LESSON 9 Filipino Nationalism and The Cavite Mutiny

Filipino
Nationalism
and the
Cavite Mutiny
Lesson 9
Lesson Objectives
• To know what reinvigorated the sense of nationalism that Filipinos had, which
pushed them to fight for their independence.
OBJECTIVES • To identify the causes/triggers of Filipino nationalism.
• To identify the different views of the Cavite Mutiny
Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Lesson 9
• Loyalty and devotion to one’s country and the advocacy to national unity
and independence.
• This is a belief that people who share a common language, history,

and culture should constitute an independent nation, free from
foreign domination.

Lesson 9
Timeline of Philippine History (SpanishEra)
Source: Insight guides (n.d.). Philippine History and Timeline. Retrieved from https://www.insightguides.com/destinations/asia-pacific/philippines/historical-highlights
1896
AD 900 1521 1872
Spanish colonist killed
The Chinese establish Ferdinand Magellan Cavite Mutiny/uprising, many Filipinos; Bonifacio
coastal trading posts discovered the Philippines followed by the launched the Filipino
over the next 300 and was killed in Matan by execution of the martyr Revolution; Rizal was
years. Cilapulapu priests, GomBurZa. executed;
Muslim clergy start to Spanish Explorer Ruy de Jose Rizal founded the La Philippine “Independence”;
bring Islam to the Villalobos lands in Liga Filipina, then was defeat of the Spanish
Philippines from Mindanao; named Leyte- arrested and exiled to colonial by the Americans
Indonesia and Malaya. Samar as Filipinas Dapitan. Meanwhile, in Cuba; the end of the
Andres Bonifactio founded Spanish regime in the
Late 14th KKK. Philippine islands.

1543
century 1892 1897
Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny Lesson 9

Thoughts to ponder:
• By looking at the timeline, we could see a huge gap of widespread “uprisings” prior
to the late 19th century (1850s).
• Uprisings and propaganda are the result of the ideals and beliefs that the Filipinos
had for independence and nationalism.
• But with the lack of uprisings and propaganda during the early 19th century, would it
be safe to assume that Filipinos’ sense of nationalism is “late”?
• Did we not realize the need for independence? Or do we not know how to forward
such objectives in the first place?
Lesson 9
• Had been under the rule of Spain for about
three centuries, three decades, and three
years (333 years). It was after these years
that the Filipino nationalism finally
harvested the fruit of its toil:
Independence
Lesson 9
Late Development of
Filipino Nationalism

Lesson 9
Geography
Mode of Transportation

Lesson 9
GEOGRAPHY
• The Philippines is far from the source of nationalism, which is Europe.
• So, if there were any brilliant ideas and beliefs that are
happening in Europe, Philippines (although a province of Spain)
is likely to hear it the last.

Lesson 9
MODE OF TRANSPORTATION
• Another problem is transportation going to the Philippines. Before the

invention of steel ships and easier routes to reach Asia from Europe,
travelers need to travel a long way in going to the Philippines, usually
occurring around more than 3 months.

Lesson 9
Birth of Filipino
Nationalism

Lesson 9
1. Influx of liberalism
2. Opening of the Suez Canal
3. Campaign for secularization
4. Cavite Mutiny
5. Execution of the fathers Gomez, Burgos, andZamora

Lesson 9
“The French Revolution began in
1789 and lasted until 1794. King
Louis XVI needed more money, but
had failed to raise more taxes when
he had called a meeting of the
Estates General. This instead turned
into a protest about conditions in
France. “

Lesson 9
French Revolution
• Many historians now regard the French Revolution as a

turning point in the history of Europe, but also in North
America where many of the same ideas influenced the
Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution.
• The famous slogan ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ called for

every person’s right to freedom and equal treatment. Across
France and the rest of Europe the consequences of the
Revolution were huge.

Lesson 9
French Revolution
• There were many new

developments including the
fall of the monarchy, changes
in society with the rise of the
middle class, and the growth
of nationalism.

Lesson 9
• Liberal ideas – spread throughout Europe
• Filipinos were influenced;
• They were drawn to the constitution which provided their natural and civil
rights
• Reign of Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre contributed to the

development of Filipino nationalism
• Nationalism of some European countries, like Germany, has also been a

stirring rod of the birth of Filipino Nationalism
Lesson 9
Lesson 9
• Opening the Philippines to World Trade
• New Goods
• New Ideas
• New Technology/Methods
• Participation in trade and improvement in

agriculture
• Raised their standards of living
• Rise of middle-class Filipinos
• Powerful; became leaders in educational
and financial matters Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny
Lesson 9
• Fought for the rights of Filipino priests
• They were being denied the right to
head and govern a parish because they
are indios and are deemed to be lower
than that of the Caucasians
(Spaniards/Europeans).
• His fight for secular rights garnered Fr.

