Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3) Traverse Survey
3) Traverse Survey
TRAVERSE SURVEY
Mohd Effendi Daud (Assoc. Prof., Dr. Sc., Sr.,)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074564380; +60197363740; Fax : +6074536588
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/
Overview
• Learning outcomes
– By the end of this topic you should be to:
• Outline the basic components of a Total Station,
• Carry out temporary adjustments of a TS,
• Compute and adjust a TS traverse,
• Compute coordinates for traversing, and
• Determine the nature of errors affecting the traverse work.
1
06/11/2019
Introduction
• Traversing is a form of a control survey that requires the
establishment of a series of stations that are linked together by
angles and distances.
• The angles and distances are measured by Total Station.
• The use of traversing surveys is very fundamental and has
become one of the most common methods in geomatic
engineering work such as:
Introduction
– General purpose angle measurement,
– Provision of control surveys,
– Contour and detail mapping, and
– Setting out and construction work.
• This topic will describe:-
– The construction and use of the Total Station in traversing,
2
06/11/2019
Introduction
– The traverse design and the procedures of computing and adjusting a
traverse,
– The application of coordinates for point will also be covered in this
topic which will be very useful in Civil Engineering project.
Total Station
Principles & Applications
• A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in
modern surveying.
• The total station is an electronic theodolite integrated with an
electronic distance meter (EDM) to read distances from the
instrument to a particular point.
• A theodolite is an instrument for measuring both horizontal
and vertical angles. It is key tool in surveying and engineering
work.
3
06/11/2019
Total Station
Principles & Applications
• Vertical angles are required for the calculation of elevation of
points for example the reduction of slope distance to the
horizontal.
• Horizontal angles are required to obtain the relative direction
to a survey control station or points of detail.
• Construction of a Total Station
– All total station have the same common features which is can be
described as follows,
Total Station
Principles & Applications
4
06/11/2019
Total Station
Principles & Applications
Temporary Adjustment of Total Station
• The temporary adjustments are steps that must be carried out every
time a total station used.
• It is a procedure of setting up a theodolite that involves the following
process
– Centering
– Leveling, and
– Removing parallax
Total Station
Principles & Applications
(a) Centering the total station
• The instrument must be vertically above the survey station to
ensure that horizontal angle observation are correct.
• The steps are as follow:
– Start with a optical plummet to get it approximately right above the
survey station.
– Using the foot screws, move the optical plummet cross hairs on the
survey station.
5
06/11/2019
Total Station
Principles & Applications
(a) Centering the total
station…cont.
– Roughly level the instrument using
legs of the tripod – the total station
should stay almost on target.
– Level with foot screws. Move
instrument above target; repeat
level and move until done
Total Station
Principles & Applications
(b) Leveling the Total Station
– Turn bubble parallel to two foot screws A and B, to bring the
horizontal bubble to the centre.
– Turn the instrument through 90° and bring the bubble to the centre
by adjusting the third foot screw C only.
– Turn the instrument through a further 90° to check the adjustment
of the plate bubble.
– If the bubble remains in centre, then it is adjusted.
– If not, repeat the whole procedure.
6
06/11/2019
Total Station
Principles & Applications
Total Station
Principles & Applications
Permanent Adjustment of Total Station
– These adjustment are carried out once and will not alter unless it is
being roughly handled or tampered with.
– There are certain basic requirements for a total station that must be
established particularly when using it.
– The basic requirements re as follows:-
7
06/11/2019
Total Station
Principles & Applications
– The vertical axis of a total station should be truly vertical,
– The line of sight should be perpendicular to the horizontal axis,
– The horizontal axis should be truly horizontal,
– The cross hair should be truly vertical and horizontal, and
– The vertical circle should be at zero when the line of sight is
horizontal.
** The steps in carrying out the adjustments should be handled by
the qualified person at the laboratory **
Angle Measurement
Horizontal Angle Measurement
• The concept of measuring the horizontal and vertical angle is
simple.
• The following procedures should be used to measure the
horizontal angles between three stations A, B, and C
8
06/11/2019
Angle Measurement
• Setup the total station on
station B. the total station
instrument has two faces;
“Face left” & “Face right”.
• Starting from the face left,
the telescope is pointed at
station A. The horizontal
reading is then noted, i.e.
25°30’00’
Angle Measurement
• The instrument is then turned
in a clockwise direction to
point at station C. Again the
horizontal reading is noted,
i.e. 145°50’00’
• The horizontal angle can be
calculated, by finding the
difference between the two i.e., C – A = 145°50’00’ – 25o30’00’
horizontal reading. = 120°20’00’
9
06/11/2019
Angle Measurement
• Change the face of the total
station. Whilst pointing at
station C the horizontal reading
is again recorded, i.e.
