Mi

crobi
ology
Studyofmi croor ganisms
Mul l
er–f i
rstcl assif
icati
onofmicr
oor
gani
sms
Branchesofmi crobi
ology
Bact er
iology: Studyofbact er
ia
My cology :Studyoff ungi
Protozool ogy: Studyofpr ot
ozoa
Phy cology/algol ogy:Studyofal
gue
Parasitology: Studyofpar asi
tes
Nemat ol
ogy :St udyofnemat odes

BACTERI ALMORPHOLOGY
Classifi
cat i
onbasedonshape
Rod- shapedbacteria–Bacill
i.
Spher i
cal-shapedbacteri
a–Cocci .
Comma- shapedbact eri
a–Vi bri
o.
Spiral-
shapedbact eri
a(Spiri
ll
a)
Spirall
ytwi st
edbacteri
um- -Spi
rochet
e

Di
ffer
enttypesofcocci
Di
plococci—pai
rofcocci(
pneumococci ,
Gonococci
,menigeococci)
St
reptococci
:chainsofcocci(str
eptococcuspnemoniae,str
eptococcuspyogenes)
St
aphy l
ococci
:grapel
ikecl
ustersofcocci(
staphy
lococcusaureus—staphyl
ococcuspyogenes)

Typesofbaci l
li
Diplobacill
i
,
streptobacil
li
,
Coccobaci ll
i-
--
-shapeintermediatebet
weencocciandbacil
l
i
Q:Flagell
atedbacteri
a-e. g.Vi
briochol
era,
pseudomonas,
spi
ril
l
um,
l
act
obaci
l
lus,
(Clostri
dium tet
ani—rotatoryf
lagell
um)

Spir
ochetes
Treponi
mapall
i
dum (
Syphi
l
is)
,Bor
eli
a,
Lept
ospi
ra

Bact erialst aining

Stains/ dyesar eusedt oident i
fybacteri
a
Typesofst ains
Basedonf unct ionofst ain
1)Si mpl est ain
Onlyonest ainisused
Exampl e: Cr ystalviolet,met heleneblue,malachi
tegreen
2)Di fferent ialstains
Mor et hanonet ypeofdy ei sused
a)Gr am st ain( HansChr istianGr am)
Resul t
Purpl eCol our :
Gr am posi tive
Pink col our :Gr am Negat i
ve
Li
stofGr am Posi tiveBact eri
a
Bacillus, Clost ri
dium, Actinomy ces,Enter
ococcus,Cornyebact
eri
um,
List
ri
a,Lact
obaci
l
lus,
Gar
dner
ell
a
My cobact er i
um, My coplasma, Staphyl
ococcus,St
reptococcus
Li
stofGr am Negativ
ebact eri
a
Escheri
chiacol
i(E.coli
),Heli
cobact
er,Hemophil
us,
Neisser
ia,Cyanobact
eri
a,Klebsiel
l
a
Acetobacter
,Enter
obact er
,Chlamydia,
Vibr
io,
Pseudomona, Sal
monell
a,Bor
rel
ia,Treponema.

b)Acid-Faststai
n(Ziehl
—Neelsonst ai
n)
Formy cobacteri
um TBandMy cobacter
ium Lepr
e
c)Al
bertstain
Usedtoi denti
fyCorynebact
eri
um diphther
ia

Aerobicbact er
ia
Staphylococcusspeci es,Str
eptococcusspeci es,Enter
obact
eri
acaespeci
es,My
obacter
ium t
uber
cul
osi
s
Bacill
us, Nocardi
aandPseudomonasaer uginosa
Anaerobi cbacter
ia
Cl
ost r
idium tet
ani,
Clostri
dium botuli
num , Escher
ichiacol
i,Kl
ebsi
ell
a,Acti
nomyces
Q:Exampl esofSPORE- FORMI NG bact er
ia?BACI LLUSandCLOSTRI DIUM
Q:Exampl esofNON- SPORE- FORMI NG bact er
ia?
CORYNEBACTERI UM,LI STERIA,Lactobacill
us,
Actinomyces

Exotoxins: ar
epr oteinsthatareproducedinsi
dethecel
lofbact
eri
aandr
eleasedi
ntot
hesur
roundi
ng
medium bybot hGr am- posit
iveandgram-negati
vebact
eri
a.
Typesofexot oxins
Neurotoxins(Botulinum t oxi
n,tet
anustoxin)
Enterotoxins(cholera,E.
coli
)
Cytotoxins(di
pht heria)

Endotoxins:ar
el i
popol
ysacchar
idest
hatar
epar
tsofout
ermembr
aneoft
hecel
lwal
landl
i
ber
atedwhen
thebacteriadies.

