Important Theory Question (01-34) Part-01 by Md. Ahsan Habib

Govt Job Preparation
Civil Engineering Bangladesh
Important Theory
from
Previous Year
(Part-01)
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Q-1: Define: Quick Lime, Hydraulic Lime, Fat Lime,
Poor Lime, Hydrated Lime. [NPCBL’19]
Quick Lime:
It is the lime obtained after the calcinations of pure limestone. It is amorphous
and highly caustic having no affinity for carbonic acid.
Hydraulic Lime:
It is the lime which has small quantities of silica, alumina and iron oxide,
which are in chemical combination with calcium oxide.
Fat Lime/Rich Lime:

It is the lime which has high calcium oxide (about 95%) content and can set
and become hard only in the presence of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
This type of lime is perfectly white in color. It has high plasticity.
Poor Lime/Lean Lime:

It is the lime which contains more than 30% of clayey impurities in the form
of silica, alumina and iron oxide.
Hydrated Lime/Slaked Lime:

It is the lime formed by the absorption of water by quick lime. The process of
chemical combination of quick lime with required quantities of water is
known as slaking.
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Q-2: Write down different engineering importance of
initial setting time and soundness test of cement.
[NPCBL’19]
Importance of Initial Setting Time of Cement:
Initial setting time is the time when the paste starts losing its
plasticity. Initial setting time test is important for transportation,
placing and compaction of cement concrete. Initial setting time
duration is required to delay the process of hydration or hardening.
Importance of Soundness Test of Cement:

The ability of cement to retain its volume after it gets hardened is
known as Soundness of Cement. That means the cement should be at
minimum volume change after it gets hardened. The test conducted to
identify the excess amount of lime in cement is known as the
soundness test of cement.
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Q-3: Define characteristics of strain composition of
plastic material. [NPCBL’19]
The mechanical properties of plastic materials depend on both the strain
(rate) and temperature. At low strain, the deformation of most solids is elastic,
that is, the deformation is homogenous and after removal of the deforming
load the plastic returns to its original size and shape.
The maximum stress up to which the stress and strain remain proportional is
called the proportional limit. If a plastic material is loaded beyond its elastic
limit, it does not return to its original shape and size, i.e. a permanent
deformation occurs. With increasing load a point is eventually reached at
which the material starts yielding. This point is known as the yield point. A
further increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress.
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Q-4: What is skin friction? In what kind of soil it
occurs? [DMTCL’19]
Skin Friction/Negative Skin Friction:

Negative skin friction is usually a downward shear drag acting on a
pile or pile group because of downward movement of surrounding
soil relative to the piles.
Skin friction in sandy soils is due to friction between the pile surface
and the soil.
Skin friction in clay soils is due to adhesion between the pile material
and clay.
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Q-5: Write down the advantages and disadvantages of
flexible and rigid pavement. [BSEC’18]
Advantages of Flexible Pavement:

➢ Repair of flexible pavement is easy
➢ Flexible pavement is smooth
➢ Adaptability to stage construction
➢ Availability of low-cost types that can be easily built
➢ Easy to repair frost heave and settlement
Disadvantages of Flexible Pavement:

➢ Higher maintenance costs
➢ Shorter life span under heavy use
➢ Damage by oils and certain chemicals
➢ Weak edges that may require curbs or edge devices
Advantages of Rigid Pavement:

➢ Low maintenance costs
➢ Long life with extreme durability
➢ High value as a base for future resurfacing with asphalt
➢ Load distribution over a wide area, decreasing base and
subgrade requirements
➢ Ability to be placed directly on poor soils
➢ No damage from oils and greases.
Disadvantages of Rigid Pavement:

➢ High initial costs
➢ Joints required for contraction and expansion
➢ Generally rough riding quality
➢ High repair costs
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Q-6: Draw qualitative diagram of flexible and rigid
pavement. [BCIC’17]
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Q-7: Write down the properties of first class brick.
[BHP’17, BSEC’18]
Properties/Characteristics of First Class Brick:

❏ Bricks should be uniform in color, size and shape.
Standard size of brick should be maintained.
❏ They should be sound and compact.
❏ They should be free from cracks and other flaws such as
air bubbles, stone nodules etc. with sharp and square
edges.
❏ Bricks should not absorb more than 1⁄5 of their own weight
of water when immersed in water for 24 hours (15% to 20%
of dry weight).
❏ Brick should not change in volume when wetted.
❏ Bricks should neither overburnt nor under-brunt.
❏ Bricks should be soundproof.
❏ Bricks should be non-inflammable and incombustible.
Q-8: What are the different laboratory test of cement?