325°50’00’
• Turn the instrument in a
clockwise manner and point at
station A. Record the horizontal i.e., C – A = 325°50’00’ – 205°30’00’
= 120°20’00’
reading, i.e. 205°30’00’.
Angle Measurement
Note that changing the face will change the reading by 180°.
This gives a check on the observations and ensures that reading
errors can be eliminated. If there is a great difference in two
readings, the observations are repeated until readings agree.
10
06/11/2019
Angle Measurement
Vertical Angle Measurement
• A vertical angle is the angle measured vertically from a
horizontal plane of reference.
– When the telescope is pointed in the horizontal plane (level), the
reading of the vertical angle is zero (0°).
Angle Measurement
• When the telescope is
pointed up, then the vertical
angle increases from zero and
the reading is a positive (+ve)
vertical angle. The reading
increase from 0° to +90°
when the telescope is
pointed straight up.
11
06/11/2019
Angle Measurement
• If the telescope is depressed
(pointed down), then the angle
reading will increase in
numerical value. The depressed
telescope reading indicates that
it is below the horizontal plane
and the reading is a negative (-
ve) vertical angle. These
numerical value increase from
0° to -90° when the telescope
is pointed straight down.
12
06/11/2019
Control station
Traverse station F
H Closed traverse C
(polygon)
A B
13
06/11/2019
B G
C
Closed traverse H
(geometrically open)
A
E
D
F
B G
C
H
A
Open traverse
14
06/11/2019
15
06/11/2019
16
06/11/2019
N=NB-NA
NA
Point A E=EB-EA
(EA,NA)
EA East
E
B
between R and P.
17
06/11/2019
Point B
Point A
~ whole-circle bearing
d ~ distance
East
d d
N N
E E
18
06/11/2019
19
06/11/2019
20
06/11/2019
21
06/11/2019
South
180o
22
06/11/2019
23
06/11/2019
From To
Station Station Face Left Face Right Mean
A 0°00'00" 180°00'00"
B 30°26'30"
C 30°26'20" 210°26'40"
24
06/11/2019
25
06/11/2019
Bearing Closure
• Recall traverse definition
“Essentially, traverse is a series of
established stations tied together
by angle and distance”
• Before the areas of a pieces of land can be computed, it is
necessary to have a closed traverse
Bearing Closure
• Balancing Bearing
Bearing misclose
2 Allowable: 00o02’30’’
1
Applicable for
Second Class Traverse Only
3
26
06/11/2019
27
06/11/2019
- Definite Bearing B
A
30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"
C- 40"
30°15'30"
- Definite Distance B
A
30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"
C- 40"
30°15'30"
28
06/11/2019
Precision
Latitudes and Departures
o The closure of a traverse is checked by computing the latitudes and
departures of each of it sides
Precision
Latitudes and Departures
o The latitudes of a line is its projection on the north south meridian
o The departure of a line is its
projection on the east-west line.
o A northeasterly bearing has a +
latitude and + departure
29
06/11/2019
Precision
Error of Closure
o Consider the following statement:
“If start at one corner of a closed traverse and walk its lines until you
return to your starting point, you will have walked as far north as you
walked south and as far east as you have walked west”
o Therefore …. latitudes = 0 and
departures = 0
Precision
Error of Closure
o When latitudes are added together, the resulting is called the
error in latitudes (EL)
o The error resulting from adding departures together is called the
error in departure (ED)
30
06/11/2019
Precision
Precision
• Latitudes and Departures - Example
Departure AB
= (189.53 m)sin(186o15’)= -20.63 m
186o 15’
189.53 Latitude AB
= (189.53 m)cos(186o15’)= -188.40 m
31
06/11/2019
Precision
• Latitudes and Departures - Example
Departure AB
= (175.18 m)sin(150o22’)= +86.62 m
175.18 m Latitude AB
150o 22’
= (175.18 m)cos(150o22’)= -152.27 m
Precision
• Traverse - Example B
32
06/11/2019
Precision
• Latitudes and Departures - Example
Line Distance Bearing Departure Latitude
AB 30.141 m 30° 15' 30" 15.1880 m 26.0347 m
BC 38.576 m 100° 10' 00" 37.9703 m -6.8091 m
CD 25.605 m 168° 44' 00" 5.0026 m -25.1116 m
DA 58.437 m 275° 49' 00" -58.1361 m 5.9223 m
Sum 152.759 m 0.0248 m 0.0363 m
0.044 m
152.759 m 3470
Precision
Balancing Latitudes and Departures
33
06/11/2019
Precision
Balancing Latitudes and Departures
Precision
Latitudes and Departures - Example
o Recall the results of our example problem
34
06/11/2019
Precision
• Balancing Latitudes and Departures
N
Latitude AB
B
S
0.0363m (30.141m)
Correction in LatAB = 0.0071m
152.759m
Precision
• Balancing Latitudes and Departures
N
Departure AB
B
S
0.0248m (30.141m)
Correction in DepAB = 0.0049m
152.759m
35
06/11/2019
Precision
• Balancing Latitudes and Departures
Distance Latitude Departude
Line (m) (m) (m) Corrcetions Balanced
Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
Precision
• Balancing Latitudes and Departures
Distance Latitude Departude
Line (m) (m) (m) Corrcetions Balanced
Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
36
06/11/2019
Precision
• Balancing Latitudes and Departures
Distance Latitude Departude
Line (m) (m) (m) Corrcetions Balanced
Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
Traverse Classes
• Traverse Classes Characteristics:-
37
06/11/2019
Traverse Computation
Rectangular Coordinates
o Rectangular coordinates are the convenient method available for
describing the horizontal position of survey points.