Q:
Mostbact er
iagrowbetween--
--pH6-8
o
Q:Sui
tabl
etemper at
ureforbacter
ial
growth? 5-
60 C
(MRSA)
Methi
cill
i
n-Resi antSt
st aphyl
ococcusaureus

Bacter
iaandBacteri
aldi
seases
Coccianddiseases
St
rept
ococci
,St
aphy
lococci
,pneumococci
,
Gonococci
,
meni
geococci

Q:---
---
--
---i
st hemostcommoncauseofpneumoni ainadul
ts?Streptococcuspneumoniae
Q: -
--
---
--
--isthemostcommoncauseofot i
ti
smedi a(middl
eearinfecti
on)i nchi
l
drenandthemost
commoncauseofbact eri
almeningi t
isi
nadul t
s?Strept
ococcuspneumoni ae
Q: Toxicshocksy ndromecausedby ?Staphyl
ococcusaureus.
Q:Gonor rhoeai scausedby?Nei sseri
aGonor r
hoeae
Q: Meningococaalmeni ngit
is(
cerebrospinalf
ever)
iscausedby--
--
---
?Neisser i
ameningi
ti
dis
Bacill
ianddi seases
Cor y
nebact erium diphtheri
a
 Di pht heri
a
Causedby :Cor ynebacteri
um diphtheri
a
Incubationper iod:2-5days
Schicktesti susedf orthediagnosis
Albertstainisusedf orst ai
ning.
 My cobact er
ium
My cobacterium tuberculosi
s, Mycobact
eri
um Lepr
ae
Stain:Acid-FastStain
 Cl
ost
ri
dia
Pleomor phic,spi ndl eshaped
C.bot uli
num, cause  bot uli
sm.
C.per fr
ingens( Cl ost ridi
um Wel chii)cause  gasgangrene.
 
C.tetani,causet et anus.
Tetanus( lockj aw)
I
ncubat i
onper iod:3-21day s
 Baci l
lusant hr acis
Disease:Ant hrax
 E. coli
AGr am negat i
ver od- shapedbact erium thatiscommonl yfoundi
ntheloweri
ntest
ineofwar
m-bl
ooded
organisms.
ThemostcommoncauseofUTIi nf emal e.
 Sal monel l
ae
Typhoi dfever( i
nf ant ileremitt
entf ever,
 enteri
cfever)
Causedbysal monel lat yphi
Test :
Wi dal,Stepl adderf everty
pical featureoftyphoi
d,peasoupstool
I
ncubat i
onper iod: 7-28day s
 Shi gell
a
Belongst ogr oupdy sent erybacil
li
Ex:Shigell
ady sent eriae

 Vi
bri
ochol
erae.
Cholera
Choler
a isaninfect
ioni
nthesmal
li
ntest
inecausedbyt
he 
bact
eri Vi
um  br
iochol
erae.
Ri
cewat erstool
I
ncubationperiod:5day
s

Coccobaci
l
lusanddi
seases
 Yer
sini
aPest
is(
rodshapedcoccobaci
ll
us)
Disease:Plauget ransmitedbyratflea
 Br ucell
a( Cocci shapedbacil
li
)
Causesbr ucell
osis(highl
ycontagiouszoonosi
scausedbyi
ngest
ionofunpast
eur
izedmi
l
kandunder
cookedmeat .
 Bor detell
aper tusis
Pertusi
s(Whoopi ngcough)
Causedby :Bordet ell
apertusi
s
Incubati
onper i
od:7- 14day s
Transmission:directcontact,
dropletspr
ead

Spirochaetes
TreponimaPal l
idum
Disease:Syphi
li
s(STD)
Leptospira
Leptospirosi
s(Weil
'sdi
sease)
Borreli
a
Disease:
Borr
eli
osi
s/r
elapsi
ngf
ever
Spreadbyti
ck.

