 32
Table 9 summary of total generation, loading and demand .......................................................... 35
Table 10 branch loss summary report for the existing networks without compensation.............. 37
Table 11 branch loss summary report for every lumped load with shunt capacitors ................... 40
Table 12 branch loss summary result of ETAP for optimally placed capacitors.......................... 43
Table 13 result of ETAP software where ever lumped loads are installed with shunt capacitor . 44
Table 14 result of the ETAP software for optimally placed shunt capacitors .............................. 45
Table 15 Optimal place of the shunt capacitors with respective loads ......................................... 45

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 List of figure
Figure 1 Radial distribution feeder 6

Figure 2 Connections of shunt capacitors to compensate 14

Figure 3 Mekelle city 15KV networks 25

Figure 4 Feeder k-06 15KV network 26

Figure 5 Transformer editor windows 29

Figure 6 Transmission line editor windows 30

Figure 7 Capacitor Editor Window 31

Figure 8 Lumped load Editor Window 32

Figure 9 Entire network ETAP model of feeder line 06 33

Figure 10 The existing network where optimal placements of shunt capacitors are located 37

Figure 11 Existing networks where every lumped load is installed with shunt capacitor 40

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Executive Summary
During recent years, increasing attention has been paid to minimize the energy losses and
inefficiency in electricity generation, transmission and distribution. In our country the
distribution system needs more and more improvement. Because this section (distribution
system) is full of losses and has got less attention in the corporation. This paper focuses in radial
distribution system of Mekelle. And is reactive power improvement of Mekelle industry zone
(feeder K06) by optimal placement of shunt capacitor. The paper proposes a study of reactive
power compensation for electric distribution systems to find out the optimal capacitive
compensation location and quantity. The most commonly used reactive power sources for
compensation in distribution systems are capacitor banks. The compensation problem under
study is an optimization problem.

Different systems are available to produce reactive energy and improve the power factor.
Particularly, shunt capacitors at the nearest point to the loads is a well-established approach to
improve the power factor. Shunt capacitors are attractive because they are economical and easy
to maintain. Not only that, but also they have no moving parts, unlike some other devices used
for the same purpose
Our project is mainly focused on determining the best locations for capacitor placement in
mekelle distribution system feeder line 06, commonly called Industry zone’s distribution
networks and after finding the nominal rated capacitor size a trial method is used to find the
optimal place of the shunt capacitor. As stated in our Objective it include determining the total
active and reactive power before compensation and after compensation and determining the total
both power type losses and finally determining the power factor difference after and before
compensation.
We tried to improve the reactive power of the entire distribution network of feeder line by
optimal placing the shunt capacitor and we determine the difference after installing a shunt
capacitor for all lumped load which are found in the system. As a primary result we determined
the first five optimal Places for the placement of shunt capacitor and the loss difference and then
the improved value of the reactive and active power.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Project
An electrical power system consists of three principal components that are generation station
transmission and distribution systems. A distribution system connects all the individual loads in a
given to the transmission lines. All inductive loads require two kinds of power to operate with
active power (kW) and reactive power (kVAR) in design and operation of alternating current
electric power systems. A significant factor reactive power has been recognized. There is
important interrelation between active and reactive power transmission. Minimization of active
power losses is one of the essential aims for any electric utility, due to its importance in
improvement of system properties towards minimum production cost and to support increase
load requirement.
For a given distribution of power, the losses in the system can be reduced by minimizing the total
flow of reactive power stability and voltage control in reactive control need about the use fixed
shunt reactors, shunt capacitors, series capacitors, synchronous condenses and modern static
compensator needed for reactive power control. Reactive power compensating mainly
transmission system installed at substation is considered. The location of reactive power control
in distribution substation can be seen that reactive power control, inrush current, shunt
capacitors, series capacitors, shunt reactors, harmonics effect, economic considerations and
selection of using apparatus.
Our thesis focused on the optimal placement of the shunt capacitor that generates reactive power
and feeds it to the system. After the improvement of power factor of every lumped load the
optimal placement and the size of (KVAR) of the shunt capacitors are selected.
This study is very important in distribution systems where industry zones face low power factor
and the distribution system face low power factor due to these individual lumped loads.
Due to system expansion without proper and adequate planning and financial provision for the
works in time, a large number of distribution systems have run into problems such as poor
voltage regulation, poor power factor, high losses and poor efficiency, over loading and less
reliability for continuity of supply.

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The causes for high losses and poor voltage regulation in the distribution and subtransmission
system are:
Low power factor of the consumer installations.
Long and over loaded L.T lines.
Distribution transformers’ centers located away from the load centers.
Long and overloaded subtransmission lines.
Under loading of distribution transformers.
Absence of shunt compensation in the sub transmission and distribution system;
therefore, necessary to improve the working of the power distribution systems to reduce
the unfavorable conditions and thereby reduce losses, improve voltage regulation, etc.
The system improvement has to be planned properly with the following objectives in mind.
1. To reduce losses in the distribution and sub transmission system.
2. To improve the voltage regulation so as to bring it within the prescribed limit.
3. To improve the power factor in the sub transmission and distribution system so as to get
optimum utilization of /sub transmission/distribution capacities.
This paper is composed of the software called ETAP simulation and the real data collected from
the existing distribution system of Mekelle city.
The aim of this paper is the presentation of continues calculation formulation of the reactive
energy compensation on distribution feeder k06 which feeds the city’s industry zone.by doing
this method we assumed that the power factor is 0.95 for each industry of for each lumped load.
Before compensation of the reactive power the power factor of the system and he static and
lumped load was under 0.8. The power factor of the system was 69.7%. But after compensation
the power factor of the system is improved and become 85.7%. There is also another solution for
the power factor to be improved. When we put capacitor banks in ever lumped load the power
factor became 91.7%. This is very important for the distribution system of EEPCo in Mekelle
industry zone.

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1.2 Objective
The main objective of this project is to improve the reactive power in distribution system by
optimal placement of shunt capacitor in the entire selected distribution feeder lines.

Specific objective

 Reduce the I2R loss or power loss reduction

 Improve the power factor
 Voltage profile improvement
 Increase the distribution system stability

1.3 Problem of Statement

Due to system expansion without proper and adequate planning and financial provision for the
works in time, a large number of distribution systems have run into problems such as poor
voltage regulation, poor power factor, high measurable reactive power, high losses and poor
efficiency, over loading and less reliability for continuity of supply.
Among the most common problems in distribution system in a given network is a voltage
drop/under voltage/ that reaches to each household and high customer with less or almost in non-
significant improvement of reactive power in the system.
In our reactive power improvement project we are going to reduce the level of the reactive power
which results due to several factors by implementing the optimal placement of shunt capacitor in
a distribution system for better and reliable power supply by considering few feeder lines in a
selected area. For the existing network improving the reactive power gives long life service and
increases stability of the system under study.