o With the application of computers, rectangular coordinates are
used frequently in engineering projects.
o Normally, the x-axis corresponds to the east-west direction and
the y-axis to the north-south direction
Traverse Computation
Rectangular Coordinates Example
38
06/11/2019
Traverse Computation
Rectangular Coordinates Example
DepartureAB = XB -XA
B X DepartureAB = 220 m
Coordinates of Point B (320, -100)
Traverse Computation
• Rectangular Coordinates Example
39
06/11/2019
Traverse Computation
• Rectangular Coordinates Example
m
m
m
m
m
m
Traverse Computation
• Rectangular Coordinates Example
m
m
m
m
m
m
40
06/11/2019
Traverse Computation
• Rectangular Coordinates Example
Traverse Computation
• Area computed by Coordinates
– The area of a traverse can be computed by taking each Y
coordinated multiplied by the difference in the two adjacent X
coordinates.
41
06/11/2019
Traverse Computation
• Area computed by Coordinates
Traverse Computation
• Area computed by Coordinates
m2
m2
42
06/11/2019
Traverse Computation
Area computed by 2 x Latit & Dipat
o Procedure :
o Calculation of 2 X latit started from southernmost point AND
value of the front point should be +ve value.
o Calculation of 2 X Dipat started from westernmost point AND
value of the front point should be +ve value.
Traverse Computation
Area computed by 2 x Latit & Dipat
o 2 X Latit (or Dipat) calculation procedure :
o 2 X latit (or dipat) for the first line
= latit (or dipat) of the first line
o 2 X latit (or dipat) for other lines
= 2 x latit (or dipat) previous line + latit (or dipat) previous line + latit ( or
dipat) present line.
43
06/11/2019
Traverse Computation
+ 11051.94482 - 11051.94482
Average = 2A = 11051.94482
A = 5525.9724 m2
Traverse Computation
Area computed by 2 x Latit & Dipat
o SUMMARY Calculation
o Corrected latit & dipat,
o 2 X latit & 2 X dipat
o 2 X latit x dipat
o 2 X dipat x latit
o Total 1 = Total of (2 X latit x dipat)
o Total 2 = Total of (2 X dipat x latit
o Check !! Total 1 = Total 2
o Average = (Total 1 + Total 2)/2
o 2A = Average
o A = Average/2
44
06/11/2019
Computation Sequence
Traverse Computation
1. Calculate bearing misclose
2. Calculate & Adjust bearing misclose
3. Calculate final distance
4. Compute (E, N) for each traverse line
5. Calculate error of closure & precision
6. Balancing departure & latitude – corrected departure &
latitude
7. Compute coordinates foe each traverse station
45
06/11/2019
46
06/11/2019
47
06/11/2019
48
06/11/2019
49
06/11/2019
50
06/11/2019
Booking Procedure
Bearing Definite Vertical
Station Left Face Right Face Average From Bearing To Angle Distance
Datum from CP 210°15' 30" B A
Bearing Closure
• Recall traverse definition
“Essentially, traverse is a series of
established stations tied together
by angle and distance”
• Before the areas of a pieces of land can be computed, it is
necessary to have a closed traverse
51
06/11/2019
Bearing Closure
• Balancing Bearing
Bearing misclose
2 Allowable: 00o02’30’’
1
Applicable for
Second Class Traverse Only
3
52
06/11/2019
- Definite Bearing B
A
30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"
C- 40"
30°15'30"
53
06/11/2019
- Definite Distance B
A
30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"
C- 40"
30°15'30"
54