DIGOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

QUARTER 2 (WEEK 7)
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Name: ________________________________ Grade & Section: _______________ Date:___________

Topic: The Process of Evolution

Learning Competencies:
Describe how the present system of classification of organisms is based on evolutionary
relationships. (S11/12LT-IVfg- 27)

Objective/s
1. Explain the process of evolution;
2. Identify some scientists who contributed to the historical developments of evolutionary
thoughts;
3. Compare Lamarckian and Darwinian Evolution

Concept

Evolution

It refers to a change over time and the process by which modern organisms have descended from
ancient organisms. Evolution is the change in genetic composition of a population over time resulting
from differential reproduction of individuals. It is the process by which different living organisms
diversified from earlier forms during history.

Activity 1. Fill Me Up!

Inside the clouds, write your own thoughts about evolution.

Scientists who contributed to the historical developments of evolutionary thoughts:

1. Charles Darwin
The development of modern concept of evolution can be traced on his worked, On the Origin of
Species, however, the first editions of his book never actually used evolution but rather He used the
phrase “descent with modification”. In Darwin’s theory, variation is the result of pre-existing genetic
differences among individuals. This genetically-based variation leads to evolutionary change.
Darwin proposed a Theory of Natural Selection as the mechanism of evolution.

2. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
Lamarck used the theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, a widely-held belief at the
time, to explain change in organisms.
Lamarck’s Organic Theory of Development stated that organisms are shaped by their
environment.
Change is goal-directed, an organisms have an internal drive to become more and more complex. Use and
disuse of parts causes change that is passed on from generation to generation.

3. Alfred Russel Wallace

Developed some of his most important ideas about natural selection. Wallace had come to the
conclusion that living things evolve: animals evolve by adapting to their environment. He realized that
species evolved because fittest individuals survived and reproduced passing their advantageous
characters.

4. Thomas Malthus
 Helped inspire Darwin to refine natural selection by stating a reason for meaningful competition
between members of the same species. He believed that populations grow geometrically while resources
slowly increase or not at all, leading to competition

5. Carolus Linnaeus
He was known as the Father of Modern Taxonomy. He was also the first to frame principles for
defining natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them, known
as binomial nomenclature.
Linnaeus' thoughts on evolution are very different from the modern day theories. He believed that
species were immutable. Even though Linnaeus believed in immutability, he did believe that the creation
of new species was possible, but that it is limited.

Activity 2 The Who?

Identify the scientists who contributed to the historical developments of evolutionary thoughts by
arranging the letters at the end of the statement.

1.________________Believed that populations grow geometrically while resources slowly increase or not
at all, leading to competition. (AHMUTLS)
2. _______________Thought the idea of descent modification. (ANDWRI)
3. _______________ Father of taxonomy. (NILENASU)
4. _______________ Realized that species evolved because fittest individuals survived and reproduced
passing their advantageous characters. (WLELCAA)
5. _______________ Proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired traits and theory of use and disuse.
(AACRLKM)

Mechanisms of Evolutionary Changes

Mechanisms of evolutionary changes include genetic drift, migration or gene flow, mutation,
natural selection and nonrandom mating.
Genetic drift is a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. Examples of genetic drift
are bottleneck effect and founder effect. Bottleneck effect takes place when population decreases due to
various environmental factors such as fires, earthquakes and floods. The founder effect happens when a
small population of organisms separates from the larger group to invade a new area.
Gene flow is described as the movement of genes from one population to another. When this
happens, there is a tendency to increase the gene diversity in the populations.
Mutation occurs when there is a change in the genetic makeup caused by environmental stressors.
This process expands diversity of organisms.
Natural selection explains the difference in survival of individual and reproduce in a particular
environment.
Nonrandom mating increases the frequency of animal with desirable traits. It causes evolution
because it intrudes the natural pool of gene variations.

Activity 3
Complete the concept map and reflect this statement “When a Covid-19 Virus replicates or makes
copies of itself, it sometimes changes a little bit. These changes are called mutations. A virus with one or
several new mutations is referred to as a variant of the original virus.”
 My Reflection:

___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
__________________________

Lamarckian vs. Darwinian Evolution

According to Lamarck’s theory of evolution, organisms change during their lifetime to survive
then pass these changes to their offspring. While Darwin’s theory involves natural selection and struggle
for existence. When an organism is fit and can adapt to its environment, it survives and more chance to
reproduce.

Activity 4
Compare Lamarckian vs. Darwinian Evolution through illustration. You may use different animals of
your interest. (Please see the Rubrics attached)

Activity 5
What I Have Learned ?
IDENTIFICATION.
1. ______________________ refers to a change over time.
2. _____________________ is the father of evolution.
3. ______________________ is considered as father of taxonomy.
4. Thomas Malthus believed that populations grow geometrically while resources slowly increase leading
to __________________.
5. _________________________ proposed the theory of use and disuse.
6. _________________________ explains the difference in survival of individual and reproduce in a
particular environment.
7. Gene flow is the movement of ____________ from one population to another.
8. _________________ occurs when there is a change in the genetic makeup caused by environmental
stressors.
9. The _________________________ happens when a small population of organisms separates from the
larger group to invade a new area.
10. __________________ takes place when population decreases due to various environmental factors
such
as fires, earthquakes and floods.

