axali epoqis dasawyisi Turqul literaturaSi

evropasTan TurqeTis urTierToba teqnikisa da samxedro sferoTi daiwyo.

TandaTan interesi dasavleTisadmi gaRrmavda da man kulturis sferoc moicva.
selim III-isa da mahmud II-is dros erTaderTi gazeTi, romelic Turq xalxs
dasavlur samyaros acnobda, iyo `Takvim-i Vekayi~ (movlenaTa kalendari). gazeTi
mxolod oficialuri informaciiT Semoifargleboda da sakmarisi ukve aRar iyo. metad
mcire iyo TurqeTidan evropaSi saswavleblad Tu samsaxuroebrivi mivlinebiT
wasulTa ricxvic. maT ar SeswevdaT Zala win aRdgomodnen konservator TurqTa
sakmaod mravalricxovan nawils, romelTac ar moswondaT dasavluri civilizacia.
intensiuri kontaqti dasavlur civilizaciasTan, rogorc cnobilia, 1839 wlis 3
noembris `giulhanes hati-Serifis~ gamocemis Semdeg daiwyo. aRniSnuli firmani
adamianis im uflebebis dacvis aucileblobaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas, romelTac
dasavleTi aRiarebda gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad. garda amisa, preambulaSi
gamoTqmuli iyo azri xelmZRvanelebisa da TviT reformatorebisa imis Sesaxeb,
rom maTi miswrafeba iyo dayrdnobodnen yurans.1
aRniSnuli brZanebis gamocemis iniciatori iyo sagareo saqmeTa ministri
reSid faSa, romelsac parizisa da londonis saelCoebSi muSaobis gamocdileba
hqonda da frangulsac SesaniSnavad flobda. `giulhanes hati-Serifi~ TurqeTis
politikur da administraciul sferoSi mniSvnelovan reformebs iTvaliswinebda.
TanzimaTis reformebi or periodad iyofoda: pirveli periodi – 1839 wlidan
yirimis omamde (1853) da meore periodi – 1856 wlidan ruseT-TurqeTis omis
dawyebamde (1877). reformebi politikurTan erTad cxovrebis yvela sferos
moicavda. iqneboda es ekonomikuri, kulturuli Tu ideologiuri. reformebs didi
winaaRmdegobebi Sexvda. miuxedavad imisa, rom hati-SerifSi ar iyo Selaxuli
sasuliero wodebis interesebi, isini mixvdnen, rom am aqtiT nel-nela Ziri

11
svaniZe mixeil, osmaleTis istoria, t. II, Tb., 2002, gv.168.
eTxreboda yuransa da SariaTs, rogorc osmaleTis samarTlis wyaroebs, amitom
samRvdeloeba aqezebda fanatikos muslimebs reformebis winaaRmdeg.2
miuxedavad winaaRmdegobisa, reformatori politikosebi darwmunebulni
iyvnen dasavluri Rirebulebebis TurqeTSi damkvidrebis aucileblobaSi. maT hati-
Serifis mxardasaWerad reformebis kidev erTi firmani gamosces (1856w.), riTac
maT qristianebs mianiWes muslimebis Tanaswori uflebebi. maT SeeZloT
gamxdariyvnen saxelmwifo moRvaweebi, eswavlaT mSobliur enaze,
survilisamebr SeeZloT SeeyvanaT Svilebi saxelmwifo skolaSi.
abdul mejidi da misi Tanamoazreni, upirveles yovlisa, ganaTlebis sistemis
reformirebas Seecadnen da TurqeTSi dasavluri saswavlo sistemis danergva
moiwadines. arsebuli sasuliero saswavleblis nacvlad Tanamedrove standartebis
Sesabamisi universitetis daarsebis Sesaxeb miiRes gadawyvetileba. arsebuli
sasuliero saswavleblebi saSualo skolebad unda qceuliyvnen, sadac dawyebiTi
skolis damTavrebis Semdeg gaagrZelebdnen swavlas moswavleebi. Sesabamisi
saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedgenis mizniT Seiqmna akademia (1850w.). 1858 wels
maswavleblebis aRzrdis mizniT gaixsna mamakacTa pedagogiuri saswavlebeli da
umaRlesi skola, sadac saxelmwifo moxeleebs aRzrdidnen.
mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi, romlebic saxelmwifos mier iqna ganxorcielebuli
dasavluri kulturis Semotanisa da damkvidrebisaTvis, Turqi sazogadoebis
azrovnebis Secvlis winapirobas warmoadgenda. amaSi didi roli frangulma enam
iTamaSa, romelic Turqul elitarul wreebSi sul ufro da ufro meti popularobiT
sargeblobda.
