Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Effects of Heat Control On The Stress Build Up During High-Strength Steel Welding Under Defined Restraint Conditions
Effects of Heat Control On The Stress Build Up During High-Strength Steel Welding Under Defined Restraint Conditions
Effects of Heat Control On The Stress Build Up During High-Strength Steel Welding Under Defined Restraint Conditions
Realization and safe operation of modern welded structures Successful prevention of cold cracking following the
are progressively requiring for base and filler materials to standards [3] cannot be considered to be assured, given the
cope with continually increasing loads. Analyses with a view encountered failure cases. This applies particularly to the
to crack prevention therefore need to accommodate influence of the restraint intensity and the associated
particularly the structural design (restraint intensity) and the shrinkage restraint arising during welding fabrication of
thermomechanical effects in terms of the stresses introduced safety-relevant welded structures.
during welding. Against this background, multi-run welding
experiments were carried out in an IRC- (Instrumented For simple butt welds, the restraint intensity in transverse
Restraint Cracking) Test under defined restraint intensity in weld direction RFy can be assessed following Satoh et al. [4].
order to examine the influence of heat control (preheating and This is accomplished by substituting the transverse shrinkage
interpass temperatures) on the welding-specific forces and force fy related to the weld length lw according to Hooke’s
stresses. The experiments revealed significant rises in the law (Equations 1 and 2):
reaction force and stress after welding with increasing
preheating and interpass temperature. Fy
(1)
fy = = σ ⋅ h = E ⋅ε ⋅ h
lw
Besides, it has been discussed that the hitherto available
codes specifying preheating temperatures required for high-
strength fine-grained structural steels and real welded with ε=
Sy
(2)
L
structures under prevailing defined restraint intensities should
not readily be adopted, since those temperatures involve in the restraint intensity RFy in transverse weld direction can be
most cases increased residual stress. The temperatures calculated via the modulus of elasticity E, the plate thickness
provided by such standards are mostly based on freely H and the restraint length L according to Equation 3:
shrinking small specimens which may exhibit completely
divergent temperature distributions compared to the Sy
component. Such effects are only detectable under defined E⋅ ⋅h
L E⋅h
restraint intensities. RFy = =
Sy L
(3)
Introduction
Discretization was additionally carried out accounting for the
Realization and safe operation of modern welded structures respective stiffness conditions prevailing in real welded
are progressively requiring for base and filler materials to structures in order to allow for improved component
cope with continually increasing loads [1]. Against this transferability [5]. In these studies, appropriate numerical
background, analyses with a view to crack prevention should models were developed permitting the incorporation of
accommodate particularly the structural design and the individual influencing variables, e.g. weld, plate and
thermomechanical effects in terms of the stresses introduced component stiffnesses. Figure 1 depicts a subdivision of the
during welding. Only a few isolated investigations looking at total restraint intensity RFy,tot into three main configurations.
the influence of the arising stresses and residual stresses,
respectively, have as yet been conducted with the object of
preventing cold cracks in high-strength fine-grained steel
welds [1]. Pertinent knowledge rather concerns
10 - 1
Conference on High Strength Steels for Hydropower Plants - Takasaki
10 - 2
Conference on High Strength Steels for Hydropower Plants - Takasaki
The specimen dimensions were L = 500 mm, B = 100 mm, Weld Interpass in °C Preheating in °C
t = 30 mm. In the test series, the preheating temperature and 1 60 Room temperature
the interpass temperature were systematically varied. The 2 70 Room temperature
testing program is given in Table 4. For preheating and 3 100 Room temperature
interpass temperature monitoring, a thermocouple (NiCr/Ni, 4 130 Room temperature
type K) was applied on the specimen surface at a distance of 5 100 100
5 mm from the weld edge. 6 100 130
7 130 100
TABLE 1: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BASE MATERIAL 8 130 150
S690Q (1.8931) IN WT%
In addition, the local welding residual stresses after cooling
C Si Mn P S Cr were measured with the help of the incremental hole drilling
0.12 0.40 1.52 0.017 0.001 0.49 method down to a depth of z = 0.8 mm (Figure 5). These
Mo Ni V Al Cu Fe measurements were carried out under restraint in the IRC-test
0.11 0.48 0.054 0.085 0.019 Balance frame. Due to the limited accessibility of the IRC-test frame,
the residual stresses could only be measured in the weld
TABLE 2: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE WIRE ELECTRODE centre (Figure 5).
