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3.6.cauchy Integral Theorem
3.6.cauchy Integral Theorem
ii) Suppose the domain shown in the shaded region. Then is any simple
closed curve lying in (i.e., whose points are in ) shrunk to a point which lies in
without leaving . Thus, is a simply connected.
C
f ( z ) dz 0
dz , 1
sin z 2
(i) e (ii) tan( z ) dz , (iii) dz , where
C C C z
Solution:
(i) Notice that the integrand is analytic on the entire finite complex
plane (Domain ). Also,
C
tan( z ) dz 0
Remark: By relaxing the condition that the continuity of in the domain , the
famous Mathematician Goursat proved the Cauchy integral theorem and hence this
theorem was known as Cauchy-Goursat Theorem which is stated as follows:
Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
3z 5 1 1
5 1
I 2 dz dz dz I1 I 2
C z 2z 2 C z 2 C z 2
Notice that the given integrand is analytic for all except at the points
(Domain ) and the curve is a unit circle with center at origin.
For the integral , the integrand is not analytic at which lies inside of and
hence is not contained in the domain of . Thus, Cauchy-Goursat theorem is not
applicable. However, we have the result that
2i , n 1
C
z n dz
0 , n 1
1
5 5
Thus, I1 dz 2i 5i
2 C z 2
For the integral , the integrand is analytic everywhere except at which
lies outside of and hence is contained in the domain of . Thus, by Cauchy-
Goursat theorem we have
1
1
I2 dz 0
2 C z 2
3z 5
Therefore, I
2 dz 5i 0 5i
C z 2z
z0
f ( z ) dz F z1 F z0 , where F ( z )
f ( z) dz
Example 3: Evaluate the following integrals
2i i 12i
(i)
i
z dz (ii)
0
sinh z dz (iii)
0
ze z dz
Solution: Notice that the respective integrands in the above three integrals are
analytic in the entire finite complex plane. Therefore, the integrals can be evaluated
by using indefinite integration.
2i
z2 (2 i ) 2 i 2
(i ) F ( z ) z dz
2 i
z dz F (2 i ) F (i )
2
2 2i
2
cosh(z ) 1 z
(ii ) F ( z ) sinh(z ) dz
2 e e z
i
1 i 2
sinh(z ) dz F (i ) F (0) e e i (1 1)
0 2
1 2i
(iii ) F ( z ) ze z dz e z ( z 1)
0
ze z dz F (1 2i ) F (0) 2ie12i 1
Independence of Path
Let be analytic in a simply connected domain and be any path joining two
points and which lies entirely in . Then
C
f ( z ) dz is independent of the path
Note: When the integral is independent of path of integration, we can write the
integral in terms of its end points, that is,
z2
C
f ( z ) dz
z1
f ( z ) dz ,
1 1
I1 z 2dz z 2 dz z 2 dz F (1) F (0) (1)3 0
C1 (0, 0) 0 3 3
(1, 2) 1 2i
1
I2 z 2dz z 2 dz z 2 dz F (1 2i ) F (1) (1 2i )3 1
C2 (1, 0) 1 3
1 (1 2i )3 11 2i
I I1 I 2 1 (1 2i ) 1
3
3 3 3
iii) Along the parabolic path and
For we have and
x 2 20 x 4 i 8x3 16 x5 dx 11 2i
1
I
C
z 2 dz
0 3
Notice that in above all three cases, the value of the integral is same and is equal to
.
Multiply connected domain
A domain is said to be multiply connected if it is not simply connected.
Ex: i) A plain sheet of paper from which some interior parts are removed is a multiply
connected domain as shown in figure. Let is removed from . If a closed curve
is shrunk, then it cannot be shrunk to a point as is not a part of .
iii) The annulus region is a multiply connected domain which has one
hole and also the other multiply connected domain has two holes as shown in figure.
Thus, we may say that a multiply connected domain has ‘holes’ in it. A multiply
connected domain with one hole is called doubly connected and with two holes
called triply connected (as shown in figure) and so on.
Any multiply connected domain can be converted into a simply connected domain by
introducing sufficient number of cuts in the domain. For example a doubly connected
domain is converted into a simply connected domain as shown in figure.
First introduce a cut in the domain along (in fig (b)) and then the new domain is
simply connected with the bounding curve as (in fig (c)). Notice that the
connected sets (in fig (a) and fig(c)) in both the domains are same.
In similar manner a triply connected domain is converted into simply connected using
two cuts in an order as shown in figure.
C
f ( z ) dz
C1
f ( z ) dz
C2
f ( z ) dz
Cn
f ( z ) dz
dz
Example 5: Using the extension of Cauchy-Goursat theorem, evaluate ,
C z z 2
dz dz dz
C z z 2 C1 z z 2 C2 z z 2
1 1 1 1
1 1
dz dz
2 C1 z z2 2 C2 z z 2
1 1
Notice that by Cauchy-Goursat theorem we have dz 0 ; dz 0
C1 z 2 C2 z
2i , n 1 2i , n 1
We have
C
z n dz
0 , n 1
and
C
z z0 n dz
0 , n 1
1 1
Thus, dz 2i ; dz 2i
C1 z C2 z 2
dz 1 1
Therefore, (2i 0) (0 2i) 0
C z z 2 2 2
2z 1
Example 6: Using the extension of Cauchy-Goursat theorem, evaluate Cz z
2
dz
where .
Solution: The integrand can be written as
Notice that the integrand is analytic for all except , where they lie
inside . To evaluate the given integral we first enclose the points and by
circles and of radii and respectively in such a way that both these circles lie
inside and do not intersect each other as shown
in figure. Therefore, the domain bounded by , and
is a multiply connected domain. Hence by using the
extension of Cauchy-Goursat theorem for multiply
connected domains, we obtain
2z 1 1 1 1 1
Cz z
2
dz
C1 z dz
z 1
C2 z
z 1
dz
1 1
Notice that by Cauchy-Goursat theorem we have dz 0 ; dz 0
C1 z 1 C2 z
2i , n 1 2i , n 1
We have
C
z n dz
0 , n 1
and
C
z z0 n dz
0 , n 1
1 1
Thus, dz 2i ; dz 2i
C1 z C2 z 1
2z 1
Therefore,
Cz z
2
dz (2i 0) (0 2i) 4i
Note: If any one of the points of lie inside the path , then apply Cauchy-
Goursat theorem. If more than one point lies inside the path , then apply the
extension of the Cauchy-Goursat theorem.