Burgos hate from other European priests,
which resulted to his death in 1872.
Fr. Jose Burgos Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Lesson 9
Lesson 9
• Jan. 20, 1872: the Cavite Mutiny broke out under the leadership of
Sgt. Fernando La Madrid and some workers/soldiers in the Cavite
Arsenal
• Carlos Maria de la Torre VS Rafael Izquierdo
• Deduction of tribute and falla in their salary

• Execution of fathers GomBurZa

Lesson 9
Cavite Mutiny: The Two Faces of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny
• Twomajor eventshappenedin 1872,first wasthe 1872CaviteMutiny andthe other wasthe martyrdom

of the three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora
(GOMBURZA).
• However,not all of us knew that there were different accounts in reference to the saidevent.
• All Filipinos must know the different sides of the story—since this event led to another tragic yet
meaningful part of our history—the execution of GOMBURZA which in effect a major factor in the
awakeningof nationalism amongtheFilipinos.

Lesson 9
Cavite Mutiny (Spanish Perspective)
• Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish

historian documented the event and
highlighted it as an attempt of the Indios to
overthrow the Spanish government in the
Philippines.
• Meanwhile, Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s

official report magnified the event and made
use of it to implicate the native clergy, which
was then active in the call for secularization.

Lesson 9
• The two accounts complimented and corroborated with one other, only that the general’s report was
more spiteful.

Lesson 9
Spanish Perspective
• Scored out that the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal
such as non- payment of tributes and exemption from force labor were the main
reasons of the “revolution” (as how they called it);
• Spanish Revolution which overthrew the secular throne;
• Dirty propagandas proliferated by unrestrained press;
• Democratic, liberal, and republican books and pamphlets reaching the Philippines
• Presence of the native clergy who out of animosity against the Spanish friars

Lesson 9
Native clergy
• …..“conspired and supported” the rebels and enemies of Spain

Lesson 9
• Izquierdo blamed the
unruly Spanish Press for
“stockpiling”
malicious propagandas
grasped by the Filipinos.

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Fake News:
• He reported to the King of Spain that the “rebels” wanted to overthrow the Spanish
government to install a new “hari” in the likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora

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Heavenly promises
• The general even added that the native clergy enticed other participants by
giving them charismatic assurance that their fight will not fail because God is
with them coupled with handsome promises of rewards such as employment,
wealth, and ranks in the army.
• Izquierdo, in his report lambasted the Indios as gullible and possessed an innate
propensity for stealing.

Lesson 9
The Event
• According to the accounts of the two, on 20 January 1872, the

district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto,
unfortunately participants to the feast celebrated the occasion
with the usual fireworks displays.
• Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as the sign for

the attack, and just like what was agreed upon, the 200-men
contingent headed by Sergeant Lamadrid launched an attack
targeting Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal.

Lesson 9
Reaction from the Spaniards
• When the news reached the iron-fisted Gov. Izquierdo, he readily
ordered
the reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt.
• The “revolution” was easily crushed when the expected

reinforcement
from Manila did not come ashore.
• Major instigators including Sergeant Lamadrid were killed in the

skirmish, while the GOMBURZA were tried by a court-martial and
were sentenced to die by strangulation.
Lesson 9
Reaction from the Spaniards
• Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma.

Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa and other abogadillos were
suspended by the Audencia (High Court) from the
practice of law, arrested and were sentenced with life
imprisonment at the Marianas Island.
• Furthermore, Gov. Izquierdo dissolved the native

regiments of artillery and ordered the creation of artillery
force to be composed exclusively of the Peninsulares.

Lesson 9
Cavite Mutiny (The Filipino Version)
• Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera

• Filipino scholar
• Wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite.
• In his point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny

by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the
Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied with
the abolition of their privileges.

Lesson 9
• Indirectly, Tavera blamed Gov. Izquierdo’s cold-
blooded policies such as the abolition of privileges
of the workers and native army members of the
arsenal and the prohibition of the founding of
school of arts and trades for the Filipinos, which
the general believed as a cover-up for the
organization of a political club.

Lesson 9
The Event: Tavera account
• On 20 January 1872, about 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal, and
residents of Cavite headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms and assassinated the
commanding officer and Spanish officers in sight.
• The insurgents were expecting support from the bulk of the army unfortunately, that didn’t
happen.
• The news about the mutiny reached authorities in Manila and Gen. Izquierdo immediately
ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite. After two days, the mutiny was
officially declared subdued.