imis Sesaxeb, rom dasavluri Rirebulebebis SeTviseba uaRresad
mniSvnelovani iyo TurqeTisaTvis, aristokratul wreebSi ukve aSkarad
laparakobdnen aseve fiqrobda Turquli elitis erT-erT cnobili warmomadgeneli zia
faSa. misi azriT ucxo enis codna aucilebeli pirobaa dasavluri kulturis
22
svaniZe mixeil, osmaleTis istoria, t. II, Tb., 2002, gv.170
SesaTviseblad. fanatizmisaTvis zurgis Seqcevisa da swavla-ganaTlebis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb Tavis Sexeulebebs igi Semdeg misrebSi gamoxatavs :
`İster isen anlamak cihanı
Öğrenmeli Avrupa lisanı
Etmiş orda fünûn terakkı
Terk eyle taassub-ı cünûnü~3
`Tu gsurs Seicno samyaro
unda iswavlo evropuli ena,
iq mecniereba ganviTarebulia,
swavlas nu gaeqcevi,
uari Tqvi fanatizmsa da ugnurebaze.~
axali Rirebulebebis damkvidreba mahmud II-is dros evropaSi saswavleblad
gagzavnilma da 1839 wlis Semdeg samSobloSi dabrunebulma axalgazrdebma
itvirTes. maT am mimarTulebiT TurqeTis axalgazrdobaSi aqtiuri propaganda
gaaCaRes. isini kargad grZnobdnen presis Zalas sazogadoebis cnobierebis Secvlis
saqmeSi. magram presis aqtiur mxardaWeras isini ver grZnobdnen. naxevrad
oficialuri gazeTi – Ceride-i Havadis, romelic Takvim-i Vekayi-s (movlenaTa
kalendari) Semdeg daarsda yoveldRiuri mSrali informaciis miwodebiT
Semoifargleboda. dasavluri civilizaciis Sesaxeb Turqi sazogadoeba mainc
informirebuli iyo. stambolSi frangul Tu sxva ucxo enebze gamomavali gazeTebi
iTargmneboda da ise miewodeboda Turq mkiTxvels. informaciebi ZiriTadad
teqnikisa da samecniero sferoebs exeboda. Turqi xalxisaTvis nel-nela aSkara
gaxda dasavleTSi arsebuli mecnierebisa da teqnikis miRwevebis upiratesoba da
interesic Sesabamisad gaRvivda mis mimarT.
dasavluri civilizaciis popularizaciaSi aseve didi roli iTamaSa Teatrmac.
Teatraluri xelovnebisadmi interesi TurqeTSi ucxouri dasebis stumrobam gaaRviva.
33
Seyit Kemal Karaalioğlu, Ziya Paşa, Hayatı ve Şiirleri, Ist. 2005.
TanzimaTis gamocxadebidan meore wels stambolSi pirveli, sami wlis Semdeg ki
ori TeatrisaTvis gankuTvnili Senoba aigo. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq dadgmuli
pirveli speqtaklebi ucxo enaze iyo, mayurebelSi isini did mowonebas
imsaxurebdnen. isini aq dasavlur kulturas da cxovrebis wess ecnobodnen.
daixvewa Turqi sazogadoebis musikaluri gemovnebac. aRniSnuli speqtaklebi
Tavdapirvelad kritikis obieqtnic iyvnen, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi
konservatori Turqebis reaqcia Serbilda.
ase rom, kontaqtebma, romelic jer kidev selim III-isa da mahmud II-is dros
damyarda evropasTan, TanzimaTis gamocxadebiT gaRrmavda da ganviTarda,
cxovrebis sruliad axleburi xedva warmoSva. daiwyo sruliad axali, mecnierul,
racionalur azrovnebaze damyarebuli kulturis ganviTareba. Seicvala gemovneba
Turqi sazogadoebisa. gaCnda axali kulturis, kerZod ki, literaturis moTxovna,
romelic amjerad Cveni interesis sferos warmoadgens. sanam dawvrilebiT
SevexebodeT TanzimaTis epoqis literaturaSi damkvidrebul siaxleebs, oriode
sityviT mis winamorbed divanis literaturaze gvinda gavamaxviloT yuradReba,
raTa ufro TvalsaCino gavxadoT im cvlilebebis aucilebloba, romelic Turqulma
literaturam aRniSnul periodSi ganicada.
