DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING NITROUS

OXIDE SYSTEM OF A HYBRID ROCKET MOTOR

INTRODUCTION
 Rocket

• missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle that obtains thrust from

a rocket engine.

What Are the Different Kinds of Rockets

• Solid-propellant rocket
• Liquid-propellant rocket
• Hybrid-propellant rocket
LITERATURE REVIEW
Hybrid Rocket Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages
• Safety • Combustion Eciency
• Reliability • Fuel Leftovers
• Flexibility • O/F Shift
• High Performance • Low Regression Rates
• Low Cost • Prediction Models
• Low Environmental Impact • Scaling
Literature Review
 Recent Developments of Hybrid Rocket Propulsion

1.Low burning rate of the HTPB/NOx,

-4- cylindrical port grain configuration was used to improve combustion.
[Virgin Galactic 2009]

2.Stuttgart University student-based hybrid sounding rocket,

-HEROS 3
-N2O oxidizer, [Kobald et al.2018],

3. Rocket Muroran Institute of Technology N2O Nakata

-et al. [Nakata,2016],
-the small launch vehicles of TiSPACE Inc. [Chen,Wu,2018],

4. Hybrid rocket program is the

-Copenhagen Sub orbitals organization in Denmark
that intends to launch a manned vehicle to space with N2O [Pedersen and Nyboe, 2012].

.5. Spaceship two During the Boost Phase after Separation from Mother-Aircraft N2O oxidizer
[Marsscientific,2013].

6. Delft University of Technology Delft Aerospace RocketEngineering(DARE)

nitrous oxide oxidizer/fuel blend of paraffin,
impulse of around 400 kNs
 Oxidizer/ Fuel Comparison

The paraffin wax/nitrous oxide ballistic coefficients from [Grosse (2009)

Chemical Properties of Nitrous Oxide [Karabeyoglu
et al., 2008]
Current Research

• Nonlinear Combustion in Hybrid Rockets

• Solid Fuel Additives
• Vortex-Driven Hybrid Rocket Combustion
• Liquefying fuels
Concluding Remarks

• Hybrid rocket propulsion has a great potential because of its inherent

advantages over both liquid and solid propellant rockets, including, safety,
reliability, operability, high performance, low cost and low environmental impact.
• Some disadvantages that are holding the hybrids back is low regression rates,
relatively lower combustion efficiencies, total fuel utilization less than 100%, O/F
shifts over the duration of a burn and not fully developed predictive models.
• Research are being conducted in all these areas, and the regression rate
enhancement research and development of predictive models are particularly in
focus.
• It is believed that the maturity of the hybrid rocket is at a point where small
investments can bring substantial advancements in technology, and that it will be
seen used in more applications throughout the 21 century.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.Choosing the Oxidizer
Liquid Oxygen –Too Complex To handle, Need Pump, Crygenic
Fuel, expensive Oxidizer vessels
Nitrous Oxide-Easy To handle
N204-Volatile Liquid, corrosive, not eco -friendly
2.Low regression Rate
-fuel often drive multiport Grain
Multiport Fuel Grain have Poor Volatile Efficiency
3. Present System too Complex System
 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
The objectives of the studies are:

• To Design, Fabricate and Test N2O

Reservoir(Oxidizer Tank, Injector) and Controller

• To Design and install Data acquisition (DAQ) System for

hybrid rocket system
Scope of Study
• Design of Oxidizer Tank ,Control valves, Bulk heads and Injector
Nozzle
• Design and fabrication DAQ system
• Determine of the Strength of pressure Vessel (FEM & Pressure Test)
• Conduct Ground Ballistic Test
Methodology
Flow Chart
 Hybrid Rocket System

The conceptual hybrid rocket system is to be

composed of four main components
• N20 Feed System
• Oxidizer Tank & Piping
• Control Valve
• N20 Injector
 Oxidizer Tank Design
Pressure
Gauge
Nitrous Oxide
Tank
Oxidizer Tank

Pressure
Relief Valve

Oxidizer
Piping

Propellants are stored in one oxidizer tanks

-Tank is machined from extruded aluminium
-Capped at both ends with flat aluminium bulkheads,
-Held in place with spiral snap rings and sealed with double 66 mm Viton O-
rings.
- Siphon Tube is place in the oxidizer Tank
Control Valve Assembly
-Liquids and gases and pipes conduct these.
-No rocket engines without them
-Lightweight, leak-proof and must withstand intensive pressure and
vibration. -by pipes or lines, made of metal and joined by fittings.
-This design provides thermal expansion and provides support to minimize
breakdown.
 Injection Manifold
-where the mixing occurs.
-The injector has to introduce and meter the flow of the liquid
propellants to the combustion chamber
-causing the liquids to be broken up into small droplets (a
process called atomization),
and distribute and mix the propellants in such a manner that a
correctly proportioned
-mixture of fuel and oxidizer will result, with the uniform
propellant mass.

