RESPIRATION

PULSE SITES
- the act of breathing involving
inhalation, inspiration and exhalation
or expiration.
RESTING RESPIRATIONS SHOULD BE ASSESSED
WHEN THE CLIENT IS RELAXED. BECAUSE
EXERCISE AFFECT RESPIRATION, INCREASE
THEIR RATE AND DEPTH.
Ventilation – the movement of air in and out of
the lungs.
TWO TYPES OF BREATHING
a. Costal (thoracic) breathing – observed
by the movement of the chest upward
and outward.
b. Diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing –
involves the construction and relaxation
of the diaphragmatic and it is observed
by the movement of abdomen.
RATE
-breath per minute
Eupnea – normal in rate
Bradypnea – abnormally slow of respiration.
Tachypnea – abnormaly fast of respiration.
Apnea – absence if breathing.
VOLUME
Tidal volume – total amount of air inspired and
expired. Normal : 500 ml
Factors:
1. Position
2. Medications
Hyperventilation – very deep rapid respiration.
Hypoventilation – shallow respiration.
RHYTHM
-regularity of the inspirations and expirations.
Temporal – used when the radial pulse is not
accessible.
Carotid – used during cardiac arrest.
Apical – routinely used for infants and children
up to 3 years old.
Radial – readily accessible.
Brachial – used to measure bp.
Femoral – used in case of cardiac arrest and
shock.
Popliteal – to determine circulation to the
lower leg.
Posterior tibial – to determine circulation to
lower leg.
Dorsalis pedis – to determine circulation of the
foot.
VITAL SIGNS
FACTORS THAT PROMOTE HEAT LOSS;
1. RADITION
2. CONDUCTION
3. CONVECTION
4. EVAPORATION
BODY TEMPERATURE
Site
Oral - accessible and convenient
Rectal – reliable measurement
Axillary – safe and noninvasive.
Tympanic membrane – readily accessible.
ALTERATIONS IN BODY TEMPERATURE
- Normal range for adult : 36’ Celsius and
37.
-
- 5’ Celsius.
Pyrexia above the usual range;
A. Pyrexia – 38’C – 40’C
B. Hyperthermia – fever
C. Hyperpyrexia- 41’C and above

PULSE VOLUME COMMON TYPES OF FEVER

0 – absent 1. Intermittent fever
1+ - weak 2. Remittent fever
2+ - normal 3. Relapsing fever
3+ - bounding pulse. 4. Constant fever
5. Fever strike