XIX saukuneSi Turqul literaturas eqvssaukunovani tradiciebi gaaCnda,
magram ukve arsebulma literaturam mTlianad amowura Tavisi SesaZleblobebi da
sicocxlisunarianoba dakarga. yovelive amas mravali mizezi gaaCnda da
ganpirobebuli iyo ara mxolod TurqeTSi, aramed msoflioSi mimdinare globaluri
procesebiT. renesansis epoqidan moyolebuli evropas mTlianad msWvalavs
racionaluri azrovneba. mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebis arnaxuli tempebi
aSkara da TvalsaCinoa. TurqeTis politikur Tu kulturul cxovrebaSi ki
Suasaukunoebrivi sqolastikuri azrovneba mZlavrobs kvlavac. osmaleTis imperia,
romlis qristianul samyarosTan urTierToba omebiT da dapyrobil qristianul
teritoriebze Tavisi uflebebis ganmtkicebiT Semoifargleboda, pirvel kontaqtebs
dasavleTis civilizaciasTan kanunis xanaSi amyarebs. TandaTan cxadi xdeba
dasavluri samyarosa da osmaleTis imperias Soris cxovrebisa da civilizaciis dones
Soris pirvelis sasargeblod arsebuli sxvaoba. Turqebma warumatebeli samxedro
operaciebis mizezebic gaanalizes da isini evropuli qveynebis teqnikuri progresis
upiratesobaSi dainaxes.
dasavlur samyarosTan urTierToba TurqeTma XVIII saukuneSi samxedro
sferoSi daiwyo. male es kontaqtebi kulturis sferosac Seexo. XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi TurqeTi ecnoba evropul musikas, gazeTs, saukunis Suaxanebidan ki
Teatrsa da dasavluri sulieri kulturis sxva miRwevebs.
dRiTi dRe sul ufro aSkara xdeboda dasavlur civilizaciasTan ziarebis
aucilebloba. magram es procesi martivad da umtkivneulod ar mimdinareobda.
Turqi sazogadoebis azrovnebis transformireba metad Zneli saqme iyo da es
bolomde, ra Tqma unda, arc ganxorcielebula. amis miRweva ara Tu XIX
saukuneSi, aramed dResac ki ar xerxdeba. barieri, rolis gadalaxva Turq xalxs
dResac uWirs, gacilebiT Zlieri iyo maSin.
udidesi dabrkoleba Sexvda axal Turqul literaturasac divanis literaturis saxiT,
romelic eqvsi saukunis ganmavlobaSi ayalibebda Turqi mkiTxvelis literaturul
gemovnebas da islamur civilizaciaSi hqonda fesvebi gadgmuli. divanis literatura
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mxolod sazogadoebis maRali fenisaTvis iqmneboda,
religiur safuZvelze iyo dayrdnobili da religiur dogmebs ar scildeboda. wina planze
aq religiuri grZnobebi, religiuri Temebi (locva, muhamedis pativsacemad
naTqvami yasida) gvxvdeba wamoweuli da realuri cxovrebiseuli problemebisadmi
mTlianad daxSulia. marTalia, arsebiTi poetis Sinagani samyaros warmoCena iyo,
magram misi grZnobebi, TviT siyvarulic ki, mTlianad religiur kontrols
eqvemdebareboda. iseT bunebriv grZnobas, rogoricaa qalis silamaziT gamowveuli
aRfrTovaneba da misdami siyvaruli, divanis literaturaSi RvTiuri da abstraqtuli
datvirTva eZleoda da ganyenebuli `satrfos~ Tayvaniscemamde midioda.
 aseve abstraqtuli da ganyenebulia divanis literaturis SemoqmedTa mier
aRwerili bunebis suraTi. is mxolod poetis fantaziiT aris Seqmnili, bunebrivisagan
Zalian Sors dgas da Zalian xelovnuria.
divanis leqsi, rogorc Sinaarsis, aseve mxatvruli gamosaxvis saSualebebis
TvalsazrisiT, ucvlel da mkacr wesebs eqvemdebareba. leqsis mxatvruli xerxebi da
Temebi imis mixedviT aris SerCeuli, grZeli marcvalia gamoyenebuli leqsSi Tu
mokle. am TvalsazrisiT divanis leqsi Sablonuri leqsia, stereotipia, imdenad, rom
stereotipebi poetis ocnebebsac ki garkveul CarCoebSi svamda. isic ki winaswar iyo
gansazRvruli, romeli Sabloni ocnebis romeli sferos gadmosacemad unda
gamoyenebuliyo. aseTi xasiaTis nawarmoebebi iqmneboda rogorc poeziaSi, ise
prozaSi. maTi Sinaarsis ganmsazRvreli Sablonad qceuli religiuri Temebi iyo (iosef
da zuleixa, leila da mejnuni, xosrovi da Sirini, vamiqi da azra da a. S.).
divanis literaturis masazrdoebel islamuri civilizaciis gavlenas verc ena
gadaurCa. Turqul leqssa da prozaze sparsuli da arabuli literaturis gavlena jer kidev
XIII saukunidan SeimCneva. pirvel etapze es gavlena leqsikas etyoba, droTa
ganmavlobaSi ki gramatikul wesebsa da sintaqsur Taviseburebebzec aisaxa da
Turquli aristokratiis enas garkveuli daRi daasva. TurqeTis elita, maT Soris
mwerlebi, sparsuli da arabuli ganaTlebis miRebas aniWebdnen upiratesobas. es
bunebrivia, magram es enebi male Turquli aristoktratiisaTvis klasikur enebad iqca.
magram imis aRiarebac aucilebelia, rom osmalurSi ucxouri elementebis garda,
garkveulwilad TurqulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli JReradobac iCenda xolme Tavs.
