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 Esraa Fadel Wathah et al., Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci., 9(SPL1), 10-13
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN

PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Published by Pharmascope Publications Journal Home Page: www.pharmascope.org/ijrps

The effect of terpenoid isolation from some plant against Aphis gossypii (He-
miptera: Aphidoidae)
Esraa Fadel Wathah1, Ikhlas Abbas Marhoon2, Intedhar Abbas Marhoon1
1Biology Department, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
2Biology Department, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq

Article History: ABSTRACT

Received on: 03.04.2018 The experiment was designed to study the effect of terpenoid compounds ex-
Revised on: 24.06.2018 tracted from leaves of four types of Organum Majorana, Mentha spp, Apium
Accepted on: 28.06.2018 graveolens and Malva parviflora with different concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10,

12.5) mg/ml and different exposure times (24, 48 and 72) Treatment in
Keywords: nymphs and adult mortality rate for cotton insect. The results showed that
the use of O. majorana extract with a concentration of 12.5 mg/ml recorded
Plant extracts, the highest mortality rate in both the nymph and adult stages and increased
Terpenoid, with increased exposure time. Followed by the extracts of Mentha spp, M. par-
Cotton aphid viflora and A. gravelolens respectively.

* Corresponding Author Al-Mallah, N. M 1993). It has been mentioned (God-

frey, L.D and Fuson, K.J. 2001) that the continuous
Name: Esraa Fadel Wathah
use of chemical pesticides to protect crops from ag-
Email: esraa.wathah@qu.edu.iq
ricultural pests has led to insect resistance to pes-
ISSN: 0975-7538 ticides as well as to soil contamination with chem-
icals that negatively affect the activity of other or-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL1.1341 ganisms, especially plants.
Production and Hosted by METHODS AND MATERIALS
Pharmascope.org Sample collections
© 2018 Pharmascope Publications. All rights reserved.
Aphis gossypii was collected from the surface of the
INTRODUCTION cotton leaf plantation in the city of Diwaniyah.
Aphis identified based on the taxonomic key
Aphis gossypii belongs to the Hemiptera: Aphididae (Stoetzel, MB et al., 1996). The insect was raised in
family is one of the agricultural pests that cause the lab according to Method (AL-Gboory, I. J. 1989)
any damage to economic crops and reduce produc- and (Ani, Louay Qahtan. 2004)
tivity by feeding on plant leaves, especially leaves
of the cotton plant (Henneberry T.J. and Jech, L.F Preparation of plant extracts
2001). Aphis insect spreads on the leaves of the Four types of plants leaves were collected, orga-
plant and feeds on the bark (Freeman, B.L and num Majorana, Mentha spp, Apium graveolens and
Smith, R.H. 2002). Aphis play an important role in Malva parviflora each separately. Terpenoid com-
spreading of pathogens, it can transport more than pounds were extracted from each plant according
50 types of pathogens among plants, as well as to to the method (Harborne, J.B. 1984). 2 g was taken
secrete lentil, which is a suitable medium for the from each extract after drying in the oven at 70°C
growth of pathogenic fungi of plants (Pavela, R. et and add 4 ml of chloroform and complete the vol-
al., 2004). ume to 100 ml using distilled water to Get 2% so-
Plant extracts are among the modern methods lution. (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5) mg/ml for each type of
plant under study.
used in biological control for many reasons, includ-
ing lack of environmental impact and non-toxic to
the plant within the specified dose (Sha'ban, A and

10 © Pharmascope Publications | International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences

 Esraa Fadel Wathah et al., Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci., 9(SPL1), 10-13