Lesson 9
Tavera’s understanding
• Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a
powerful lever by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy involving not only the
native army but also included residents of Cavite and Manila, and more importantly
the native clergy to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines.
• It is noteworthy that during the time, the Central Government in Madrid announced
its intention to deprive the friars of all the powers of intervention in matters of civil
government and the direction and management of educational institutions.
• This turnout of events was believed by Tavera, prompted the friars to do something
drastic in their dire desire to maintain power in the Philippines.

Lesson 9
• The friars, fearing that their influence in the Philippines would be a thing of the past,
took advantage of the incident and presented it to the Spanish Government as a
vast conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with the object of destroying
Spanish sovereignty.
• Tavera sadly confirmed that the Madrid government came to believe that the scheme
was true without any attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the alleged
“revolution” reported by Izquierdo and the friars.
• Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced life
imprisonment while members of the native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were tried
and executed by garrote.

Lesson 9
• This episode leads to the awakening of nationalism and eventually to the outbreak of
Philippine Revolution of 1896.
• The French writer Edmund Plauchut’s account complimented Tavera’s account by

confirming that the event happened due to discontentment of the arsenal workers
and soldiers in Cavite fort.
• The Frenchman, however, dwelt more on the execution of the three martyr priests
which he actually witnessed.

Lesson 9
Unravelling the Truth
• Considering the four accounts of the 1872 Mutiny, there were some basic facts that remained to be
unvarying:
• First, there was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal as well as the members of
the native army after their privileges were drawn back by Gen. Izquierdo;
• Second, Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that made the Filipinos move and
turn away from Spanish government out of disgust;
• Third, the Central Government failed to conduct an investigation on what truly transpired but
relied on reports of Izquierdo and the friars and the opinion of the public;
• Fourth, the happy days of the friars were already numbered in 1872 when the Central
Government in Spain decided to deprive them of the power to intervene in government affairs
as well as in the direction and management of schools prompting them to commit frantic
moves to extend their stay and power;
Lesson 9
Unravelling the Truth
• Considering the four accounts of the 1872 Mutiny, there were some basic facts that remained
to be unvarying:
• Fifth, the Filipino clergy members actively participated in the secularization movement in
order to allow Filipino priests to take hold of the parishes in the country making them prey
to the rage of the friars;
• Sixth, Filipinos during the time were active participants, and responded to what they deemed
as injustices;
• The execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the Spanish government, for the
action severed the ill-feelings of the Filipinos and the event inspired Filipino patriots to call
for reforms and eventually independence.
Lesson 9
Lesson 9
• Guilty of treason for inciting the Cavite
Mutiny
• Feb. 17, 1872

Lesson 9
Execution of the GomBurZa
• On17 February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish government and

Frailocracia to instill fear among the Filipinos so that they may never
commit such daring act again, GOMBURZA were executed. This
event was tragic but served as one of the moving forces that shaped
Filipino nationalism.

Lesson 9
Lesson 9
Lesson 9
Lesson 9
• Mass Media’s role is relevant not only in the present but also in
the past.
• La Solidaridad was created as a means of propagating the

movements’objectives.
• Founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena on Feb. 15, 1889

Lesson 9
Lesson 9
• G.L. Jaena – died of tuberculosis (Jan. 20, 1896)
• M.H. Del Pilar – died of tuberculosis (July 4, 1896)
• J.P. Rizal – died by firing squad (Dec. 30, 1896)
• The Propaganda Movement failed.

Lesson 9
• Mariano Ponce – university student in
Barcelona
• Was sent political letters by Del Pilar
• Attacked the political powers
of the friars in the Philippines
• Against deportation system
• Defended Rizal’s Noli Me
Tangere
Lesson 9
Lesson 9
• Purpose: to secure reforms for thePhilippines
• Political, Literary, and Recreation
• They had meetings where they formulate resolutions: REFORMS

Lesson 9
Lesson 9
• A civic league of Filipinos founded by Jose Rizal (July 3, 1892)
• Discussed provisions of the Constitution of the La Liga Filipina which he wrote in Hong
Kong and was helped by Jose M. Basa
• Aimed to unite the whole Philippine archipelago into a body with mutual
protection in every want and able to defened against injustice and violence.
• Also aimed to encourage commerce, agriculture, and education as well as the study and
application of the long wished reforms

Lesson 9
• Unus Instar Omnium (One like All)

Lesson 9
Katipunan

Lesson 9
Katipunan
• The society was founded after the Filipino patriots learned that Dr.Jose
Rizal was captured and exiled in Dapitan. Not just doctor a mereor, Rizal is an
author of two prominent novels detailing the dark aspects of Spain’s colonial
rule in thePhilippines.
• His novels made Filipinos hunger for more. While Rizal only campaigned for
equal treatment of Filipinos, not everyone was on the same page as him.