Turquli klasikuri literatura, leqsi iqneba es Tu proza, yalbi da mTlianad
`sityviT keklucobis~ xelovnebaze damyarebuli literaturaa. amas garkveuli axsna
SeiZleba movuZebnoT. radgan mwerali stereotipebiTaa SezRuduli Tavis
ocnebebSi da gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis gamoyenebaSi, cdilobs, rom is
TanamokalmeTagan rameTi gamorCeuli iyos. magram calkeul mweralTa
miswrafeba - SeeqmnaT individualuri qmnilebebi, sityvebis TamaSiT
Semoifargleboda da WeSmarit SemoqmedebiT procesTan saerTo araferi hqonda.
ara Tu uniWo da susti fantaziis mqone mwerlebi, aramed TviT yvelaze niWiernic
ki ver aRwevdnen Tavs aRniSnul CarCoebs. gansakuTrebiT mZime
mdgomareobaSi prozaikosebi iyvnen, radgan es Janri da masSi arsebuli dogmebi,
maTi fantaziis asparezs gansakuTrebiT zRudavda. sityvebiT da gamoTqmebiT
TamaSi axasiaTebs maSindel prozas. am xerxs prozaikosebi susti Sinaarsis
SeniRbvis mizniT mimarTaven. gansakuTrebiT popularulia ritmuli proza. cdiloben
lamaz samoselSi gaaxvion arafris mTqmeli Sinaarsi da amgvarad warmoaCinon
Tavisi ostatoba.
divanis poetebi mTel Tavis saTqmels beiTis CarCoebSi aqceven. es leqsebi
Sinaarsobriv erTobas moklebulia da iq raime azris amokiTxva TiTqmis
SeuZlebelia.
ase rom, divanis literaturis Sesaxeb, romelic saukuneebis manZilze
gansazRvravda Turqul literaturul gemovnebas, daskvnis saxiT Semdegi SeiZleba
iTqvas:
divanis literatura eyrdnoba islamur civilizacias. aq warmmarTvelia religiuri,
mistikuri Temebi da sqolastikuri azrovneba; axasiaTebs mkacri da ucvleli wesebi.
imis gamo, rom ucxo, garedan Semosul elementebs eniWebaT upiratesoba, farTo
masebi mas ver igeben. is Tavidanve damkvidrda, rogorc garkveuli fenis literatura
da ase ganviTarda. xalxis farTo masebisaTvis sruliad ucxo iyo arabuli da sparsuli
enebis gavleniT Camoyalibebuli Turquli ena, romelmac aRniSnulis Sedegad didi
cvlilebebi ganicada.
divanis literatura cxovrebisagan da realuri samyarosagan mTlianad
mowyvetilia. aq ver SexvdebiT cxovrebiseul movlenebs, yoveldRiur ambebs,
bunebis realur suraTs. poeti Caketili ocnebebisa da grZnobebis samyaroSi
cxovrobs da is mTlianad subieqturia. gamosaxvis saSualebebi mkacrad
gansazRvruli da Sablonuria. Mmyaria da winaswar gansazRvrul yalibSia moqceuli
leqsis formebi, ritmi da riTma.
mTavari nakli divanis literaturisa aris xelovanis Tavisuflebis, misi realizaciis
SesaZleblobebis SezRudva. mkacr CarCoebSi moqceuli xelovani Tavis niWs
farTo gasaqans ver aZlevs. amdenad XIX saukuneSi Turqul literaturaSi dawyebuli
reformirebis procesi sruliad gamarTlebuli da misaRebi iyo. man axali sicocxle
STabera Turqul literaturas da Sesabamisi SedevrebiTac gaamdidra.
mas Semdeg, rac TurqeTi saxelmwifo reformebis gzas daadga da orientacia
dasavleTis ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebze aiRo, mniSvnelovani gardatexa moxda
kulturis sferoSi, kerZod ki, literaturaSi.
ucxo ena, romelic gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda im dros TurqeTSi, iyo
franguli. evropul literaturasac Turquli sazogadoeba pirvelad franguli literaturiT
eziara. pirveli, vinc franguli literatura Turq mkiTxvels gaacno, iyo ibrahim Sinasi,
romelic SesaniSnavad flobda frangul enas da literaturaSic Rrmad iyo ganswavluli.