Pleomor phicbact eria

My coplasma
Bact eri
awi t
houtcel lwall
Disease: Penumoni a(Atypicalmeumoni a—wal ki
ngpneumoni a)
Ricketsiae
Disease: Typhus
Causedby :Rickettsiabacteria;spreadbyl i
ceorf l
eas
Q:Epidemi ctyphusi scausedby ? R.mooseri(R.Typhi)
Q:Scrubt yphusi scausedby ?R.tsutsugamushi
Q: RockyMount ainspot tedfeveri scausedby ?Rickett
siar
icket
tsi
i
Q: Trenchf everiscausedby ?Ri cketsi
aQui ntana.
Chlami diae
Disease: Trachoma( Chlamy diaconj uncti
vi
tis)
causedbyChl amydiat r
achomat is

Vi
rusus
DNAv i
ruses:DNAisthegeneti
cmat
erial
RNAv i
rus:Genet
icmateri
ali
smadefrom RNA
DNAViruses
PAP:Par v
o,Adeno,Papova
HPH Hepadna, Pox,Herpes

RNAv i
rus
CPR= Cal ci
,
Picorna,
Reo
BOAR Buny a,
Orthomyxo,Arena,
Retr
o
Corona,Rhabdo,Fl
avi
,Toga,Fi
lu,
Paramyxo

Somei mpor tantv ir

usesanddi sease
DNAVI RUSES
 Her pesv irus
Herpessimpl ex----
genitalherpes
Vari
cell
azost er -
---
Chickenpoxandshi ngles(
her
peszost
er)
Epstei
n-Bar rVi r
us---I
nfecti
ousmononucl eosi
s
HumanCy tomegal ovi
rus
Humanher pesv irus8---Kaposi’ssar
coma
 HepadnaVi r
us
Hepati
tis--
B
 Papov aVi rus
Ex:Pappil
lomaVi r
us
 PoxVi rus
Vari
olavir
us-Smal lpox
RNAVi rusesanddi seases
 Par amy xov i
ruses
Mumpsv i
rus- --Mumps( Epidemi cpar
oti
ti
s),
Rubeolavirus----
Measl es
 TogaVi rus
Rubell
aVirus- -
-Ger manmeasl es
Chikunguny av irus--
-Chikungunya
 Or thomy xov irus
I
nfl
uenza
 Pi cornaVi r
us
pol
iovir
us----Poliomy eli
tis
Rhi
nov irus---Commoncol d
Hep-A
 Reov irus
Rotav irus---
-ADD
 Ret roVi rus
HIV
 Fl aviVi rus
Denguev irus( Denguef ever
—br eak-
bonef
ever(
dandyf
ever
)—t
ransmi
tt
edbyAedesAegy
pti
)
Yel
lowf everv i
rus
WestNi l
ev i
rus
Hep-c
 Cor onaVi rus
SARS
 RhabdoVi r
us
RabiesVi r
us- --
Rabi es

Par
asi
ti
cdi
seases
Par asitest hatl iveont hesur f aceoft hehostar ecal
ledect oparasit
es
Par asitesl iveinsi dethehostar ecal l
ed --- endopar asit
es
Obl i
gat orypar asites:parasi t
escanonl ysurvi
v einahostandt hereforegodi r
ect
lyfr
om onehostt o
anot her .
Facul tativepar asites:Theseor ganismsar enor mall
yf r
eelivi
ngandi nfectahostonl
ybyacci dent
.
Prot ozoal Infect ion
 Mal aria
Plasmodi um( Tr ansmi t
tedbyFemal eanophel esmosqui to)
P. falciparum, (causescer ebral malaria)
P. vivax,
P. ov al
e, and  P. mal ari
ae 
 
Blackwat erfev er  
isacompl icat i
onof  malar
ia i
nwhi ch r
edbl oodcel l
s bursti
nthebloodstr
eam
(hemol ysis),releasi ng 
hemogl obindirectl
yintot hebloodvessel s 
and intotheur
ine,
frequentl
yleadi
ng
to kidneyf ail
ur e
 Amoebi asis
CausedbyEnt amoebahi stolytica
 Toxopl asmosi s
Causedby :Toxopl asmagondi
 Lei shmani asis(Kala-azar)
Causedby: Leishmani a 
andi st ransmi t
tedbysandf l
y.

 sleepi
ngsickness(
Afr
icantrypanosomiasi
s)
Causedby Tr
:  ypanosomabr ucei 
andtransmi
ttedbyt
he 
tset
sef
ly