1.4 Motivation
The motivation of doing this project came from the previous internship experience in distribution
system of EEPCo. We were there almost for four months. During the internship we noticed the
losses and poor network constructions that brought 28% of total loss estimated in 2009. So
contributing this paper in this field of power system is our delight and will benefit the
distribution system of Mekelle substation.

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1.5 Scope of the Project
The project work starts from selecting a specific area (Mekelle industry zone), by considering
one feeder line (K06) and conducting analysis of the total load, analyzing all the collected data in
the existing distribution network and the substation then implements all the analyzed data
through ETAP software to improve the reactive power level by optimal placement of shunt
capacitor.
The project ends after finding the optimal placement of shunt capacitor place, by determining all
the active and reactive power losses before the optimal placement of shunt capacitors, the power
factor difference and by assuring the voltage profile for a reliable power supply in the feeder
line.

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CHAPTER TWO

BACKGROUND THEORY AND

LITREATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theory

2.1.1 Distribution System Modeling

The distribution system typically starts with the distribution substation that is fed by one or more
subtransmission lines. In some cases the distribution substation is fed directly from a high-
voltage transmission line, in which case there is likely no subtransmission system. This varies
from company to company. Each distribution substation will serve one or more primary feeders.
With a rare exception, the feeders are radial, which means that there is only one path for power
to flow from the distribution substation to the user.

2.1.2 Radial Feeders

Radial distribution feeders are characterized by having only one path for power to flow from the
source (distribution substation) to each customer. A typical distribution system will be composed
of one or more distribution substations consisting of one or more feeders. Components of the
feeder may consist of the following:
 Three -phase primary “main” feeder
 Three-phase, two-phase (“V” phase), and single-phase laterals
 Step-type voltage regulators
 In-line transformers
 Shunt capacitor banks
 Distribution transformers
 Three-phase, two-phase, and single-phase loads
The loading of a distribution feeder is inherently unbalanced because of the large number of
unequal single-phase loads that must be served. An additional unbalance is introduced by the no
equilateral conductor spacing of three-phase overhead and underground line segments.
Because of the nature of the distribution system, conventional power-flow and short-circuit
programs used for transmission system studies are not adequate. Such programs display poor

5
convergence characteristics for radial systems. The programs also assume a perfectly balanced
system so that a single-phase equivalent system is used.
If a distribution engineer is to be able to perform accurate power-flow and short-circuit studies, it
is imperative that the distribution feeder be modeled as accurately as possible. This means that
three-phase models of the major components must be utilized. Figure 1 shows a simple “one-
line” diagram of a three-phase feeder and illustrates the major components of a distribution
system. The connecting points of the components will be referred to as “nodes.” Note that the
phasing of the line segments is shown. This is important if the most accurate models are to be
developed.

Figure 1 Radial distribution feeder

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2.1.3 Production and Absorption of Reactive Power
Synchronous generators can generate or absorb reactive power depending on the excitation.
When over exited they supply reactive power, and then under exited they absorb reactive power.
The capability to continuously supply and absorb reactive power, is however, limited by the field
current, armature current, and end-region heating limits. Synchronous generators are normally
equipped with automatic voltage regulators which continually adjust the excitation so as to
control the armature voltage.
Overhead lines, depending on the load current, absorb or supply reactive power. At the loads
below the natural (surge impedance) load, the lines produce net reactive power; at loads above
the natural load, the lines absorb reactive power.
Underground cables, owing to their high capacitance, have high natural loads. They are always
loaded below their natural load, and hence generate reactive power under all operating
conditions.
Transformers always absorb reactive power regardless of their loading; at no load, the shunt
magnetizing reactance effects predominate; and at full load, the series leakage inductance effects
predominate.
Loads, normally absorbs reactive power. A typical bus load supplied by a power system is
composed of large number of devices. The compositions depend on the day, season and weather
conditions. The composite characteristics are normally such as a load bus absorbs reactive
power. Both active and reactive powers of the composite loads vary as a function of voltage
magnitudes. Loads at low-lagging power factors causes excessive voltage drops in the
transmission network and are uneconomical to supply. Industrial customers are normally charged
for reactive as well as active power; this gives them incentive to improve the load power factor
by using shunt capacitors.
Compensating devices are normally added to supply or absorb reactive power and thereby
control the reactive power balance in a desired manner.

2.1.4 Reactive Power Control

For efficient and reliable operation of power system, the control of reactive and voltage power
should satisfy the following objectives:
Voltages at the terminals of all equipment in the system are within acceptable limits.
Both utility equipment and customer equipment are designed to operate at a certain

7
 voltage rating. Prolonged operation of the equipment at voltages outside the allowable
range could adversely affect their performance and possible cause them damage.
System stability is enhanced to maximize utilization of the transmission system. Voltage
and reactive power control have a significant impact on system stability.
The reactive power flow is minimized so as to reduce and to a practical
minimum. This insures that the transmission system operates efficiently, i.e., mainly for
active power transfer.
The problem of obtaining voltages within the required limits is complicated by the fact that the
power system supplies power to a vast number of loads and is fed from many generating units.
As loads vary, the reactive power requirements of the transmission system vary. This is
abundantly clear from the performance characteristics of transmission lines. Since reactive power
cannot be transmitted for long distance, voltage control has to be effected by using special
devices dispersed throughout the system. This is in contrast to the control of frequency which
depends on overall system active power balance. The proper selection and coordination of
equipment for controlling reactive power and voltage are among the major challenges of power
system engineering.

2.1.5 Distribution System Devices

Distribution Transformers (Pole Mounted)
Transformer is one of the most vital and important electrical equipment. The development of the
present day power system is very much attributable to the large number and types of transformer
that are in operation in the system, such as, generator transformers, step-up transformers, step-
down transformers, interlinking transformers, power transformers & distribution transformers
etc. Being a static machine, it is highly reliable compared to other machines.

Distribution transformers are the major distribution electrical equipment used to step down the
incoming voltage level to the appropriate level, i.e. incoming voltage from substation (15KV) to
customer usable form (380/400V) and they are an important link between the power system and
the electricity consumers.

There is no any transformer manufacturing company in our country most of the distribution
transformer that we are using are Vijig (India), Zenaro (Italy), China national and punawels of
Belgium and koncar (Crotia) etc.

8
The distribution transformer have a rating of 25 KVA,50 KVA,100 KVA,150 KVA,200
KVA,315 KVA and 630KVA and above. Any failure of this important equipment, apart from
adversely affecting the consumers, will also mean considerable financial loss to the electricity
undertaking. It is therefore of important that utmost care is taken in the design, manufacture,
testing, installation, and maintenance of transformers.