mis mier 1858 wels gamocemul frangi poetebis prozad naTargmni leqsebiT Turqi
mkiTxveli pirvelad gaecno frangul poezias. am Targmanebs win uZRoda usuf
qemal faSas mier fenelonis “telmakis” Targmani, romelic 1858 wels iqna
Sesrulebuli da 1862 wels gamoqveynda. am romanma Turqul literaturas Zlieri
biZgi misca axal JanrSi gadasasvlelad. erTi mxriv, Turqi inteligencia aqtiurad
Targmnis romans, meore mxriv ki, axal literaturul Janrad gvevlineba piesa. am
Janris pirveli dasavluri nimuSebi ahmed Tevfiq faSam gaacno Turq mkiTxvels.
mas molieris piesebis Targmanebi ekuTvnis. 1869 wels man komediebis _
“iZulebiTi qorwineba” da “iZulebiT eqimis” adaptirebuli Targmanebi gamosca
wignad. amas mohyva misive “eqimi, romelsac mRelvareba moaqvs.” amis
Semdeg kvlav molieris Targmanebi (“veluri”, “qalTa saswavlebeli”, “mamakacTa
saswavlebeli”, “CorTiT hop,” “mtanjveli siyvaruli” da “ymawvili”) SesTavaza
Turq mkiTxvels. am TargmanebiT Turqi mkiTxveli maTTvis or sruliad axal Janrs
gaecno. amave dros isini Turquli literaturis ganviTarebis erTgvari katalizatorebi
iyvnen.
ahmed miThaT efendis Tavisi pirveli romanis “hasan melahis” daweramde
“grafi monte kristo” waukiTxavs. romanis winasityvaobaSi igi aRniSnavs, rom
Tavisi nawarmoebiT ki ar mibaZa diumas an Targmna “grafi monte kristo”,
aramed misi parodia gaakeTa.
namiq qemali Tavis “jalaledin xorezmSahis” winasityvaobaSi, sadac misi
literaturuli Sexedulebebia Camoyalibebuli, ganicdis viqtor hiugos ~kromvelis”
winasityvaobis gavlenas. mis piesebSic viqtor hiugos gavlenis kvali Cans.
rodesac namiq qemali dasavluri literaturis Sesaxeb saubrobs, prozisa da
poeziis im nimuSebs CamoTvlis, romelTac is upiratesobas aniWebs: “poeziaSi
ingliseli, germaneli, da espaneli poetebis nawarmoebebs gamovarCev. frangTa
Soris hiugos, miuses da sxva romantikosebis nawarmoebebs vaniWeb
upiratesobas, zneobisa da tradiciebis kritikaSi _ molieris, xolo azrovnebaSi _
kornelis nawarmoebebs. prozis TvalsazrisiT XVIII s-is franguli prozaa
saintereso.”4 es sityvebi mowmobs, rom namiq qemali mxolod franguli literaturiT
ar Semoifargleboda, magram aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Turquli literatura swored
franguli literaturis gavlenis qveS moeqca, radgan ZiriTadad swored aRniSnuli
literaturis Targmna xdeboda gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT Turqulad. inglisuri
literaturis gacnobac frangul enaze moxda.
im dros, rodesac TurqeTSi dasavluri literatura ikidebda fexs, dasavleTSi
klasicizmi ukve istoriis kuTvnileba iyo, romantizmic realizms uTmobda gzas.
Turquli literatura, amis miuxedavad, jer romantizmis, Semdeg ki klasicizmisa da
realizmis gzas adgeba.
romantizmis kvali yvelaze aSkarad namiq qemalTan SeiniSneba. Turquli
piesa rom viqtor hiugos gavlenas ganicdis, es romantizmis yvelaze aSkara
44
Namik Kemal’ın Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Üzerine Görüşleri ve Yazıları; Hazırlayan Kazım Yetiş, Ist. 1996.
gamovlinebaa. romani saTauriT “mokveTili” am epoqis yvelaze warmatebuli
romantikuli romanis nimuSia. xolo romani “aRorZineba” Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT
marTalia realisturad SeiZleba miviCnioT, magram saxeebis da iq daxatuli
siyvarulis formiT aSkarad romantikulia. namiq qemalis SemdegSi dawerili
romanebi Tematikis TvalsazrisiT realisturia, magram romantizmis gavlena aqac
mkafioa.
hamidTan jer rasinis, kornelis da sxva klasikosebis, Semdeg ki
romantikosebis - hiugos, lamartinis, miuses - gavlena SeimCneva.
viqtor hiugo ikavebs am epoqis Turqul literaturaSi gansakuTrebul adgils.
hiugos nawarmoebebisgan miRebul gansakuTrebul STabeWdilebaze saubrobs
namiq qemali hamidisadmi miweril werilebSi.5
rodesac Turqi mwerlebi saavtoro nawarmoebebs qmnidnen, maT nimuSad
dasavluri literatura hqondaT. am sruliad axali literaturis SeqmnasTan erTad maT
gaiazres, rom Turquli literatura daxvewas saWiroebda. amaze daiwyes fiqri
Turqma mwerlebma da Sedegi iyo is, rom daiwyo literaturis arsis sruliad axali
gagebis Camoyalibeba.