Pre- Injector
Combustion
Chamber
 Test Bed
-where a rocket engine is tested
The rocket engine is well-mounted before run the engine at full power and
refine the system.
-The motor was attached to the linear bearings on the thrust measurement
stand
Test Bed
 DAQ Measurement

Load Cell
Calibration
 Radio Frequency Control Unit
-A portable control box
-Constructed to operate all of the valves and ignite the motor remotely.
- It operates off a rechargeable 12-volt Li-PO battery.
.
-The box contains two arming circuits, one for filling and one for firing the motor.

Transmitter

Receiver
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Analysis of Bulkhead

Stress Distribution of Bulkhead Safety Factor of Bulkhead

Analysis of Oxidizer Tank
Hot-Fire test Experimental Time History Hybrid Rocket Motor:
• Thrust
• Chamber Pressure
• Temperature
Hot-Fire test Experimental Time History Hybrid Rocket Motor Test 1 :
Thrust, Chamber pressure, Temperature

Peak Thrust Peak

348N Pressure
203 psi

Peak
Temperature
168
Hot-Fire test Experimental Time History Hybrid Rocket Motor Test 2 :
Thrust, Chamber pressure, Temperature

Peak Pressure
151 psi
Peak Thrust
314N

Peak
Restart Temperature
Capabilities 144psi
Validation of Experiment Test
Tsong-Sheng Lee, Hsin-Luen Tsai
Fuel Regression Rate in a Paraffin-HTPB
Nitrous Oxide Hybrid Rocket
Conference: 7th Asia-Pacific Conference on
Combustion May 2009,Taipei, Taiwan
Paraffin-HTPB Nitrous Oxide

Mohammad Mahdi Heydari, Nooredin Ghadiri

Massoom, "Experimental Study of the Swirling Oxidizer
Flow in HTPB/N2O Hybrid Rocket Motor", International
Journal of Aerospace Engineering, vol. 2017, Article
ID 3174140, 10 pages, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017
/3174140
H. Rezaeia , M.R. Soltanib; , and A.R. Mohammadi. Experimental study
of fuel regression rate in an HTPB/N2O hybrid rocket motor. Scientia
Iranica B (2018) 25(1), 253{265

Martina G. Faenza*, Adrien J. Boiron*, Bastien Haemmerli*, Solli

Lennart, Terje Vesterås*and Onno Verberne* *Nammo Raufoss AS
Getting Ready for Space: Nammo’s DOI: 10.13009/EUCASS2017-410of
a 30 kN Hybrid Rocket Based Technology Demonstrator, 7 TH
EUROPEAN CONFERENCE FOR AERONAUTICS AND SPACE SCIENCES
(EUCASS) DOI: 10.13009/EUCASS2017-410
Werner, R., Knop, T., Wink, J., Ehlen, J., Huijsman, R., Powell, S.,
Florea, R., Wieling, W., Cervone, A., & Zandbergen, B. (2016).
Development and Performance of the 10 kN Hybrid Rocket Motor
for the Stratos II Sounding Rocket. In Space propulsion 2016
[SP2016-3124672]
Conclusion
• The design, development and testing of oxidizer (nitrous oxide) system of a
hybrid rocket motor was successfully achieve (Objective 1)
• The Firing test results (Pressure, temperature and thrust) are successfully recorded
by the DAQ system (Objective 2)
• Nitrous oxide self-Pressurizing behavior in an enclosed storage compartment.
• Self-pressurizing nitrous oxide delivery system provides a more realistic oxidizer for
the liquefying fuel (stearic acid).
• The oxidizer feed and injection system have allowed for a complete design
with safety rated components.
 Recommendations
The most immediate further work,
-will involve in additional cold-flow injector testing using a more
precise test rig,
Future study and experimentation include varying,
- hydrostatic tank pressure testing,
- nitrogen fill tank,
- -pressurization pump,
- -number of injection ports.
Going hand in hand for further research
- towards a truly cost-effective
- environmentally benign
- simple hybrid rocket engines
List of Publication
1.M. Tarmizi Ahmad, Razali Abidin, A. Latif Taha, Anudip, and Amzaryi(2018). Feasibility study of palm-based fuels for hybrid rocket motor
applications

2. M T Ahmad, Anudiipnath Jagannathan, R Abidin, M N H Noordin, W M H Wan Ya'acob, A Zhahir and M H Azami
Ballistic Test Investigation of Hybrid Rocket Motor Utilizing Stearic Acid Biofuel with Energetic Additives for Regression Rate
EnhancementScopus-indexed journal (Paper ID: IConGDM2020-142) INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE
ICONGDM UNIMAP

3.Mohamed Tarmizi Ahmad, Anudiipnath Jagannathan, Razali Abidin, Mohd Nor Hafizi Noordin, Norzaima Nordin and Amzari Zhahir ANALYSIS
OF DE LAVAL ROCKET ENGINE NOZZLE USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

4.Anudiip1, a ), M T Ahmad1, b ), , R Abidin1, c ), M N H Noordin1, d ), W M H Wan Ya39;acob1 e ), A Zhahir2, f ) and M H Azami3,

Development of Oxidizer Flow Control System for use in Hybrid Rocket Engine
 36

THANK YOU
Q&A