[BHP’17]
Different Laboratory Test of Cement:
● Fineness Test.
● Consistency Test.
● Setting Time Test.
● Strength Test.
● Soundness Test.
● Heat of Hydration Test.
● Tensile Strength Test.
● Chemical Composition Test.
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Q-9: What are the different components of Portland
cement? [BSEC’18]
Main Components of Portland Cement:

Portland cement is made up of four main compounds:
❏ tricalcium silicate (3CaO · SiO2),
❏ dicalcium silicate (2CaO · SiO2),
❏ tricalcium aluminate (3CaO · Al2O3), and
❏ tetra-calcium aluminoferrite (4CaO · Al2O3Fe2O3).
Q-10: What are the different laboratory test of brick?

[BHP’17]
Different Laboratory Test of Brick:

❏ Compressive Strength Test
❏ Water Absorption Test
❏ Efflorescence Test
❏ Impact Test
❏ Dimension Tolerance Test
❏ Soundness Test
❏ Hardness Test
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Q-11: Draw qualitative test property curve for the hot
mix design by Marshall method. [BCIC’17]
For Clear Concept of these 6 Curves Visit:

https://youtu.be/1C7D-mxeKUM
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Q-12: Draw the accessibility movement diagram for
local roads. [BUET MSC’17]
For Clear Concept of this graph visit:

https://youtu.be/7PcZUYslhCM
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Q-13: Distinguish between pre-stressed concrete and
traditional RCC. [BHP’17]
Prestressed Concrete Traditional RCC

Load Bearing capacity is high. Load bearing capacity is
comparatively low.
Deflection is less. Deflection is more.
Shock resisting ability high. Shock resisting ability low.
Applicable for long span. Not applicable for long span.
Economic than RCC. Expensive.
Q-14: Define concrete. What is the unit weight of

concrete? What are the general admixtures used in
concrete? [BHP’17]
Concrete:
Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse
aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that
hardens (cures) over time.
Unit Weight of Concrete: 150 pcf
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Different Admixtures Used in Concrete:
1. Water Reducing Admixtures: Calcium, sodium and ammonium
lignosulphonates
2. Retarding Admixtures: calcium sulphate or gypsum
3. Accelerating Admixtures: triethanolamine, calcium formate,
silica fume, calcium chloride
4. Air entraining concrete admixture: vinsol resin, darex, Teepol,
Cheecol
5. Pozzolanic Admixtures: clay, shale, volcanic tuffs, pumicite
6. Damp-proofing Admixtures: aluminum sulfate, zinc sulfate
aluminum chloride, calcium chloride, silicate of soda
7. Air detraining Admixtures: tributyl phosphate, silicones, water
insoluble alcohols
Q-15: What do you mean by: ASTM, BNBC, AASHO,

BSTI, ACI? [BSEC’18]
ASTM=> American Society for Testing and Materials

BNBC=> Bangladesh National Building Code
AASHO=> American Association of State Highway Officials
BSTI=> Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution
ACI=> American Concrete Institute
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Q-16: What do you mean by USD and WSD? What is
the difference between USD and WSD? [BSEC’18]
USD:
USD means Ultimate Stress Design. In USD method both safety factor
and reduction factor is used.
WSD:
WSD means Working Strength Design. In the WSD method the
compressive strength of material is taken less than the actual
compressive strength during calculation for safety purposes.
USD WSD
Its primarily based on strength It's based on linear theory or elastic
concept of Concrete theory .
Its Designing to elastic behavior of Its Designing to plastic behavior of
materials . materials
Materials strength to be used for Modular Ratio used for member
member Design . Design
Stability of Structure is more then Stability of Structure is less then
WSD USD
Low Cost Design Method High Cost Design Method
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Q-17: Why is COD greater than BOD? [BHP’17]
COD is normally higher than BOD because more organic compounds