marTalia, Turquli literatura dasavlurs baZavs, magram Turqi mwerlebi am
mibaZvis dros zomierebis dacvis aucileblobas grZnoben. cdiloben erovnuli
Rirebulebebi ar dakargon da gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles iCenen am mimarTulebiT.
am problemebze saubrobs mualim naji: “Cveni literatura unda iyos dasavleTis
Rirseuli mibaZva ise, rom gaTvaliswinebuli iyos misi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
Sedegebi, literatura yovelTvis erovnul xasiaTs unda atarebdes.”6 am sityvebSi
Cans is SeSfoTeba, romelic gaCnda Turq inteligenciaSi _ dasavluri
civilizaciisadmi gadaWarbebul aRfrTovanebas erovnuli tradiciebisa da
Rirebulebebis dakargvis saSiSroeba ar Seeqmna. am safrTxis realurad arsebobis
55
Namik Kemal, Hamide Mektup. Namik Kemal’ın Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Üzerine Görüşleri ve Yazıları;
Hazırlayan Kazım Yetiş, Ist. 1996.
66
Muallim Naci, Mektuplarım, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 1998. s. 41
faqtma zia faSas, romelic TviTon iyo axal dasavlur Rirebulebebze orientirebuli
literaturis Semoqmedi, aseTi sityvebic ki aTqmevina: “erovnuli daviviwyeT, yvela
sferoSi evropisaken viyurebiT”.7 namiq qemali igive azrs Semdegnairad
gamoxatavs: “erTi sityviT, yvela eri ise unda eZebdes ganviTarebas, rom sakuTari
erovnuloba ar dakargos. osmalTa eri odiTganve gansakuTrebiT niWieri eria. am
gzas ar unda gadavuxvioT. erovnulidan xom ar visesxoT? amis gareSe veranair
warmatebas ver mivaRwevT. es aqsiomaa.”8
amgvarad, dasavlur Rirebulebebze orientirebuli Turquli literatura erovnul
tradiciebsac rom eWideboda, es faqtia. amjerad ki yuradReba gvinda SevaCeroT
axali epoqis literaturisTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebze.
imas, Tu rogor gansazRvravdnen “TanzimaTis” epoqis mwerlebi literaturis
funqcias, Zalian kargad gadmoscems Sinasis sityvebi: “literatura ostatobaa,
romelsac adamianis aRzrda evaleba, amitom ewoda mas literatura” 9 (edep –
aRzrda, am sityvidan modis edebiyat – literatura). misi azriT literaturas
aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia akisria. es saxelwodebac amitom ewoda mas.
literaturis funqciis analogiur Sefasebas gvTavazobs mualim naji: “literaturis
mizania aRzrda, sindisis grZnobis gaRviveba da moraluri ganwmenda. literatura
Seesatyviseba sityvas _ kargi aRzrda (edep – edebiyât). literatura aris sityvis
xelovneba, romelic adamianis sulze iseT gavlenas axdens, TiTqos
qargavso.”10aRniSnuli sityvis aRzrdasTan kavSirze namiq qemalic saubrobs.11
TanzimaTis xanaSi kavSiri myardeba literaturasa da filosofias Soris. ahmed
miThaTi literaturis aseT gansazRvrebas gvTavazobs: “literaturuli sibrZnis ena
mxatvruli gadmocemiT cxaddeba. radgan xalxis azrovnebaSi urTierTpativiscemis,
zneobisa da qcevis wesebisadmi xotbis Sesxmis codna WeSmaritebis codnas
77
Seyit Kemal Karaalioğlu, Ziya Paşa, Hayatı ve Şiirleri, Ist. 2005. s.53
88
Namık Kemal’ın Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Üzerine Görüşleri ve Yazıları; Hazırlayan Kazım Yetiş, Ist.1996. s.80
99
Hikmet Dizdaroğlu, Ibrahim Şinasi, Hayatı, Sanatı, Eserleri; Ist. 1954. s.73.
1010
Muallim Naci, Mektuplarım, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 1998. s. 29.
1111
dasax. NaSromi, gv. 120.