Table 1: Effect of terpenoid extract on an adult of Aphis gpssypii after 24,48,72 h of treatment
Mortality after 24 h of treatment
Plant 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5
Organum Majorana 25.00 27.00 33.00 40.00 59.00
Mentha sp 20.00 26.00 31.00 39.00 44.00
Malva parviflora 10.30 15.30 22.66 29.33 36.66
Apium graveolens 6.30 13.30 20.33 27.66 33.66
Mortality after 72 h of treatment
Organum Majorana 49.33 53.33 60.30 70.30 80.33
Mentha sp 44.00 47.0 0 54.00 63.00 68.00
Malva parviflora 34.30 39.32 46.30 53.32 62.33
Apium graveolens 30.00 37.30 44.32 51.33 59.32
Mortality after 48 h of treatment
Organum Majorana 34.00 41.00 47.00 52.00 65.00
Mentha sp 29.00 32.33 39.33 48.03 51.31
Malva parviflora 19.66 24.66 31.66 38.66 45.66
Apium graveolens 15.34 22.30 29.31 36.66 40.66
LSD=4.56

Table 2: Effect of terpenoid extract on nymph of Aphis gpssypii after 24 h of treatment

Mortality %
Concentration (mg/ml) 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5
1 st 30.33 70.61 87.10 96.32 100
2 nd 16.63 69.62 83.02 92.33 97.32
Organum Majorana
3rd 14.32 66.33 80.34 89.2 3 90.33
4 th 8.30 60.3 4 78.32 80.4 2 86.32
1 St 23.32 69.32 82.36 90.36 96.03
2 nd 20.30 65.36 80.33 80.63 86.63
Mentha sp
3rd 10.30 58.32 76.62 75.34 80.32
4 th 6.33 50.31 63.62 69.36 75.34
1 st 16.67 52.33 62.32 70.64 82.32
2 nd 10.63 46.62 52.31 68.32 72.33
Malva parviflora
3rd 7.33 42.64 42.31 58.62 65.34
4 th 7.34 36.32 38.3 50.33 60.32
1 st 13.64 60.34 63.64 72.34 80.33
2 nd 30.33 70.61 87.10 96.32 100
Apium graveolens
3rd 16.63 69.62 83.02 92.33 97.32
4 th 14.32 66.33 80.34 89.2 3 90.33
Experiment execution Statistical Analysis
The adult insects were isolated and sprayed with The experiment designed as a factorial experiment
the plant extracts and concentrations mentioned according to the completely randomized design
above. The insects transferred to the 9 cm diame- (CRD) design with a significant difference of 0.05%
ter Petri dishes containing cotton leaf leaves for and three replicates per treatment. Abbott For-
feeding. Petri dishes covered with a lid containing mula adopted a formula to correct mortality (Al-
small holes for ventilation and preventing insect rawi et al., 2000).
escape.
The corrected mortality
The mortality rate for adult insects calculated after mortality in treatment − mortality in control
= x 100
24, 48 and 72 hours of treatment with plant ex- 100 − mortality in control
tracts. As for the first stage nymphs, 10 transferred The adjusted mortality ratio was also converted to
to Petri dishes and the rest left for the second, third
angular values according to equation (Abbott, W.S.
and fourth stages of the non-adult nymphs. The 1925). Plants contain secondary compounds that
nymphs sprayed with the used plant extracts and are natural products in the plant but are toxic to
according to the mentioned concentrations and
other organisms such as oils and resin.
each stage individually. After 24 hours of treat-
ment, the mortality rate for each stage was calcu-
lated.
© Pharmascope Publications | International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11

 Esraa Fadel Wathah et al., Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci., 9(SPL1), 10-13

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of 2001 Arizona Cotton Report, The University of

Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
The results in tables 1 & 2 indicate the effect of ter-
7pp.
penoid compounds extracted from O. Majorana,
Mentha spp, A. gravelolens and M. parviflora for the Freeman, B.L and Smith, R.H. 2002. Cotton aphids.
stage of the Nymphs and adults of the cotton insect. Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Ala-
Moreover, it showed that the terpenoid extracted bama A&M and Auburn Universities.
from O.majorana recorded the highest mortality
Pavela, R., Barnet, M.and Kocourek, F. 2004. “Effect
ratio in both the nymphs and adults and it in-
of azadirachtin applied systemically through
creased with increasing of its concentration and
roots of plants on the mortality, development
the time of exposure for the extract followed by the
and G-fecundity of the cabbage aphid (Brevi-
extracts of Mentha spp., M. parviflora and A.
coryne brassicae)," Phytoparasitica. 32(3). 286-
gravelolens respectively. The high mortality rates
294.
are due to the toxic effects of Terpenes isolated
from plants (Frankel, G. S. 1969). In addition to the Sha'ban, A and Al-Mallah, N. M. 1993. Pesticides.
role of carbonic compounds in preventing the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Re-
growth of nymphs and the completion of their life search, University of Mosul. Dar Al Kutub For
cycle into adulthood. In a study (Birgücü, A. K., et Printing and Publishing. 520 p.
al., 2015) to illustrate the effect of extracts of a
Godfrey, L.D and Fuson, K.J. 2001. Environmental
group of plants, the extract of Ocimum basticum
and host plant effects on insecticide susceptibil-
was found that it the most effective in the insect A.
ity of the cotton aphid (Homoptera: Aphidi-
gossypi.
dae). Journal of Cotton Science, 5; 22-29 p.
The mortality rate was 40.67% after 24 hours of
Stoetzel,M,B;Miller.G.L;Obrien.FJ and Graves J.B.
treatment. Moreover, (Ayvaz et al., 2010) that the
1996. Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae).Colo-
use of oil extracted from the plant O. Majorana the
nizing cotton in the united states of Florida. En-
highest effect against the three species of insects
tomolgist 79;193-205.
plant products stored after 24 hours of treatment.
(Chiasson H, et al., 2001) Add that the oil extracted AL-Gboory, I. J.1989. Biology of Oriental citrus mite
from the plant O. Majorana fatal for the insects of Eutetranychs Orientalis (Klein) on different spe-
the aphid in a very high rate. (El-Akhal, F et al., cies. Modern Acarology Academia, Prague and
2014) Confirmed the same result of O. majorana oil SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague.
on the Culex larvae. (Al-Halak and Fatima Huda.
Ani, Louay Qahtan. 2004. Ecological and Life Study
2013) Mentioned that the water extract of Mentha
The polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari:
sp. it has an effective effect against the eggs and
Tarsonemidae) on potato in central Iraq. Master
adults of the Acanthoselides obtectus. (Monteiro,
degree - Faculty of Agriculture - University of
T.D et al., 2004) Also explained that the water ex-
Baghdad. 78p.
tract of the neem seeds has a high effect on the
mortality rate of nymphs and A. gossypi. The same Harborne, J.B. 1984. Phytochemical methods.
result obtained by both (Michell, M.D. 2002) and Chapman and Hall. New York 2nd Ed. 288pp.
(Lowery, D.T. and Isman M.B 1996) on the effect of Alrawi, khashe wakhalaf Allah 2000. Introduction
plant extracts on the cotton insect. (Xia, J.Y. et al., to Statistics Second Edition. Book for printing
1999) found a direct correlation between the mor- and publishing. The University of Mosul.
tality rate of nymphs and adults of A. gossypi with
increasing concentration of neem seed extract. Abbott, W.S. 1925. A method of computing the ef-
(Ali, W.K and Mohammed, H.H. 2013) Pointed at fectiveness of an insecticide. J.Econ. Ento-
the effect of M. parviflora and A. gravelolens against mol.18:65-6.
Tribolium confusum. Moreover, the mortality rate Frankel, G. S. 1969. Evaluation of our thoughts on
reached 93.33% and 96.67% at 6 ml concentration. secondary plant substances. Entomol. Exp. &
CONCLUSION Appl., 12: 473-486.
The use of plant extracts is very useful and good Birgücü, A. K., Satar, S., Karaca, İ. 2015. Effects of
method to protect the plants from dangerous of in- Some Plant Extracts on Aphis gossypii Glover
sects, it safely method against nymphs and adults (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Bemisia tabaci(Gen-
of plant insects because the extracts do not leave nadius) Takahashi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
any contamination in soil or on the plant. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences,
3(2), 149-154.
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