The pole mounted transformer consists the following

 Koncar(Crotia) /2*50KVA/
 China national/3*100KVA, 2*315KVA, and 1*800KVA /
 Zenaro (Italy)/1*200 KVA,2*315 KVA/
 Panwels/200KVA/
 Indian

 Vital/1*315KVA/

 Vijia/1*25KVA,3*50KVA,2*100KVA,1*200KVA,15*315KVA/

Distribution Network Conductors

The distribution networks are usually connected by means of a transformer to transform the
medium voltage to low voltage. Distribution System has three-phase 3-conductor circuits are
universally used in transmission systems. Distribution network consist of overhead or
underground cables, or some combination of both.

Overhead Systems consist of aerial cables or open-wire conductors carried on poles or towers.
Aluminum conductors have, to a large degree, replaced copper in overhead installations.
Conductor sizes most commonly used vary from No. 2 AWG to 556 kcmil aluminum cable steel
reinforced (ACSR) or stranded aluminum alloy. An aluminum cable stranded around a steel core
sized to give the required strength is known as ACSR. Other cables are aluminum conductor
alloy-reinforced (ACAR) and all aluminum-alloy conductor (AAAC).

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Presently there are two type of bare overhead conductors used in distribution network systems.
These are

1. AAC (All Aluminum Conductors)

2. ACSR (Aluminum conductor steel rain forced)

ACSR conductors are preferred to AAC for long span owing to their greater tensile strength. The
basic factor determining the selection of conductor size for distribution is the permissible voltage
drop in the line.

In addition to this the following should be considered

 Current carrying Capacity

 Tensile strength of the conductor

1. AAC (All Aluminum Conductors):-

These are stranded conductors made of aluminum wires, and the strand increases the conductor’s
flexibility. Stranded aluminum conductors are durable and light. The conductivity of aluminum
is about 66% of that of copper. The average ultimate breaking strength of stranded aluminum is
about 65%of that of copper wire. AAC stranded conductor are mainly used on low voltage and
medium voltage distribution lines employing relatively short spans of up to of 30 and 50mt
respectively.

 AAC are being manufactured in India and being increasingly used because of

 Higher conductivity(i.e. lower losses)

 Less corrosion problems

 Lower weight (about 20%) Which means easier handing and lower stress on the pole

 Easier to make joint. Not steel core which has to be joined separately.

The Nominal cross section area (mm2), Nominal current and short circuit current carrying
capacity of all aluminum conductors is given below.

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 Cross Nominal short
sectional Current circuit
1.All Aluminum Conductors (AAC) area current
25mm2 145A 2.13A
50mm2 225A 4.25A
95mm2 340A 8.10A
Table 1 Property of AAC

2. ACSR (Aluminum conductor steel rain forced)

These conductors are made up of a galvanized steel core surrounded by strand aluminum wire. The
size of the steel core and of aluminum strands is generally the same .The steel wires provide to
increase the tensile strength while the aluminum carries the current.

For higher size of conductors, the number of steel wires in the core as well as the number of
aluminum strand increase. The cross section of ASCR conductors can be

 Single layer
 Double layer
ASCR is 50% stronger and 20% lighter than copper conductor of equal resistance. ASCR is has
different type based on manufacture, Colibri, Rondine, Ferenjello and corvo.

Type Cross Nominal

2.Almuinum conductor steel rain sectional Current
forced(ACSR) area
Colibri 18.61mm2 100A
2
Rondine 19.58mm 135A
Corovo 65.02mm2 200A

Table 2 Property of ACSR

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Bus Theory

Depending on which of the four variables are known (given) and which ones are unknown (to be
calculated), two basic types of buses can be defined:
 PQ bus: P and Q are specified; U and θ are calculated
 PU bus: P and U are specified; Q and θ are calculated
PQ buses: - are normally used to represent load buses without voltage control, and PU buses are
used to represent generation buses with voltage control in power flow calculations. Synchronous
compensators are also treated as PU buses. A third bus is also needed:
• Uθ bus: - U and θ are specified; P and Q are calculated, The Uθ bus, also called reference bus
or slack bus, has double functions in the basic formulation of the power flow problem:
It serves as the voltage angle reference
Since the active power losses are unknown in advance, the active power
generation of the Uθ bus is used to balance generation, load, and losses.
In “normal” power systems PQ-buses or load buses are the far most common, typically
comprising more than 80% of all buses. Other possible bus types are P, U, and PQU, with
obvious definitions. The use of multiple Uθ buses may also be required for certain applications.
In more general cases, the given values are not limited to the specific set of buses (P, Q, U, θ),
and branch related variables can also be specified.

Capacitor
Capacitors are simple devices: two metal plates sandwiched around an insulating dielectric.
When charged to a given voltage, opposing charges fill the plates on either side of the dielectric.
The strong attraction of the charges across the very short distance separating them makes a tank
of energy. Capacitors oppose changes in voltage; it takes time to fill up the plates with charge,
and once charged, it takes time to discharge the voltage. On ac power systems, capacitors do not
store their energy very long just one-half cycle. Each half cycle, a capacitor charges up and then
discharges its stored energy back into the system. The net real power transfer is zero. Capacitors
provide power just when reactive loads need it. Just when a motor with low power factor needs
power from the system, the capacitor is there to provide it. Then in the next half cycle, the motor
releases its excess energy, and the capacitor is there to absorb it. Capacitors and reactive loads
exchange this reactive power back and forth.

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This benefits the system because that reactive power (and extra current) does not have to be
transmitted from the generators all the way through many transformers and many miles of lines;
the capacitors can provide the reactive power locally. This frees up the lines to carry real power,
power that actually does work.
Capacitors provide tremendous benefits to distribution system performance. Most noticeably,
capacitors reduce losses, free up capacity, and reduce voltage drop:

Losses
By canceling the reactive power to motors and other loads with low power factor, capacitors
decrease the line current. Reduced current frees up capacity; the same circuit can serve more
loads. Reduced current also significantly lowers the line losses.

Voltage Drop
Capacitors provide a voltage boost, which cancels part of the drop caused by system loads.
Switched capacitors can regulate voltage on a circuit. If applied properly and controlled,
capacitors can significantly improve the performance of distribution circuits. But if not properly
applied or controlled, the reactive power from capacitor banks can create losses and high
voltages. The greatest danger of over voltages occurs under light load. Good planning helps
ensure that capacitors are sited properly.
LT (Low Tension) Capacitors’ Installation
LT capacitors are installed on the distribution system on individual lines or consumers motors to
reduce system losses and improve the system voltage and capacity. In addition, they provide
other advantages for the consumer, such as reduction in kVA demand, losses and stable voltage.
The optimum benefit desired from the capacitors largely depends on the correct positioning of
the capacitor in the system.

Series and Shunt Capacitors

Capacitors aid in minimizing operating expenses and allow the utilities to serve new loads and
consumers with a minimum system investment. Series and shunt capacitors in a power system
generate reactive power to improve power factor and voltage, thereby enhancing the system
capacity and reducing the losses.

