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AP-01B Correction of Errors
AP-01B Correction of Errors
AP-01B Correction of Errors
Definition of Terms
Accounting policies - specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and
practices adopted by an enterprise in preparing and presenting the financial statements.
This is a change from one generally accepted accounting principle to another generally
accepted accounting principle. Adoption of a new principle in recognition of events that have
occurred for the 1st time is not a change in accounting principle. There is no change in
accounting principle when the depreciation method adopted for a newly acquired asset is
different from the method or methods used for previously recorded assets of similar class.
A change from a principle that is not generally accepted to one that is generally
accepted is an error correction than a change in accounting principle.
Accounting Procedure:
Benchmark treatment
A change in accounting policy/principle should be applied retroactively unless the
amount of any resulting adjustment that relates to prior periods is not reasonably determinable.
Any resulting adjustment should be reported as an adjustment to the opening balance of the
retained earnings. Comparative information should be restated unless it is impracticable to do
so.
Accounting Procedure:
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CORRECTION OF ERRORS
No company whether large or small is immune from errors. Errors may be intentional
or unintentional. Intentional errors are significant because of the presence of fraud or intent to
deceive. These errors are made for the purpose of concealing fraud or misappropriation,
evading taxes, manipulating or window-dressing the company's financial statements.
Unintentional errors were not deliberately committed. They result from carelessness or
ignorance on the part of the company's personnel or it may result from poor internal control.
The risk of material errors may be minimized through the installation of good internal
control and the application of sound accounting procedures. Prior period adjustments, also
called fundamental errors are reported in the current year as adjustment in the beginning
balance of the Retained Earnings account. Prior period statements should be restated to
correct the error when comparative statements are prepared.
Accounting Procedure:
1. If detected in the period the error occurred, correct the accounts through normal
accounting cycle adjustments.
2. If detected in subsequent period, adjust errors by making prior period
adjustments directly to Retained Earnings or restate the beginning balance of the
Retained Earnings account.
3. Correct all previously presented prior period statements.
TYPES OF ERRORS:
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Errors which if not detected are automatically offset or corrected over two
periods. Restatement is necessary even if a correcting journal entry is
not required.
Effect: Net Income of two successive periods are misstated. The amount of
misstatement in one period is equal to but opposite in effect in the income of the
next period.
Counterbalancing errors include the misstatements of the following accounts:
1. Inventories to include the following
a. Purchases
b. Sales
2. Prepaid expenses
3. Deferred Income
4. Accrued expense
5. Accrued Income
GUIDELINES
PROBLEM 1
In your examination of the financial statements of GRISHAM CORP., for the year ended
December 31, 2019, you discovered the following errors. Prepare the necessary adjusting
entries.
1. Interest collection from a notes receivable amounting to P3,500 which was received on
December 30, 2019 was deposited and recorded on the same day by a credit to sales.
2. A staled check of P12,000 which had been outstanding for more than six months was
included in the list of outstanding checks. This was in payment of Accounts Payable
3. Payment of P4,500 for freight charges on merchandise purchased on December 18,
2019 was debited to freight out account.
4. On December 31, 2018, the physical count was overstated by P5,000.
5. Improvements on building of P100,000 had been charged to expense on January 01,
2019. Improvements have a life of 5 years.
6. GRISHAM CORP. issued 5,000 shares of P 100 par value capital stock for P550,000 on
January 14, 2018. The proceeds were credited to the Capital Stock account.
7. On January 01, 2019, an equipment costing P70,000 was sold for P35,000. At the date
of sale, the equipment has an accumulated depreciation of P43,750. The cash received
was recorded as other income in 2019.
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8. A P15,000 collection from Smart Co. was correctly recorded in the general ledger but
was erroneously credited to the subsidiary ledger account of Smurf Corp.
9. Insurance premium of P45,000 for three years paid in January 2003 was charged to
expenses in 2018.
10. On December 31, 2018, goodwill estimated by the Board of Directors at P300,000 was
set up by a credit to Retained Earnings.
11. On December 29, 2019, GRISHAM CORP. issued checks to its creditors amounting to
P75,000. These checks were released on January 4, 2020.
12. A check for P20,000 from a customer to apply to his account was received on December
30, 2019 but was not recorded until January 4, 2020.
13. A customer's deposit of P60,000 for goods to be delivered in January 2020 was
deducted from accounts receivable.
14. A check was cleared by the bank as P5,200 on December 05, 2018, but was recorded
by the bookkeeper as P2,500. This was in payment of an employee cash advance.
15. On the last day of 2019, the company received a P90,000 prepayment from a tenant for
2020 rent of a building. It was recorded as rent revenue.
PROBLEM 2
You were engaged for the first time to audit the financial statements of ABC Corp. for the year
ended 31 December 2019. The company started its operations in 2017. In reviewing the books,
you discovered that certain transactions/adjustments had either been overlooked or improperly
recorded at the end of the three years. Omissions/failures and errors for each year are
summarized as follows:
December 31
2017 2018 2019
1. Omissions/understatement of the following at the end of
each year:
a. Accounts Receivable 4,000 7,000 1,000
b. Merchandise Inventory 2,000 9,000
c. Accrued Interest Income 6,000 3,000
d. Prepaid Insurance Expense 8,000 5,000
e. Advances to Suppliers (Erroneously debited to Purchases) 6,000 2,000 7,000
TOTALS 20,000 24,000 16,000
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6. Minor repairs made on furniture and fixtures for the years 2017 and 2018 in the amount of
P3,000 and P8,000; respectively, were erroneously capitalized.
7. A prepaid operating expense covering a period of three years were paid on January 1, 2017
and 2018 amounting to P45,000 and P120,000, respectively. The client charged all of the
amount to expense upon payment.
8. An Unearned Income covering a period of 4 years were paid on July 1, 2018 and 2019
amounting to P8,000 and P20,000 respectively. Income was credited for the entire proceeds
upon collection.
PROBLEM 3
You are auditing the financial statements of Clark, Inc. for the year 2019. The details of the
company’s RETAINED EARNINGS before adjustments are as follows:
RETAINED EARNINGS
Date Descriptions Dr. Cr. Balance
01.01.201 Balance 570,000
7
12.31.201 Net Loss for the year 70,000 500,000
7
01.31.201 Dividends paid 210,000 290,000
8
04.30.201 Share premium 135,000 425,000
8
08.31.201 Gain on retirement of shares 90,000 515,000
8
12.31.201 Net Income for the year 750,000 1,265,000
8
01.31.201 Dividends paid 150,000 1,115,000
9
12.31.201 Net Loss for the year 248,250 866,750
9
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b. Dividends has been declared in 2017 and in 2018 but were not recorded until they were paid
the following year. Dividends declared in December 2019, but paid and recorded in 2020
amounted to P150,000
d. Merchandise inventories costing P51,000 and P48,000 were in transit from a supplier at the
end of 2017 and 2018, respectively. These were purchased under FOB shipping point and the
goods were excluded from the physical count made at the end of each year. The purchases;
however, were recorded the immediate following year, upon receipt of the complete purchase
invoice documents.
e. Merchandise inventories with sales invoice prices of P70,000 and P140,000 were in transit to
customers at the end of 2017 and 2019, respectively. These goods, sold at 25% gross profit
based on sales under FOB Destination, were recorded as sales in 2017 and 2019, respectively.
Since goods have already been physically delivered as of the count date, these goods were
excluded from the physical count of that particular year.
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