niSnavs da am saqmes sibrZne ewodeba.”12 ahmed miThaTis azriT sibrZne
aucileblad sada eniT unda iyos gadmocemuli. analogiur azrs aviTarebs menemenli
zade Tarihi: “literatura yovlisSemZle iaraRia, yvelaze Rrma sibrZnes, yvelaze
miuwvdomel WeSmaritebas sulierebaSi buravs da rodesac Txrobas iwyebs
msmenelebs uneburad imorCilebs, mWermetyvelebis saSualebiT maT gulebamde
aRwevs.”13
amave dros, literatura realobasac unda asaxavdes. namiq qemalis sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT “didi didad, patara patarad, lamazi lamazad, maxinji maxinjad unda
gvaCvenos.”14
arsebobda Tvalsazrisic, rom literaturaSi mTavaria sityvis silamaze, radgan
literatura sityvebisgan Sedgeba. Seih vasfi ase gansazRvravs literaturis am
Taviseburebas: “Cveni azriT, rac meti lamazi sityvaa winadadebaSi, es
winadadeba miT ufro axlos dgas literaturasTan, rac metia maxinji sityva _ miT
ufro Sorsaa igi literaturisgan.”15 mualim naji ki aseT rames wers: “SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom literatura lamazi sityvebia, magram ra aris silamaze _ am kiTxvas
advilad ver vupasuxebT.”16 aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT rom, raxan ar aris
bolomde garkveuli ra aris silamaze, aseT viTarebaSi sityvaSi arsebuli silamazisa
da simaxinjis cneba imisda mixedviT SeiZleba Seicvalos, Tu rogor gvesmis
simaxinje an silamaze.
aRniSnul momentze yuradRebis gamaxvileba Seih vasfis literaturis winsvlis
aucilebel pirobad miaCnia. misi azriT, sityvis cvlileba silamazis tradiciuli gagebis
mixedviT unda xdebodes. am sakiTxze jevdeT faSac amaxvilebs yuradRebas:
“literatura azrs lamaz saburvelSi xvevs, iseve rogorc weliwadis TiToeuli droa
lamaz saburvelSi gaxveuli. amas unda daveyrdnoT da ise movargoT literatura
1212
Ohan Okay, Ahmed Midhat’ın Çalışmaları, Ist.1990. s.59
1313
Edebiyat Araştırma ve Incelemeleri, Izmir, 1994, s.217
1414
dasax. NaSromi, gv. 93.
1515
Tanzimat Edebiyatı, Izmir, 1992. s.393.
1616
dasax. naSromi, gv. 103.
epoqas”.17 am striqonebSi gamoxatulia swored is azri, rom trafaretad qceuli divanis
literaturisagan Tavis daRweva, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gemovnebis
Sesabamisi literaturis Seqmna iyo saWiro.
im faqtors, rom erTi da imave eris literaturis cvlilebas droisa da adgilis
cvlileba ganapirobebs da TiToeul ers rom gansxvavebuli literatura unda gaaCndes,
zia faSa bunebrivi pirobebis gavlenas ukavSirebs:
“Iklimde hükmü yok mu farkin?
Vaz’iyyeti bir mi Garbü şarkın
Kaabil mi ide Rasin Lamartin
Nef’î gibi bir kasîde tezyîn?
Mümkün mü senâî vü FarazdaK
Molyer gibi tiyatro yazmak ?”18
ase rom, bunebrivi pirobebi aZlevs garkveul saxes literaturas, ganapirobebs
TiToeuli eris literaturis erovnul xasiaTs. Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs rejaizade
eqremis mosazrebebi literaturis Sesaxeb : ~zogierT frangul nawarmoebs mivmarTe
da visargeble, osmaluri damoukidebeli enaa da is sruliad gansxvavdeba
arabulisagan.~19 am sityvebSi eqremi aSkarad acxadebs, rom igi sargeblobs
franguli literaturiT. amasTan imasac aRniSnavs, rom osmaluri arabulisagan
gansxvavebuli damoukidebeli enaa da rom osmalurs unda hqondes mxolod
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli, erovnuli niSniT aRbeWdili literatura. amave dros am
wlebSi TviT termini literaturac ki jer kidev axalia : ~termini literatura mxolod
xuTi-aTi wlis win iqna gansakuTrebuli sixSiriT gamoyenebuli literatorebis
mier.~20

1717
dasax. naSromi, gv. 395.
1818
ZiyaPaşa’nın Şiirleri, Ankara, 1959, s. 86.
1919
Recai-zade Mahmut Ekrem; Hazırlayan: Ismail Parlatır, Ankara, 1985. s. 64.
2020
iqve
 rejaizade eqremi pretenzias acxadebs rom literaturis srulyofil gansazRvras
pirvelad swored is sTavazobs Turq mkiTxvels. manmade, miuxedavad terminis
ukve sakmaod xSiri xmarebisa, misi arsi gaanalizebuli ar yofila: “literatura
azrovnebasa da sindisze axdens gavlenas da amdenad am mimarTulebiT
azrovnebis ganviTareba da moraluri gawmenda, dadebiT Tvisebebze,
Rirebulebebsa da yvelasTvis cnobil sakiTxebze laparaki saWiro ar aris.~ 21 motanili
citatidan naTlad Cans, rom eqremi literaturis tradiciul gansazRvrebebs da
funqciebs ar iziarebs.
eqremi amasTan aRniSnavs, rom literaturas aqvs rogorc farTo, aseve viwro
gageba. farTo gagebiT literaturaa adamianuri azrovnebis yvelanairi produqti.
aqedan gamomdinare, misi azriT samecniero mwerlobac literaturad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos. samecniero mwerloba literaturis safuZvlad iTvleba da rac mas
ekuTvnis igi literaturaa.