Series Capacitors
For a given voltage angle spread, the active power flow in a transmission line decreases with the
line reactance (and series reactance normally increases with line length).

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Series compensation aims at reducing the effective electric length of the line: a series capacitor
connected in series with the line. In the dc power flow model the series capacitor can thus be
regarded as a negative resistance inserted in series with the equivalent line resistance.
In series capacitors the reactive power is proportional to the square of the load current, whereas
in shunt capacitors it is proportional to the square of the voltage. There are certain unfavorable
aspects of series capacitors. Generally the cost of installing series capacitors is higher than that of
a corresponding installation of a shunt capacitor. This is because the protective equipment for a
series capacitor is often more complicated.

Shunt Capacitor
Due to various limitations in the use of series capacitors, shunt capacitors are widely used in
distribution systems. For the same voltage improvement, the rating of a shunt capacitor will be
higher than that of a series capacitor. Thus a series Capacitor stiffens the system, which is
especially beneficial for starting large motors from an otherwise weak power system, for
reducing light flicker caused by large fluctuating load, etc.

Fig 2 connection of shunt capacitors to compensate

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Reasons for the application of shunt capacitor units are because of
 Increase voltage level at the load
 Improves voltage regulation if the capacitor units are properly switched.
 Reduces I2R power loss in the system because of reduction in current.
 Reduces I2X kVar loss in the system because of reduction in current.
 Increases power factor of the source generator.
 Decrease kVA loading on the source generators and circuits to relieve an overloaded
condition or release capacity for additional load growth.
 By reducing kVA loading on the source generators additional kilowatt loading may be
placed on the generation if turbine capacity is available.
 To reduce demand power is purchased. Correction to 100 percent power factor may be
economical in some cases.
 Reduces investment in system facilities per kilowatt of load supplied.

2.1.5 Power Factor

It is possible to correct low power factor up to unity power factor, thus making the power factor
in kW and kVA loading on a power system equal. But owing to the cost of power factor
correction equipment this is never economically justified.
Hence the load is partially compensated (i.e. | Qγ| <|QL|) the degree of compensation being
decided by an economic between the capital cost of the compensator ( which depends on its
rating) and the capitalized cost of obtaining the reactive power from the supply system over a
period of time.
Voltage drop is higher with lower voltage distribution systems; poor power factor, single phase
circuits, and unbalanced circuits. The main ways to reduce voltage drop are to:
 Increase power factor (add capacitors)
 Re-conductor with a larger size
 Balance circuits
 Convert single-phase sections to three-phase sections
 Reduce load
 Reduce length

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2.1.6 Load Condition

Power systems deliver energy to loads that perform a function. These loads range from
household appliances to industrial machinery. Most loads expect a certain voltage and, for
alternating current devices, a certain frequency and number of phases. An exception exists for
centralized air conditioning systems as these are now typically three-phase because this allows
them to operate more efficiently. All devices in house will also have wattage; this specifies the
amount of power the device consumes. At any one time, the net amount of power consumed by
the loads on a power system must equal the net amount of power produced by the supplies less
the power lost in transmission.

Making sure that the voltage, frequency and amount of power supplied to the loads are in line
with expectations is one of the great challenges of power system engineering. However it is not
the only challenge, in addition to the power used by a load to do useful work (termed real power
many alternating current devices also use an additional amount of power because they cause the
alternating voltage and alternating current to become slightly out-of-sync (termed reactive
power). The reactive power like the real power must balance (that is the reactive power produced
on a system must equal the reactive power consumed) and can be supplied from the generators,
however it is often more economical to supply such power from capacitors.

Power system loads can be adversely affected by range temporal issues. These include voltage
sags, dips and swells, transient overvoltage, flicker, high frequency noise, phase imbalance and
poor power factor Power quality issues can be especially important when it comes to specialist
industrial machinery or hospital equipment.
The major customer classes that found in k-06 are industrial and residential customers.

Residential Power Systems

Residential load always take supply from the low voltage distribution lines or cables that run past
the resident. These operate at voltages of 380 to 400 depending upon standards the active line
would then be run through a main isolating switch in the fuse box and then split into one or more
circuits to feed lighting and appliances inside the house. Circuits would have both an active and
neutral wire with both the lighting and power sockets being connected in parallel. Sockets would
also be provided with a protective earth. This would be made available to appliances to connect
to any metallic casing.

16
Industrial Power Systems
Large industrial load installations will have an orderly system of sub-panels, separate from the
main distribution board to allow for better system protection and more efficient electrical
installation. Typically there are many large appliances connected to a industrial power system,
and ensuring these appliances are adequately supplied is an important consideration in industrial
power systems. Regulations for industrial establishments place other requirements on industrial
systems that are not placed on residential systems.

2.2 Literature Review

Various authors discussed about the optimal placement of shunt capacitor using different
techniques in a radial distribution system.
A. H. Mantawy and M. S. Al-Ghamdi et al. [1] presents a new algorithm for optimizing reactive
power using Particle Swarm Algorithm. A new implementation for the particle swarm algorithm
has been applied. The objective function of the proposed algorithm is to minimize the system
active power loss. The control variables are generator bus voltages, transformer tap positions and
switch-able shunt capacitor banks. The proposed algorithm has been applied to practical IEEE 6-
bus system.

Reactive power optimization is a complex combinational optimization problem. A new improved

integer coding Particle Swarm Algorithm is presented to solve this problem. The main objective
is to minimize the active power loss in the network, while satisfying all the power system
operation constraints. The particle swarm algorithm has been coded as well as the power flow
fast-decoupled method using MATLAB. The proposed algorithm has been successfully applied
to the IEEE 6-bus system. The simulation results show that PSO algorithm always lead to a
satisfactory result. The obtained results are superior compared to previously reported work in the
literature.