Lesson 9
Katipunan
• Katipunan is also known as KKKor “Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangangKatipunan ng̃mg̃á Anak

ng Bayan“. In English, it means Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of theNation.
• Established on July 7, 1892, in Manila, it is a Philippines’ revolutionary society which aim

was to free the nation from the Spanish regime through revolution.
• The members of the society were called Katipuneros. An aspiring Katipunero has to go through a
rigorous initiation process before becoming an official member of the society. In the beginning,
only males were allowed to enter the society but, later on, females were welcomed as well.

Lesson 9
Proclamation of Philippine Independence
• Source: 1898 Declaration of Independence
• Penned by Amrbosio Rianzares Bautista

Lesson 9
Roman Catholicism in the Philippines
• Magellan's Arrival to the islands of the Philippines mark the first attempt to convert
the Filipinos to Christianity. This conversion was received by mixed responses.
• Most of the Filipinos received the conversion with open arms, and were happily
converted to Christianity. Some did not like the conversion, such as Lapu-Lapu.

Lesson 9
Roman Catholicism in the Philippines
• He did not believe that the Filipinos needed to change, so he killed

Magellan, making him the first ever Philippine hero.
• That’s not to say that Christianity should not have been spread to our
country, because if not, the Philippines would mostly be a Muslim
country

Lesson 9
Roman Catholicism in thePhilippines
• After Magellan, the Spanish sent Miguel Lopez de Legaspi to the Philippines, and
he conquered the Muslim settlement in Manila during 1570.
• The religion slowly spread throughout the Philippines, evident in present

Filipinos, most of whom areChristians.

Lesson 9
Spread of Christianity in the Philippines
• Mass Baptism - Baptizing the Filipinos is very large groups at once. It is

said that the Filipinos interpreted Baptism as healing, which relies on the
presence of Holy Water.
• Reduccion Policy - Moving small groups of Filipino settlements into one,

large town. This was to regulate the Filipinos, and teach them the basics
of Christianity.

Lesson 9
• Early Attitude of the Spanish Clergy - early on, the Spanish clergy was
forced to learn the Filipinos' native language if they want to teach them.
Without Spanish schools, the priests were forced to say Mass in the
Filipinos' native languages.

Lesson 9
• Adaptation of Christianity to the local culture - The Filipinos believed in spirits, which
were responsible for the good, and bad.
• They had statues and altars, all of which were destroyed by the Spaniards.
• They replaced them with Christian adaptations of their early beliefs, and used theatrical
presentations of Bible stories to appeal the Filipinos.

Lesson 9
Philippine Road to Independence!
• Whenwas the Philippines independent?

• Canyou illustrate and define the details of the Philippine flag?

Lesson 9
Sources
• Piedad-Pugay, CA. 2012. The Two Faces of the Cavite Mutiny. Retrieved
on July 8, 2019 from the National Historical Commission of the
Philippines: http://nhcp.gov.ph/the-two-faces-of-the-1872-cavite-mutiny/

Lesson 9

LESSON 9 Filipino Nationalism and The Cavite Mutiny

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Filipino

OBJECTIVES • To identify the causes/triggers of Filipino nationalism.

• To identify the different views of the Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• This is a belief that people who share a common language, history,

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Late 14th KKK. Philippine islands.

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny Lesson 9

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• The Philippines is far from the source of nationalism, which is Europe.

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• Another problem is transportation going to the Philippines. Before the

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• Many historians now regard the French Revolution as a

• The famous slogan ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ called for

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• There were many new

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• Reign of Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre contributed to the

• Nationalism of some European countries, like Germany, has also been a

• Participation in trade and improvement in

• His fight for secular rights garnered Fr.

Fr. Jose Burgos Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• Carlos Maria de la Torre VS Rafael Izquierdo

• Deduction of tribute and falla in their salary

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• Twomajor eventshappenedin 1872,first wasthe 1872CaviteMutiny andthe other wasthe martyrdom

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish

• Meanwhile, Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• …..“conspired and supported” the rebels and enemies of Spain

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• According to the accounts of the two, on 20 January 1872, the

• Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as the sign for

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• The “revolution” was easily crushed when the expected

• Major instigators including Sergeant Lamadrid were killed in the

• Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma.

• Furthermore, Gov. Izquierdo dissolved the native

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera

• In his point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• The French writer Edmund Plauchut’s account complimented Tavera’s account by

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny

• On17 February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish government and

Filipino Nationalism and Cavite Mutiny