~literaturaSi azri mTavari ar aris, radgan literaturis mizania fiqrSi,
grZnobaSi, ocnebaSi arsebuli siaxlis gamovlena~22_ ambobs eqremi da fiqrs,
grZnobas da ocnebas aniWebs arsebiT mniSvnelobas.
literaturul nawarmoebebs, proza iqneba igi Tu poezia, sxva maxasiaTeblebic
unda hqonoda. literaturis Seqmnis aucilebel pirobad Semdegi faqtorebi
miiCneoda : ~im epoqis prozisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi Sedgeba Cveni eris
saerTo aucilebeli moTxovnilebebisagan da gemovnebisgan, harmoniisa da
sindisisagan. poeziaSi ki ritmisa da riTmis SenarCunebaa aucilebeli.~ 23 am
citatidan gamomdinare literaturaSi weris wesebia mTavari.
Eeqremis amgvari gansazRvreba menemenli zade Tahiris azriT aris ara
literaturis ganmarteba, aramed erTi nawarmoebis gansazRvra, romelic weris
wesebis mixedviT aris dawerili : ~garkveul wesebze dayrdnobil literaturis Sesaxeb
2121
iqve
2222
iqve
2323
iqve
daweril statiaSi igi exeba ara wigns, romelic Cven gvinda rom gavigoT, aramed es
idealuri nawarmoebis ganmartebaa.~24 Aamdenad WeSmariti literatura rom
daibados aucilebeli pirobaa sityvebis, winadadebebis da maTSi Cadebuli azris
Sesabamis situaciaSi gamoyeneba da amiT sulieri harmoniis miRweva. amave dros
literatura xelovnebis erT-erTi dargia. xelovnebaSi ki ferTa, formaTa, xmaTa
urTierTSerwymiT warmoiqmneba harmonia, romelic qmnis silamazes. Aam
silamazes literaturul nawarmoebSi azrTa da sityvaTa SerwymiT warmoqmnili
harmonia qmnis. mxolod azrebi da sityvebi rodi unda erwymodnen erTmaneTs,
saWiroa realobasTan, bunebasTan, adamianis suliskveTebasTan maTi
SesabamisobaSi moyvana.
xelovnebis dargTagan literaturas yvelaze metad ferwerasTan aigiveben.
Osityvis is Zala, romelic literaturaSi iCens Tavs, mxatvrobaSi feriT SeiZleba
gamoixatos. ra sirTulesa da ostatobasTanac aris dakavSirebuli mxatvrobaSi feris
Seqmna da ferebis erTmaneTTan Sexameba, aseve rTulia literaturaSi sulieri
xelovnebis ostaturad gamoyeneba, aRebuli Temebis xasiaTisaTvis, naturisaTvis
Sexameba.
rogorc didi Secdomaa ferweraSi mTvariani Ramis warmoCena rogorc
ganaTebuli dRisa, aseTive didi Secdomaa igives gakeTeba literaturaSi.25
ruSen eSref unaidini literaturis Seqmnas qandakebis Seqmnas adarebs aqebs ra
namiq qemalis nawarmoebebs: “qemal beis xelSi sityvebi, winadadebebi
moqandakis xelSi arsebul masalas gavs, survilisamebr zniqavs, survilisamebr
iyenebs, sasurvel formas aZlevs da iseT sxeuls amsgavsebs, rom cqeriT ver
gaZRebi.26 aq masala, romliTac literatura iqmneba, qandakebis Sesaqmnelad
gamoyenebul masalasTanaa Sedarebuli. rogorc qandakebis silamaze
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra formas miscems mas moqandake, asevea
2424
Seyit Kemal Karaalıoğlu, Türk Edebiyatı tarihi, Ist. 1982.s. 193.
2525
Recai-zade Mahmut Ekrem, Çok Bilen Çok Yanılır; Ist. 2003.
2626
Ruşen Eşref Ünaydın, Diyorlar ki; Muharriri Çeşmeler kaşıfı, Ist. 2004.s.43
damokidebuli literaturuli nawarmoebis silamaze Tu rogor gamoiyenebs mwerali
masalas.
Lliteraturuli nawarmoebisgan, ferweruli tilosgan an qandakebisagan
adamiani udides siamovnebas iRebs, isini mis grZnobebze mZafrad moqmedeben.
Tu tilos an qandakebis silamaze xelovanis mier masalis gamoyenebis niWzea
damokidebuli, literaturuli nawarmoebis Semqmnel mwerals rogorc maSin
ambobdnen «unaklo gemovneba» (“Zevk-i – Selim”) unda hqonoda.