M. Damodar Reddy and Prof. V.C. Veera Reddy et al. [2] presents a new methodology using
fuzzy and Real Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA) for the placement of capacitors on the
primary feeders of the radial distribution systems to reduce the power losses and to improve the
voltage profile. A two-stage methodology is used for the optimal capacitor placement problem.
In the first stage, fuzzy approach is used to find the optimal capacitor locations and in the second
stage, Real Coded Genetic Algorithm is used to find the sizes of the capacitors. The sizes of the
capacitors corresponding to maximum annual savings are determined. The proposed method is

17
tested on 15-bus, 34-bus and 69-bus test systems and the results are presented. a two-stage
methodology of finding the optimal locations and sizes of shunt capacitors for reactive power
compensation of radial distribution systems is presented. Fuzzy approach is proposed to find the
optimal capacitor locations and RCGA method is proposed to find the optimal capacitor sizes.
Based on the simulation results, the following conclusions are drawn:

By installing shunt capacitors at all the potential locations, the total real power loss of the system
has been reduced significantly and bus voltages are improved substantially. The proposed fuzzy
approach is capable of determining the optimal capacitor locations based on the C.S.I.values.
The proposed RCGA method iteratively searches the optimal capacitor sizes effectively for the
maximum annual savings.
D. ISSICABA, A. L. BETTIOL, J. COELHO and M. V. P. ALCANTARA et al. [3] discussed
about Optimal Capacitor Placement in Radial Distribution Systems by Reinforcement Learning
Approach. Inherent to power transmission and distribution are the electrical power losses. These
electrical losses can be considerably reduced through the installation and control of reactive
compensation equipment’s, such as capacitor banks, reducing reactive currents in distribution
feeders. An optimal capacitor placement, sizing, and controlling problem are formulated aiming
to improve voltage regulation and reduce power losses. Characterize and compose the main
contribution of the work, a formulation and methodology to a concomitant search for optimal
placement, optimal placement policy, and optimal control scheme of capacitor banks in
distribution systems. These optimal solutions provide decision support to reactive power
compensation planning in large scale energy utilities. The proposed method has been tested in a
Brazilian Central Region real system with preliminary but promising numerical results.
A new methodology for optimization and automatic control of reactive power in distribution
systems is proposed in this work. The capacitor placement policy search was approached to
provide decision support to planning compensation in large scale energy companies.
Based on reinforcement learning concepts, a formulation to a concomitant search for optimal
placement, optimal placement policy, and optimal control scheme of capacitor banks in
distribution networks was presented. In fact, the reinforcement learning technique showed
effectiveness in landscape combinatorial optimization problems. Sensitivity-based analyses
improve the proposed method adding knowledge to the model and speeding up simulations.

18
The designed algorithm was applied in a Brazilian Central Region real system to improve
voltage profiles and reduce electric power losses. Preliminary results pointed up good
performance and robustness in power distribution systems optimization problems. Future work
needs to be carried out with regard to the following issues: nonlinear and unbalanced loads,
annualized maintenance costs, and Meta heuristic methods hybridism.

Anwar siddiqui, and Farrukh rahman et al. [4] Showed Optimal Capacitor Placement to reduce
losses in Distribution System. To improve the overall efficiency of power system, the
performance of distribution system must be improved. An important method of controlling bus
voltage is by shunt capacitor banks at the buses at both transmission and distribution levels along
lines or substation and loads. The problem of capacitor allocation in electric distribution systems
involves maximizing “energy and peak power (demand) loss reductions” by means of capacitor
installations. As a result power factor of distribution system improves. A 10 bus radial
distribution system is taken as model. The load flow program is executed using Fuzzy Logic
toolbox of MATLAB. Fuzzy logic based technique is used for determination of suitable location
of capacitor placement.
Shunt capacitors to be placed at the nodes of the system will be represented as reactive power
injections. Fuzzy techniques have advantages of simplicity, less computations & fast results. An
approach incorporating the use of fuzzy sets theory has been presented in this project to
determine the optimal number, locations and ratings of capacitors to place in a distribution
system. In choosing the ideal locations for capacitor placement, a compromise of the reactive
losses and the voltage sensitivity is determined. Application of this method to a sample test
system has shown its effectiveness in peak power and energy loss reductions, and improvement
in voltage regulation. The same procedure with some additional considerations can be
successfully applied to complex systems having sub feeders or system with more buses. In
addition, this algorithm can easily readapt for capacitor allocation in distribution system
planning, expansion or operation.

R. Srinivasa Rao and S. V. L. Narasimham et al. [5] presents a new and efficient approach for
capacitor placement in radial distribution systems that determine the optimal locations and size
of capacitor with an objective of improving the voltage profile and reduction of power loss. The
solution methodology has two parts: in part one the loss sensitivity factors are used to select the

19
candidate locations for the capacitor placement and in part two a new algorithm that employs
Plant growth Simulation Algorithm (PGSA) is used to estimate the optimal size of capacitors at
the optimal buses determined in part one. The main advantage of this method is that it does not
require any external control parameters. The other advantage is that it handles the objective
function and the constraints separately, avoiding the trouble to determine the barrier factors. The
proposed method is applied to 9, 34, and 85-bus radial distribution systems. The solutions
obtained by the proposed method are compared with other methods. The proposed method has
outperformed the other methods in terms of the quality of solution.

A new and efficient approach that employs loss sensitivity factors and PGSA for capacitor
placement in the distribution system has been proposed. The loss sensitivity factors are used to
determine the candidate locations of the buses. A new and efficient approach that employs loss
sensitivity factors and PGSA for capacitor placement in the distribution system has been
proposed. The loss sensitivity factors are used to determine the candidate locations of the buses.

J. B. V. Subrahmanyam et al. [6] presents a novel method to determine the best locations for
capacitor placement in unbalanced radial distribution networks and simple GA is used to find the
optimal sizing of the capacitor bank. The objective function formulated includes the energy cost,
capacitor installation cost and purchase cost, so that the fitness functions is to be maximized for
the net saving.

A simple and efficient candidate node identification method algorithm has been presented for the
optimal placement of capacitors in unbalanced radial distribution networks and simple GA is
used to find the optimal sizing of the capacitor bank. The objective function formulated includes
the energy cost, capacitor installation cost and purchase cost, so that the fitness functions is to be
maximized for the net saving. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been demonstrated
through the 25-bus unbalanced radial distribution system and the IEEE 37-bus system examples

20
CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLGY
First of all, the data gathering process and organizing process had to be the priority task as
proposed by our proposal. So we did it as the right step. The following data is collected from the
Mekelle Distribution system office and industry zone of the Mekelle city.

3.1 Data Collection

Mekelle city substation (Lachi substation) has five outgoing feeder line with rated nominal
voltage of 15KV and 33KV. Namely feeder line K01, K02. K03, K04, K05 and K06. Feeder line
06 feed to the industry zone/area/ which is found in kebele… or at the end of Ayder Hospital.
The data collecting phase is done by collecting the necessary data from the Mekelle Distribution
System office and the Industry zone. So the site (field) task was so tiresome and was bulky.
 From The Distribution system office of Mekelle city we gathered
 The whole feeder load data:-
The load data that is recorded by distribution system officers in 18/02/2004E.c for preventive
maintenance Inspection task, the whole distribution transformers load amount with their capacity
is also recorded. From their Inspection data sheet of feeder line k06, we collect all the necessary
data. The load record includes each phases (RST) daily load.
 The Distribution transformers data
There are Thirty five distribution pole mounted transformer are found in the distribution
network. Their type, rating, manufacturer and year of manufacturing are listed in the recorded
inspections form.
 The entire distribution network AutoCAD drawing.
We obtain the whole AutoCAD drawing of feeder line 06, which is very essential for the
determination the type of distribution conductor, their coverage distance and total distance of the
network.
 From the companies that are found in the feeder line 06, we read power factor from their
bill reading and we obtain a pf difference with EEPCo’s standard.
For this case as we heard from the Lachi substation officer we use a reference of EEPCo’s
standard power factor 80% (0.8) of each company.