EN 12534-GMN4NI1.5CRMO IN WT%
C Si Mn Ni Mo Cr Fe
0.08 0.60 1.70 1.5 0.5 0.20 Balance
10 - 3
Conference on High Strength Steels for Hydropower Plants - Takasaki
10 - 4
Conference on High Strength Steels for Hydropower Plants - Takasaki
und 10 for various preheating temperatures. temperature and the associated shorter time for the stress to
rise results in lower reaction stresses during cooling of the
root and of the intermediate runs, respectively. On the other
hand, however, an increased interpass temperature ultimately
leads to higher final reaction stresses after welding and
cooling of the capping run.
Figure 10: Influence of the preheating temperature at an Summarizing one can say that depending on the material and
interpass temperature of 130 °C on the reaction stresses on the chemical composition (carbon equivalent), preheating
may be required in consideration of the microstructure and of
Despite the relatively low restraint intensity in these IRC- the necessary microstructure properties. But from the aspect
Tests, preheating causes the reaction stress to rise appreciably of the stress and residual stress evolution, respectively,
in transverse weld direction. It should be emphasized that this preheating should exactly be adapted to the material and to
applies particularly to the anyway crack-prone root weld. For the boundary conditions of design, specifically for high-
example, compared to welding without preheating, a 3.3-fold strength fine-grained structural steel application in structural
higher reaction stress is registered after welding and cooling welding fabrication.
of the root down to the interpass temperature of 100 °C when
preheating is applied (Figure 9).
10 - 5
Conference on High Strength Steels for Hydropower Plants - Takasaki
Figure 12: Residual stresses in the weld centre for different Figure 13: Measured cooling times Δt8/5 of the individual
preheating temperatures; Ti = 130 °C weld runs depending on heat control
Further aspects relating to heat control and hydrogen- Besides, the delayed cooling of the weld associated with
associated cracking in high-strength structural steels preheating, although propagated in connection with
hydrogen-assisted cold cracking, can generally be
Preheating is still considered to be the dominant method for accomplished only by hydrogen annealing at correspondingly
preventing hydrogen-assisted cold cracking. This point of high temperatures and long holding times (e.g. 300°C; 3h)
view is however based only on the prolonged Δt8/5–cooling providing adequate hydrogen effusion after welding.
times (Figure 13) and on the associated reduced material
hardness in the heat-affected zone. Five basic computational concepts were published [6][7] for
calculating the required preheating temperature. The
Even though these factors represent an important aspect for equations differ fundamentally and are true for specific
the processing of steels with increased carbon content, they conditions, because the concepts are based on different cold
are increasingly becoming of subordinate significance for cracking tests, different materials were applied in the
modern higher- and high-strength fine-grained structural experiments and the test results were assessed adopting
steels with considerably lower carbon contents. Moreover, it different approaches. Whereas the content of diffusible
is necessary for high-strength fine-grained structural steels to hydrogen in the weld metal is included in all concepts – even
define a short Δt8/5–cooling time (below 5 s) in order to though in different form – three concepts incorporate the
achieve appropriate weld metal and HAZ strengths. It should chemical composition in the form of various carbon
be mentioned in this context that with increasing yield equivalents (CET, CEN, CEC), and the other two concepts
strength (> 1000 MPa) of high-strength fine-grained take account of the tensile strength Rm. The plate thickness
structural steels, a shift of hydrogen-assisted cold cracking (weld height, respectively) is contained in explicitly two
from the heat-affected zone into the weld metal is observed. concepts, two other concepts allow for the cooling time Δt8/5
On top of that, there are currently no commercial welding and one concept considers the heat input, from which Δt8/5
filler materials available for fine-grained structural steels with can be derived, as well as the plate thickness. Since the
yield strengths above 1000 MPa, i.e. the resulting strength chemical composition and the cooling time Δt8/5 exert an
undermatch between base material and weld metal further influence on the weld metal strength, strength values are
fosters the aforementioned shift. implicitly contained in all concepts.
10 - 6
Conference on High Strength Steels for Hydropower Plants - Takasaki
10 - 7
Conference on High Strength Steels for Hydropower Plants - Takasaki
10 - 8