PQM Assignment 3

Deadline 9-5-2020 (Individual Assignment) 35 Marks

1. Why is a histogram a special type of bar graph? Describe how data are
organized and how the graph is constructed. 1 + 4 = 5 Marks

Histograms is a special type of bar graph which show the distribution of data. Frequency
is represented by the area of each column in histograms, unlike many bar charts where
the height of each column represents the frequency.

A histogram is a graphical representation of distribution of numbers data. It is an estimate

of probability distribution of continuous variable.

Purpose:

To assess the probability distribution of given variable by depicting the frequency of

observation occurring in certain ranges of value.

Construction:

 First, we make frequency distribution table that shows how often a data point, or a
group of data points appears in each data set. To make this frequency distribution
table, firstly divide that numbers over which data ranges into intervals of equal
length.
 Then we count data points how many falls into each interval.

It is sometimes useful to go through all the data points in order if there are many values.
and make a tally mark in the interval that each point falls. Then all tally marks can be
counted to see how many data points fall into each interval. The "tally system" ensures
that no points will be missed.
 For example:

You measure the height of every tree in the orchard in centimeters(cm). Height variation
from 100cm to 340 cm
You decide to put it into groups of 50 cm
 100 to just below 150 cm range
 150 to just below 200 cm range
 200 to just below 250 cm range
 250 to just below 300 cm range
 300 to just below 350 cm range

So a tree that is 260 cm tall is added to the 250-300 range

Another Example:
The following is a list of prices (in dollars) of birthday cards found in various drug stores:

1.45 2.20 0.75 1.23 1.25

1.25 3.09 1.99 2.00 0.78
1.32 2.25 3.15 3.85 0.52
0.99 1.38 1.75 1.22 1.75

Make a frequency distribution table for this data.

 The values go from 0.52 to 3.85, which is roughly 0.50 to 4.00.
 We can divide this into 7 intervals of equal length: 0.50 - 0.99, 1.00 - 1.49, 1.50 -
1.99, 2.00 - 2.49, 2.50 - 2.99, 3.00 - 3.49, and 3.50 - 3.99.
 Then we can count the number of data points which fall into each interval--for example, 4
points fall into the first interval: 0.75, 0.78, 0.55, and 0.99—
 Make a frequency distribution table:

Intervals (in Frequency

dollars)
0.50 - 0.99 4
1.00 - 1.49 7
1.50 - 1.99 3
2.00 - 2.49 3
2.50 - 2.99 0
3.00 - 3.49 2
3.50 - 3.99 1
 Total 20

2. How do flow charts help in understanding processes? Should a good flow

chart be very broad or more narrow in scope? Should a flow chart be
comprehensive or just cover the basics? Make flow chart of MS (PM)
Program Admission Process. 2+2+2+6= 12
Mark

 How do flow charts help in understanding processes?

A flow chart is formal graphic representation of logic sequence. It is used to visualize the
processes and make it understandable for a nontechnical people. The purpose of flow
chart is to show process in understandable form for all type audience and use as a
reference when dealing with any project or process. Through flow chart one can easily
identify the sequence of any events in a process. It includes:

 To set boundaries
 Determine the steps in the process
 Establish sequence of steps
 Draw the flow chart
 Test for completeness
 Finalize the chart
 Flow charts consist four main symbols that linked with arrows to show the direction of
flow:

1- Elongated circles signify the start/end of a process.

2- Rectangles, which show instructions or actions.

3- Diamonds, which highlight where you must make a decision.

4- Connector, to show a jump from one point in the process flow to another. 

5- Arrow: An arrow represents the direction of process flow.

 Should a good flow chart be very broad or narrower in scope?

 Should a flow chart be comprehensive or just cover the basics?

  Make flow chart of MS (PM) Program Admission Process.

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3. Discuss the purpose and usefulness of control charts. What does “in
control” mean? What is the difference between the voice of the
No process
 and the voice of the customer? How is each one displayed on a control
chart? For extra credit, do a little research and describe the purpose and
usefulness of different types of control charts (there are eight).
2+1+3+4 = 10 Marks

4. What is the purpose of a scatter diagram? Describe how it is constructed

and how the data are interpreted. Can scatter diagrams be used to look to
the future? Explain your argument with example. 1+2+2+3 = 8
Marks