Activity 6
What I Can Do?
Look at the pictures below. This illustrates the evolution of phone. Describe each stage and tell the
changes occur in every phase. How does it affects our daily lives?
 Activity 7
Arrange the following pictures from ancient to modern based on your understanding about theory
of evolution. (Use numbers 1 to 5)

Activity 8
Match column A with column B. Write the letter of your choice.
 Summative Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Refers to a change over time

A. evolution B. gradualism C. migration D. mutation

2. Each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time and as a result species
today look different from their ancestors
A. Theory of Descent with Modification B. Theory of Modification
C. Theory of Natural Selection D. Theory of Survival

3. Explains the difference in survival of individual and reproduce in a particular environment

A. evolution B. gene flow C. gradualism D. natural selection

4. Takes place when population decreases due to various environmental factors such as fires, earthquakes
and floods
A. bottleneck effect B. founder effect C. genetic flow D. natural selection

5. The process the movement of genes from one population to another

A. evolution B. gene flow C. gradualism D. natural selection

6. Which of the following is considered as mechanisms of change?

A. genetic drift B. migration C. natural selection D. a, b and c

7. Changes in the DNA

A. gene flow B. genetic shuffling C. genetic variation D. mutation

8. This is also called migration

A. gene flow B. genetic shuffling C. genetic variation D. mutation

9. Differences among individuals of a s species are referred to as __________.

A. adaptation B. fitness C. natural selection D. natural variation

10. Father of evolution

A. Alfred Russel Wallace B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Charles Darwin D. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

11. Proposed the theory of use and disuse.

A. Alfred Russel Wallace B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Charles Darwin D. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

12. Believed that populations grow geometrically while resources slowly increase leading to competition
A. Alfred Russel Wallace B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck D. Thomas Malthus

13. Father of taxonomy

A. Alfred Russel Wallace B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck D. Thomas Malthus

14. According to his theory of evolution, organisms change during their lifetime to survive then pass these
changes to their offspring
A. Carolus Linnaeus B. Charles Darwin
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck D. Thomas Malthus

15. His theory involves natural selection

A. Carolus Linnaeus B. Charles Darwin
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck D. Thomas Malthus

Extension Activity (Performance Task)

 Design and make a poster tracing the evolutionary changes of an animal that occurred through
domestication. Use one-fourth size illustration board for your poster.

Rubrics for Illustration / Drawing

5 4
Category Advanced
Required Elements Illustration includes all required
elements described in the
assignment requirements.
Presentation Student points out all important
elements in the Illustration. Those
elements are labeled if possible,
visible and clear.
Graphics/Relevance Graphics are related to the topic
and student points out that
relationship during his/her
presentation.
Attractiveness The illustration is exceptionally
attractive in terms of design,
layout, and neatness.
Total 20
Proficient
Illustration includes most of the
required elements described in the
assignment requirements.
Student points out important
elements in the Illustration.
Project is not labeled and it
should have been.
Graphics seem to be related but
student failed to make the
relationship connection during
presentation.
The illustration is fairly attractive
in terms of design, layout, and
neatness.
16
3
Basic or Below
(Student must redo all or part of
assignment.)
Student put forth no effort to
include required elements.
No important elements are
discussed and no attempt to label
anything was made.
Graphics are not related to the
topic.
The illustration is messy and very
poorly designed. It is not
attractive.
12

Rubrics for Reflection (Reflective Journal)

5 4
Criteria Advanced
Observations and insights Sophisticated and thoughtful
observations, high degree of
insights and analysis, evidence that
outcomes have been processed and
reflected upon.
Language and structure Excellent, coherence and
progression. Ideas and observations
are well-structured, effective and
accurate use of vocabulary and
grammar, very few errors.
Total 10
Proficient
Adequate degree of observations,
some insights and analysis,
reflection and outcomes
considered but lack depth.
Better structure with a logical
progression. Used of limited
interpretation and reflections,
competent vocabulary and
grammar, occasional errors.
8 6
3
Basic or Below
(Student must redo all or part of
assignment.)
Simplistic observations, provides
little or no insights, comments or
analysis, more descriptive than
reflective
Not well organized, predominantly
descriptive with little interpretation
or reflection. Poor vocabulary and
grammar, numerous errors.
 When a virus replicates or makes copies of itself, it sometimes changes a little bit. These changes
are called “mutations.” A virus with one or several new mutations is referred to as a “variant” of the
original virus.

The more viruses circulate, the more they may change. These changes can occasionally result in a
virus variant that is better adapted to its environment compared to the original virus. This process of
changing and selection of successful variants is called “virus evolution.”

Some mutations can lead to changes in a virus’s characteristics, such as altered transmission (for example,
it may spread more easily) or severity (for example, it may cause more severe disease).

Some viruses change quickly and others more slowly. SARS-CoV-2, the virus which causes COVID-19,
tends to change more slowly than others such as HIV or influenza viruses. This could in part be explained
by the virus’s internal “proofreading mechanism” which can correct “mistakes” when it makes copies of
itself. Scientists continue to study this mechanism to better understand how it works