Factors that Affect Movement:
Unit (Pre-Lim)
LESSON 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF MOVEMENT
Learn to
Move. Move to
Learn.
There are three basic natural movements: the locomotor and nonlocomotor or axial
movements (Andin and Minas, 2004).
 Locomotor movements - are used to move the body from one to another or to
project the body upward as in jumping and hopping.
Examples: walking, running, jumping, hopping, skipping, leaping, galloping,
sliding, marching, trotting, stamping, and twirling.
 Non-locomotor or axial movements - are performed without appreciable
movements from place to place or movements of the various parts of the body in
fixed base.
1. Flexion –bending or shortening of a body part occurring at a joint.
2. Extension – turning, twisting or circling.
3. Pendular – swaying/swinging arms backward or sideward.
4. Percussive – striking or hitting: pushing or pulling.
5. Vibration – shaking and beating.
6. Sustained – a slow, smooth flowing movement with a balance movement
throughout the entire series.
7. Suspended – a sharp movement followed by a series of slow or
prolonged movements until a peak is reached.
Basic Concepts of Movement, Movement Space, and Rhythm
Movement is a change of position in space. This is governed by mechanical
principles that limit the ability of an individual to move effectively and efficiently.
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1. Psychological Factors – Fear, anxiety, and other mental phenomena affect
movement either positively or negatively. All these may affect the performance of
an individual.
2. Physiological Factors – Physical fitness and body built are two main concerns
that affect human movement. Poor muscle development and low fitness
level will surely affect movement.
3. Sociological Factors – These refer to the relationships of the performer with a
particular group and his regard to social conformity and norms.
Space in Movement
All movements take place in space. The two kinds of space occupancy are
personal space and general space.
 Personal Space is the maximum space available to a person in a stationary
position. This includes the space that the person reach by bending,
stretching, and twisting.
 General Space is the area which include one or more persons moving space
like gymnasium, swimming pool classroom, plaza, ballroom, and others.
Elements of Space
 1. Direction. This refers to the movements: forward, backward, upward,
downward, sideways, right and left, diagonals and combinations of all of
these.
 2. Level. As the body moves in a horizontal plane, it creates a movement
identified as high, medium, middle and low. It may be represented in a
relative height while standing, sitting, lying and kneeling.
 3. Range. The maximum reach of an individual or sometimes referred to as
personal space or the size of movement.
 4. Pathways or Space Designs. The line or design created in space as on
moves, examples of which is an arm circling (circle design is created) or a
line drawn from running to the first base in softball.
 5. Focus. This is referred to as movement is space in relation to an object or
a person’s attention of direction.
1
FUNDAMENTAL DANCE POSITION OF ARMS AND FEET MUSIC SIGNS/SYMBOLS AND REST VALUE

There are five fundamental dance position of arms and feet

(.) A dot is equivalent to half the value of the note.

POSITION FEET ARMS

Both raised forward in a
Heels close together;
1st Position circle in front of chest
toes apart with an angle
with the fingertips about
of about 45 degrees.
an inch apart.
Both raised sideward
Astride sideward about a
2nd Position with a graceful curve at
pace or 1 foot distance.
shoulder level.
One arm raised sideward
Heel of one foot close to
3rd Position as in 2nd position; other
instep of other foot.
arm raised upward.
One arm raised in front
One foot in front of the
4th Position as in 1st position; other
other of a pace distance.
arm raised over head
Heel of front foot close Both arms raised over
5th Position
to big toe or rear foot. head.

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ERRON F. NICOL - INSTRUCTOR 2