can be chemically oxidised than biologically oxidised.
BOD measures the amount of oxygen required by the aerobic
organisms to decompose organic matter and COD measures the
oxygen required to decompose organic and inorganic constituents
present in the wastewater by chemical reaction.
BOD reflects only the dissolved organics while COD includes total
dissolved organic and inorganic compounds.Hence, the value of COD is
greater than BOD.
For Understanding This Question Better Watch:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7UCVMudO_k
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Q-18: Draw contour map of pond and hill. Discuss
their basic differences. [BEPZA’16, RRI’16]
Approximately concentric closed contours with decreasing values

towards the centre indicate a pond.Steeper slope near the bank and
flatter slope at the centre.
Approximately concentric closed contours with increasing values

towards the centre indicate hills.
Steeper slope towards the centre and flatter slope towards the foot.
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Q-19: Define i) Normally consolidated soil, ii) Over
consolidated soil, iii) SPT [BHP’17]
i) Normally Consolidated Soil:

A soil that has never experienced a vertical effective stress that was
greater than its present vertical effective stress is called a normally
consolidated (NC) soil.
ii) Over Consolidated Soil:

A soil that has experienced a vertical effective stress that was greater
than its present vertical effective stress is called an overconsolidated
(OC) soil.
iii) SPT:
The standard penetration test (SPT) is an in-situ dynamic penetration
test designed to provide information on the geotechnical engineering
properties of soil. The test provides samples for identification
purposes and provides a measure of penetration resistance which
can be used for geotechnical design purposes.
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Q-20: Draw railway section diagram. [BUET MSc’17]
Q-21: Draw e vs logP curve for both loading and

unloading condition. [BEPZA’16]
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Q-22: Define N value. How can it be determined?
[BEPZA’16]
N-value:
The N value represents a standard value of energy required to
penetrate 300 mm (12 in) into soil by percussion drilling.
By means of a drop hammer of 63.5kg mass falling through a height

of 750mm at the rate of 30 blows per minute, the sampler is driven
into the soil.
The number of blows of the hammer required to drive a depth of

150mm (6 in) is counted. Further it is driven by 150 mm (6 in) and the
blows are counted.
Similarly, the sampler is once again further driven by 150mm (6 in)
and the number of blows recorded. The number of blows recorded for
the first 150mm not taken into consideration.. The number of blows
recorded for the last two 150mm (total 12 in) intervals are added to
give the standard penetration number (N).
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Q-23: Draw flow diagram of essential elements of
water supply system. [PGCL’17]
Q-24: What do you mean by: ETP, STP, ECR, BOD,

COD. [PGCL’17]
ETP=> Effluent Treatment Plant

STP=> Sludge Treatment Plant
ECR=> Environment Conservation Rules
BOD=> Biochemical Oxygen Demand
COD=> Chemical Oxygen Demand
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Q-25: Write short note on: p.p.m, modulus of rigidity.
[48 BMA]
p.p.m:
This is an abbreviation for "parts per million" and it also can be
expressed as milligrams per liter (mg/L).
One ppm is equivalent to 1 milligram of something per liter of water
(mg/l)
Modulus of Rigidity:
The modulus of rigidity, also known as shear modulus, is defined as a
material property with a value equal to the shear stress divided by the
shear strain.
The modulus of rigidity can be determined by performing a tensile

stress test where stress vs strain is plotted. The slope of the line is
equal to the modulus of rigidity.
Q-26: What are the different causes of earthquakes?
[48 BMA]
Different Causes of Earthquake:

➢ Volcanic Eruptions
➢ Geological Faults
➢ Man-Made
➢ Tectonic Movements
➢ Some minor causes such as landslides, avalanches, the
collapse of heavy rocks, etc.
➢ Seismology and nuclear explosions
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Q-27: Draw Plasticity Chart. Define Atterberg Limit.
[WASA’14]
Atterberg Limit:
The Atterberg limits are a basic measure of the critical water contents
of a fine-grained soil: its shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit.
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Q-28: Write down the name of test (two of each) of
Bitumen, Cement, Brick. [ERL’16]
Bitumen:
● Penetration test.
● Ductility test.
● Softening point test.
Cement:
● Fineness Test.
● Consistency Test.
● Setting Time Test.
Brick:
● Compressive Strength Test
● Water Absorption Test
● Efflorescence Test
Q-29: What do you mean by: PIT, DCPT, VST, RQD,

OCR. [APSCL’20]
PIT=> Pile Integrity Test

DCPT=> Dynamic Cone Penetration Test
VST=> Vane Shear Test
RQD=> Rock Quality Designation
OCR=> Over Consolidation Ratio
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Q-30: Write down the ECR standard value of pH, color,
turbidity, TC, FC, Cl-. [BUET MSc’17]
According to ECR’1997:
pH=> 6.5-8.5
Color=> 15 Pt-co
Turbidity=> 10 JTU
TC=> Nil/100ml
FC=> Nil/100ml
Cl-=> 150-600 mg/L
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-31: Draw a figure of super elevation with necessary
components. [BUET MSc’17]
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Q-32: What are the factors to be considered in flexible
pavement design? [BUET MSc’17]
Factors affecting Flexible Pavement Design:

❏ Wheel load.
❏ Axle configuration.
❏ Contact pressure.
❏ Vehicle speed.
❏ Repetition of loads.
❏ Subgrade type.
❏ Temperature.
❏ Precipitation.
Q-33: What are the main differences between

compaction and consolidation? [50 BMA]
Compaction Consolidation
It is a fast process. It is a gradual process.
Volume is reduced by Volume is reduced by static
mechanical means. loading.
Mainly air voids are removed. Both water and air voids are
removed.
It is done by applying short time It is done by applying long time
loading. loading.
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Q-34: Draw phase diagram for fully saturated, partially
saturated and dry soil. [50 BMA]
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References:
● All the pictures are collected from google.
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Govt Job Preparation

Civil Engineering Bangladesh

Join Our Fb Group for MCQ Exam:

Fat Lime/Rich Lime:

Poor Lime/Lean Lime:

Hydrated Lime/Slaked Lime:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Importance of Soundness Test of Cement:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Skin Friction/Negative Skin Friction:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Advantages of Flexible Pavement:

Disadvantages of Flexible Pavement:

Advantages of Rigid Pavement:

Disadvantages of Rigid Pavement:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Properties/Characteristics of First Class Brick:

Q-8: What are the different laboratory test of cement?

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Main Components of Portland Cement:

Q-10: What are the different laboratory test of brick?

Different Laboratory Test of Brick:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

For Clear Concept of these 6 Curves Visit:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

For Clear Concept of this graph visit:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Prestressed Concrete Traditional RCC

Q-14: Define concrete. What is the unit weight of

Unit Weight of Concrete:​ 150 pcf

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Q-15: What do you mean by: ASTM, BNBC, AASHO,

ASTM​=> American Society for Testing and Materials

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

COD is normally higher than BOD because more organic compounds

For Understanding This Question Better Watch:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Approximately concentric closed contours with decreasing values

Approximately concentric closed contours with increasing values

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

i) Normally Consolidated Soil:

ii) Over Consolidated Soil:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Q-21: Draw e vs logP curve for both loading and

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

By means of a drop hammer of 63.5kg mass falling through a height

The number of blows of the hammer required to drive a depth of

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Q-24: What do you mean by: ETP, STP, ECR, BOD,

ETP=> Effluent Treatment Plant

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

The modulus of rigidity can be determined by performing a tensile

Different Causes of Earthquake:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Q-29: What do you mean by: PIT, DCPT, VST, RQD,

PIT=> Pile Integrity Test

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Unit Weight of Concrete: 150 pcf

ASTM=> American Society for Testing and Materials