21
The following table shows some of the obtained pf difference of some companies.
No Company name PF Difference Power
factor
1 Mahkele mail factory 27.0 0.53
2 Medhan gabyon factory 17.0 0.63
3 Huda flour factory 25.1 0.54
4 Lemlem flour factory 27.75 0.57
5 Patina paint factory 26.56 0.53
6 Romanat flour factory 20.66 0.64
7 Dashin steel factory 23.0 0.57
8 Koda Factory 22.5 0.77
Table 3 Pf value of some industries
Since a few companies are not willing to give us their bill for reading their power factor we
approximate their power factor by ourselves to the nearest value which resembles to the other
factories.
The following table shows the collected and organized data of the above information sources.
This table comprises all the data that are used for data analysis in ETAP software.
The Data includes: -
 The specific location of the pole mounted transformer
 Transformer rating(KVA)
 Transformer load(A)
 Power factor
 Average load(A)
 Active(KW) and Reactive(KVAR) energy

22
 ETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION TRANSFORMER
HISTORY CARD
Date of
Code No.: 01 Previous card no.: 225
failure:_________
Region: Tigray
Date of action
Substation Name: Mekelle GPS :13,32’24.8”,39,30’28.9
taken __________
Customer type: Residential
Transformer code: 01 specific location:
KVA Rating:50 substation residence
Signature: _______________
Primary service voltage: 15KV Name of
Manufacturer: Koncar(Crotia) Customer._______
Year of manufacturing: 2000 Sub city: Semen .semen
Serial no. Tag no. 200973 Kebele:________________
Date of installation:
Date & name of region which received the maintained trafo by elec
W.S______________

Silcajel

oil level
Ground
links

out/MV
drop

bushings
breaker

cable size (mm2)/fuse

arrester

leakages
Inspection Fuse transformer load (A)
No. rating(A)
Date rating
F1 F2 F3 R S T N
L.

2x160
1 18/02/04 √ √ √ √ √ √ full X 3*35/16 X X 4.5 6.2 0.8 3.6
1x200

2x160
2 18/02/04 √ √ √ √ √ √ full X 3*35/16 X X 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1
1x200
3
4
Note: 1. This card must be filled in 4 copies, 1 for the work unit who installed the transformer, and 3 copies for electric
work shop
2. The workshop must forward 1 copy for dist. Technical support, and 1 copy shall be given to the work unit that takes the maintained transformer

Table 4 EEPCo Transformer History card

23
Transformer Rating Specific location Load/A/ Average PF Active Reactive
No /KVA/ R S T N load/A/ energy/KW/ energy/KVAR/
TOO1 50 Substation residence 4.9 6.4 1 3.7 4.1 0.8 2.16 1.62
TOO2 100 Lachi(yohannes mill) 54.6 45.1 37.5 27 46.03 0.84 25.45 16.44
TOO3 100 Lachi ato Desta kidanu 1.5 0 19.3 21.3 6.9 0.8 3.65 2.74
TOO4 50 Lachi Health center 0 0 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.11 0.078
TO05 200 Lachi ato woldu 10.2 1.1 0 9.7 3.7 0.8 1.98 1.5
TO06 50 Kire wuha 30.9 33.6 32.3 0 32.3 0.69 14.7 15.4
TO07 100 Lachi water pump 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
TO08 100 Milk Factory 0 1.1 0 4 0.4 0.8 0.193 0.145
TO09 315 Lemlem Duket Factory 0 4.3 0 4.3 1.4 0.8 0.756 0.567
TO10 800 Lemlem Duket Factory 225.5 181.1 168.5 17.1 191.8 0.57 71.97 103.74
T011 50 Desta Furniture 0.1 26.9 7.5 5.2 12.97 0.7 5.97 6.1
TO12 315 Aregawi mismar factory 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
TO13 315 Romanat Duket Factory 170.7 165.4 156.9 5.5 164.3 0.64 69.22 83.11
TO14 315 Dashen Steel Factory 155.9 146.4 161.5 4.6 154.6 0.57 58 83.61
TO15 315 Lilay Kasa store 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
TO16 315 Comel honey factory 98 82.3 75 18.5 81.8 0.63 33.93 41.83
TO17 315 Koda Factory 52.9 52.6 48.4 2.9 51.3 0.77 26 21.54
TO18 315 Haji hubu karemela fact.. 2.3 0 0 1.8 0.77 0.8 0.403 0.3
TO19 315 Huda duket factory 0 0 0 0 0 0.72 0 0

24
TO20 315 M/sebeho elec factory 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
T021 315 Haleka mezgebo factory 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
T022 315 Ephrem kahsay factory 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
TO23 315 w/ro freweini mebrahtu 2.6 0 1.5 2.4 1.4 0.8 0.72 0.54
TO24 315 Aregawi kelem factory 0 0 0 0 0 0.89 0 0
TO25 315 Feleg hiwet blocket factory 0.1 0 0 0 0.03 0.8 0.017 0.013
TO26 315 Ato h/slassie factory 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
TO27 315 G/her abay ducket factory 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
TO28 315 Wuhnibet 120 62.1 111.6 38.6 97.9 0.75 48.33 42.62
TO29 100 Tekeste abrha mill 53.6 62.6 51.4 0.5 55.8 0.69 25.36 26.6
TO30 50 Mariam dahen church 42.6 1.3 17.6 18.1 19.2 0.8 10.1 7.57
TO31 200 Midroc construction 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
TO32 315 Mekalakia residence 145.4 160.5 252 136 185.9 0.65 79.6 93.01
TO33 25 Tele mobile near mekalakia 2.5 2.5 4.8 4 3.3 0.8 1.72 1.3
TO34 315 Lachi mekalakia garge 4.1 2.1 8.4 1.5 4.8 0.8 2.56 1.92
TO35 200 3.6 0.1 9.8 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.4 1.8
Sum Total 959.8 866.2 263.9 972.8

Table 5 total load of feeder line 06

25
 Figure 3 Mekelle city 15KV networks
This is the AutoCAD view of Mekelle distribution system. The distribution system has 6
outgoing feeders. These are K01, K02, K03, K04, K05, and K06. Among these feeders we have
chosen feeder K06. And its AutoCAD view is depicted below.
This feeder feeds the industry zone of Mekelle city parallel to some static loads through its way
to the industry zone. From this feeder we picked up data like the distance of coverage by the
feeder, the transmission line types, the transformer number, and the transformer ratings.