Hel
mint
hicDi
seases

 ASCARI
ASI
S
ASCARI
SLUMBRI
COI
DES(
ROUNDWORM)
 Ent
erobi
usVermicul
ari
s(oxy
uri
sVer
micul
ari
s)
Pi
nwor
m( seatwor
msort hr
eadwormsorEnt
erobi
usv
ermi
cul
ari
s)i
nfect
ion

 Ancyl
ostomi
asi
s
ANCYLOSTOMADUODENALE(
HOOKWORM)

 Tri
chur
iasi
s
TRI
CHURISTRICHI
URA(
WHI
PWORM)i
nfect
ion

 Tapewor minfecti
on
Causedbytapeworm( cestoda)
Eat
ingrawcontaminatedpork,beeforfi
sh
Theporktapewor
m( Taeniasolium)
Thebeeftapewor
m( Taeniasagi nat
a)

 Tr i
chinosis(t
ri
chinell
osis,or
 tr
ichi
niasi
s)
Causedbyr oundwor mt r
ichi
nell
a
 Filar
iasis
Causedbyf il
ari
odear oundwor ms
Themostspect acularsympt om oflymphati
cfi
l
ari
asi
sis 
elephant
iasi
s—(
edemawi
tht
hickeni
ngoft
heski
n
andunder l
yi
ngtissues)

 Ly mphaticfi
lari
asi
siscausedbytheworms 
Wucher er
iabancrof
tiBr
,
  ugi
amalayi
, Br
and  ugiati
mori
.
Subcutaneousfil
ari
asisi
scausedbyLoal
  oa (
theeyewor
m)
Drugofchoice
DEC

FatherofMi crobi ology :Ant onv anLeeuwenhoek

FatherofBact er i
ology ? Loui sPast eur
Founderofmoder n bacteri
ology ?Rober tHei nr
ichHermanKoch 
Koch'spostul at es of  
germt heor y
Fatherofvacci nat i
on?Edwar dJenner
Compl et
eMi croscopedi scov eredby ?Ant onv anLeeuwenhoek
El
ectronmi croscopewasi nvent edby ?Ruska
Compoundmi cr oscopewasi nventedby ? Gal i
leoGali
le
Fatherofmoder nsur gery(ant i
sept i
ct echnique)?Josephli
ster
FatherofSur ger y( earl
y)? Sushr ut
a
Fatherofmoder nMedi ci
ne: Hi ppocrat es
FatherofMedi ci ne( early)
: Char aka
Pasteuri
zationwasi nventedby ?Loui sPast eur
Fatherofayur v ada?Dhanwant ari

I
mmuni t
y
Theabil
i
tyoft
hebodyt
ofi
ghtagai
nstapar
ti
cul
arant
igen
Typesofimmuni
ty
HerdImmunity(
communi
tyimmuni
ty)
Theresi
stancet
oadi
seasewi
thi
napopul
ati
onasr
esul
tofpr
e-i
mmuni
zat
ionagai
nstt
hatdi
sease.

I
mmunesy st
em ofhuman
I
nnateandAdapt i
ve(acqui
red)
I
nnateimmuni t
yisbybarri
ersofi
nfect
ion(al
wayson) and
phagocyt
es(neutr
ophil
s,
macropages,
basophi
ls,
eosi
nophi
l
s,nat
ural
kil
l
ercel
l
s.

Adapt
iveImmunityi
sbyly mphocyt
es
Lymphocytes
T-
lymphocytes(
Cell
medi atedi
mmuni t
y)
B-
lymphocy t
es(
antibodymediatedimmuni
ty-
--
humor
ali
mmuni
ty)

Ant
ibodi
es
I
gG,I
gA,I
gM,IgE,
I
gD
I
gG(cancrossplacent
a,mostabundantant
ibody
,pr
esenti
nal
lbodyf
lui
ds.

I
gA,
(pr
esenti
nsal
i
va,
mucous,
mostabundantant
ibodyi
nbr
eastmi
l
k)

I
gM—thefi
rstant
ibodytoberel
easedbythebodytofi
ghtagai
nstanewi
nfect
ion.
I
gE-
-(
theanti
bodyassoci
atedwit
hall
ergi
creact
ion)

Ty
pesofhy
persensit
ivit
yreact
ions
Ty
pe-
1 IgE–medi ated,
anaphy
laxis
Ty
pe-
2 Cytot
oxic(anti
-bodymediated)ex:
hemol
yti
canemi
a,Goodpast
uressy
ndr
ome
Ty
pe3 Immune- complex ex:
SLE
Ty
pe4 Cell
mediated