26
 Figure 4 Feeder k-06 15KV network

3.2 Data Fed to ETAP

3.2.1Transformer Parameters
There are several types of distribution transformers used in K06. These transformers are differing
in their KVA based on the customer load condition, Manufacturer and year of mfg., and their
construction type.

In k 06 there are 35/thirty five/ Pole mounted transformers are available. The following table
contains the data insertion to the transformer parameter. This insertion is calculated and derived
by different formulas. Before the table the calculation is written below.

When neither X/R nor power factor are specified for the utility, it is usually safe to assume the
impedance of the utility is all reactance and X/R is infinite. Unless there are many miles of
transmission line, the impedance of the utility will be mainly reactance in the generator. This is
all the data needed for the utility. From this data, the calculation program can be used to
calculate impedance (Z), resistance (R), and reactance (X). This data can also be calculated
manually.

27
Impedance is calculated from VLL and kVA.
VLL2
Z
kVA  1000
Resistance and reactance are then calculated from the impedance using X/R.

Since: Z  X 2  R 2

X  R   X / R
Z
R And
1  X / R
2

When we come to the transformer case:

This is the insertion of the transformer’s impedance, reactance, and resistance to the ETAB
simulation.
Transformers are specified by output voltage (V), kVA rating, percent impedance (%Z), and X/R
ratio. The X/R ratio is the ratio of reactance to resistance. This information, with the exception
of X/R, is usually on the transformer nameplate. If X/R is not specified on the nameplate, the
transformer manufacturer may be able to supply this. When contacting the transformer
manufacturer, it may be helpful to have the transformer serial number. If X/R cannot be
obtained, a value of 4.9 is typical and can be used in calculations. Impedance (Z) is calculated
from V, kVA, and %Z.
%Z  V 2 %Z V 2
Z Or Z  *
kVA  100,000 100 VA
Resistance and reactance are then calculated from Z and X/R as they were for the utility. Again,
these resistances and reactance are at the secondary of the transformer. Alternatively, the
calculated resistances and reactance can be converted to the new voltage by multiplying by the
ratio of the voltages squared.
After this discretion and formula the table summarizes the transformer impedance.
No Transformer Z R X X/R
Number
1 TO01 0.1155 0.0231 0.1132 4.9
2 TO02 0.058 0.0115 0.0566 4.922
3 TO03 0.058 0.0115 0.0566 4.922
4 TO04 0.115 0.231 0.1132 4.9
5 TO05 0.03 0.006 0.028 4.67

28
6 TO06 0.1155 0.0231 0.1132 4.9
7 TO07 0.058 0.0115 0.0566 4.922
8 TO08 0.058 0.0115 0.0566 4.922
9 TO09 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
10 TO10 0.007 0.0014 0.007 5
11 TO11 0.1155 0.0231 0.1132 4.9
12 TO12 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
13 TO13 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
14 TO14 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
15 TO15 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
16 TO16 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
17 TO17 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
18 TO18 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
19 TO19 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
20 TO20 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
21 TO21 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
22 TO22 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
23 TO23 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
24 TO24 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
25 TO25 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
26 TO26 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
27 TO27 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
28 TO28 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
29 TO29 0.058 0.0115 0.0566 4.922
30 TO30 0.1155 0.0231 0.1132 4.9
31 TO31 0.03 0.006 0.028 4.67
32 TO32 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
33 TO33 0.231 0.0462 0.2264 4.9
34 TO34 0.018 0.004 0.018 4.5
35 TO35 0.03 0.006 0.028 4.67
Table 6 Transformer parameters

29
This is the ETAP simulator transformer editor window when data is inserted to the
transformer.as shown in the window we insert the primary and secondary voltage as shown.

Figure 5 Transformer editor windows

3.2.2Transmission Line Parameter

The feeder line is composed of four type conductors, All Aluminum Conductor (AAC 50 and
95mm2), and Aluminum steel conductor reinforced (ASCR 19 and 65mm2). These transmission
lines differ in their current carrying capacity correspondence with their cross sectional area. So
we obtained their resistance and reactance from their manufacturing data sheet, and the total
distance each type of conductors’ coverage is determined from the AutoCAD drawing of the
feeder and tabulated as shown below.

30
S/No Type Covered Resistance Reactance XL
Distance (Ω/Km) (Ω/Km)
(Km)
1 All aluminum Conductor/ AAC-50/ 5.21 0.5868 0.429
2 All aluminum Conductor/ AAC-95/ 12.63 0.3060 0.4065
3 Aluminum Conductor steel reinforced/ACSR-19/ 0.232 0.2848 0.369
4 Aluminum conductor steel reinforced /ACSR-65/ 6.84 0.3007 0.464
Total Distance 24.913
Table 7 Transmission line Parameter

Figure 6 Transmission line editor windows

3.2.3 Shunt Capacitor Parameter

After the calculation of the power factor improvement for each and every lumped load to the
EEPCO’s standard pf and also by improving the pf to 95% for a better minimization loss, we
decided to take this pf value and determine the KVar value of each capacitor which is required
for the improvement. Then we insert the obtained KVar value of each capacitor data in the ETAP
software as shown below.

31
Load No. Capacitor Size Load No. Capacitor Size
/KVar/ /KVar/
1 1.345 14 0
2 7.78 15 12.45
3 1.68 16 0
4 0 17 0
5 0.35 18 16.44
6 10.07 19 24.54
7 0 20 3.7
8 0.67 21 66.04
9 79.62 22 1.68
10 4.03 23 1.014
11 55.96 24 1.68
12 64.94 25 1.345
13 17.87
Table 8 Determined Capacitor sizes

Figure 7 Capacitor Editor Window

32
3.2.4 Load Parameters
In the selected area there two types of loads. The first one is static or resistive load and the
second one is motor or lumped load. As we wrote earlier we collected these data from the
distribution system of Mekelle distribution system office and the lumped load of the industries in
the industry zone. Since our distribution system is unbalanced system we had to decide correct
approach to make it balanced load. So among the approximation techniques we took the average
approximation method to make balanced load system. Balanced Approximations

To create a balanced network model from the full system data, the following modifications are
performed:
 All single and two-phase branches and buses are removed
 Load present on removed buses is aggregated as a three-phase unbalanced load on
the nearest upstream three-phase bus
 Resulting unbalanced loads are represented with balanced representations.
Three approximations to subsequent bus loading are investigated for all ZIP load models present:
• Balanced load selected as the minimum load magnitude across all phases
• Balanced load selected as the average load magnitude across all phases
• Balanced load selected as the maximum load magnitude across all phases
The ETAP load insertion window shows the following data feeding system.in this field we
inserted the active power, the reactive power, and the power factor of each lumped load and
static load. In most cases we arranged the lumped load 80% motor and 20% static load.

Figure 8 Lumped load Editor Window

33
3.3 ETAP ANALYSIS
This phase is the data analysis stage using ETAP software. After collecting and organizing all the
necessary data, we go to the software implementation part. After Feeding the transformers’
parameter, line parameter, lumped load and static load value the following print out data come
out as a result. The data analysis summary table is depicted below and shows the entire details
summary.
The following pictures are the three ETAP software simulation results.
The first figure shows the whole network after drawing in ETAP software
The next picture shows the total summary and the loss summary result
respectively.

Figure 9 Entire network ETAP model of feeder line 06

34
Table 9 summary of total generation, loading and demand

35
36
Table 10 branch loss summary report for the existing networks without
compensation

37
Figure 10 Existing networks where every lumped load is installed with shunt capacitor

38
39
Table 11 branch loss summary report for every lumped load with shunt capacitors

40
Figure 11 the existing network where optimal placements of shunt capacitors are located

41
42
Table 12 branch loss summary result of ETAP for optimally placed
capacitors

43
CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND DISSCUSSION

This chapter is about comparison between the data before and after compensation. This body is
also introduces how we improved the power factor of each load and the capacitor insertion to
each and optimal placement of the capacitor.
When we proceed in our entire project the following results are the outcome of this project.

4.1 First Result

Firstly, we improved the power factor of each lumped load making the power factor equal to
95%. In this case we found the following results on the entire system of the distribution system.
The capacities of the capacitors that we inserted to improve the power factor of every lumped
load are listed in table 12.
The following table shows the outcome that we read from the ETAP software
Place Power factor Active power Reactive power Active loss Reactive loss
(KW) (KVAR)
(KW) (KVAR)
Before after Before After before After before after Before after
Substation 69.6% 91.7% 524 508 540 223 45.0 28.5 11.3 5.6
Table 13 result of ETAP software where ever lumped loads are installed with
shunt capacitor
This result is very important to EEPCo to improve the power factor of the distribution
substation. If EEPCo commands each factory to establish a shunt capacitor of optimal size the
power factor of the entire distribution system will be safe and work in stable manner.

4.2 Second Result

As we proposed in our proposal presentation the main objective of this thesis is reactive power
improvement (RPI) by optimal placement of shunt capacitor. So the second result gives emphasis
to the special objective. After we improved the power factor of every lumped load, we chose the
bus places where the reactive power demand from the substation is reduced. As well the losses
on reactive and active power show big change and reduced dramatically. Let’s summarize it in
table below.

44
Place Power factor Active power Reactive power Active power Reactive
(KW) (KVAR) loss (KW) power loss
(KVAR)
before After Before After before after Before after before After
Substation 69.6 85.7% 524 509 540 309 44.7 29 10 6.8
Difference 16.1% 15 231 15.7 3.2
Table 14 result of the ETAP software for optimally placed shunt capacitors
As we see from the above table the reactive power demand from the substation is greatly reduced
from 540 to 306KVAR. Rather generating and transmitting reactive power from the substation
for long distance to load area it is better to use shunt capacitors like we did in this thesis to feed
thee required amount of reactive power to the system.
This chapter is about comparison between the data before and after compensation. This body is
also introduces how we improved the power factor of each load and the capacitor insertion to
each and optimal placement of the capacitor.
The next table is about the capacity of the capacitors that we inserted and where we inserted
them optimally.
Cap. No Capacity size Optimal place
(KVar)
26 64.9 Bus 25
27 66 Bus 61
28 79.7 Bus 17
29 16.4 Bus 55
30 24.5 Bus 54
Table 15 Optimal place of the shunt capacitors with respective loads
Buses 17, 25, 54, 55, and 61 are the chosen optimal places of the shunt capacitors. If we put
these five capacitors in their optimal places the reactive power loss will reduce in 32% and the
active power loss will reduce in 35.12%.
As the proposal we achieved our goal that is optimal placement of capacitors to improve the
reactive power and by doing so the reduction of losses is the side profit and achieved here too.

45
CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion
This chapter is the last chapter of this paper. And it concludes the results and the achieved
objectives of the proposal. And also this chapter contains the recommendation for both of
different factories in the industry zone of the city and to the distribution substation.
The reactive power improvement of the distribution system by using shunt capacitors is very
important. It reduces the reactive and active power losses of the distribution system, improves
voltage profile of the system by reducing the reactive power generation from the substation, and
improves the power factor of the distribution system. As we wrote above the reactive and the
active power losses are reduced by 32% and 35.12% respectively. This is an attention drawing
result of the thesis. By optimally placing five capacitors with different KVAR capacity results
the generation demand of 306KVAR out of 540KVAR. So instead of generating and transmitting
large amount of reactive power through long distance it is better to use the shunt capacitors to
feed the distribution system around the load area. This benefits the substation for this system is
not requiring the long transition line, preventing from the generation losses.
Recommendation
The other thing is that we execute our thesis in two ways. The first one is choosing optimal
placement of the shunt capacitor and improving the power factor, reducing the generation
demand of reactive power, and reducing losses. This method is very simple and possible to
implement easily on the buses where the loads are near. So the EEPCo distribution system has to
order these factories to install the calculated amount of capacitors. By doing so, the distribution
system will become safe and more stable.
The second one is rather than choosing optimal place to install the capacitors, installing
capacitors where lumped loads are available (factories). In its optional case we can install all the
calculated capacitors parallel to the respective loads. This is very important to the EEPCo
distribution system. Because it can order the factories to install these small sized capacitors in
order to improve the power factor of the entire distribution system from 69.6% to 91.7%.

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Since EEPCo has an authority to order the industries to improve the power factor as a whole it is
possible to have this type of distribution system. But the constraint should be noticed per the
value and the cost of the capacitors.

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Reference
[1] J. J. Grainger and S. H. Lee, “Optimum size and location of shunt capacitors for reduction of
losses on distribution feeders”, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100,
pp.1105-1116, March, 1981.
[2] M. Baran, F. Wu, "Optimal capacitor placement on radial distribution system", IEEE Trans.
on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.725-734, January, 1989.
[3] H. Chiang, "Optimal capacitor placements in distribution system: Part I, Part II", IEEE Trans.
on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.634-649, January, 1990.
[4] J.J.Grainger and S.H.Lee, “Capacity release by shunt capacitor placement on distribution
feeders: A new voltage dependent model”, IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol.100, pp.1236-1244, May 1982.
[5] J.J.Grainger, S.Civanlar and S.H.Lee,“Optimal design and control scheme for capacitive
compensation of distribution feeders: A new voltage dependent model”, IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol.102, pp.3271-3278, October 1983.
[6] H.D.Chiang, J.C.Wang, O.Cockings and H.D.Shin, “Optimal capacitor placements in
distribution systems”,Part-I and Part-II, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol.5, pp. 634-649,
January 1990.

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