Unit-2 14.

If D’Alembert’s ratio and Raabe’s tests both are fails then we

use De Morgan’s and Bertrand’s test.
Chapter 4 Infinite Series 15. (De Morgan’s and Bertrand’s test) If u n be a series of 
1. An expression is of the form positive term, then the series u n
is convergent or divergent
u1  u 2  u 3  ..................  u n  ....... is said to be an

  un   
infinite series, if the number of terms are in infinite. according to as lim 
n 
 
 1  1 log n  1 or  1.
n    u 
 
2. A series u n is said to be convergent if the sum of its first n   n 1   
un
terms (say S n ), tends to be a definite finite limit S as n tend to , 16. (Gauss’s test) Let u n
be a series of positive terms and
u n1
denoted as S  lim S n .
n
can be expressed in the form u n  1  a  bn , where p  1 and
3. A series  u n is said to be divergent if the sum of its first n u n 1 n np
terms (say S n ), tends to   or   as n tends to , denoted as bn  a fixed number k or bn tends to a finite limit as n   ,
lim S n   or   .
n  then the series u n
converges if a  1 and diverges if a  1 .
4. A series u n
is said to be oscillatory if the sum of its first n 17. (Logarithmic test) If u n
be a series of positive terms then the
terms (say S n ), neither tends to a definite limit nor to   or series u n
is convergent or divergent according to as
  as n tends to  .  u 
5. A series 
u n is said to be absolutely convergent if the series lim n log n   1 or  1 .
n
 un 1 
u n
is convergent.
18. (Alternating series) A series of the form
6. A series u n
is said to be semi-convergent or conditionally
u1  u 2  u 3  u 4  ...........   1
n 1

u n  .........    1
n 1
un ,
convergent or non-absolutely convergent if  u n is convergent but n 1

u n  0, n
u n
is divergent. where
series is said to be convergent if
is called alternating series. The alternating

7. For a series u n
to be convergent, it is necessary that
(i) u n 1  u n ,  n (ii) lim un  0 , i.e., un  0 as n  .
lim un  0. n 
n 
1 ) An infinite series is of the form
8. (Auxiliary Series n p Q.1. Test the series 1  1
1

1
1

1
1
 ....................
1 1 1 1 1
 n p  1 p  2 p  3 p  ...............  n p  ...........
100 100 100
2.2 3.3 4.4
Sol. The given series is
is convergent if p  1 and divergent if p  1. 1 1 1
1    ....................
 u n and  v n be
1 1 1
9. (Comparison Test -V form) Let us consider 100 100 100
2.2 3.3 4.4
u 1 1
the two series of positive terms such that lim n  l (finite and non Here we have u n  
n  v 1 101
n
100 100
– zero), then both the series converge or diverge together. n.n n
10. (Cauchy’s Root test) Let 
u n be a series of positive terms Now we have
u 
1 , 
p
101 
 1
 
n 101
100
 l . Then the series u
1/ n
such that lim u (i) converges if n 100
Therefore the auxiliary series  u n is convergent.
n n
n 
l 1 (ii) diverges if l  1 (iii) test fail if l  1
11. (D’ Alembert’s ratio test) Let 
u n be a series of positive term 1 1
Q.2. Test the convergence of series  ............
u 1 2 2 3
such that lim n 1  l. Then the series
n  u
 u n (i) converges if 1 1
n Sol. The given series is   ....................
l 1 (ii) diverges if l  1 (iii) test fail if l  1. 1 2 2 3
or in another form: If 
u n is a series of positive term such that
Here we have u n 
1 Consider vn 
1
1/ 2
n  n 1 n
 l , then the series  u n (i) converges if l  1
un
lim (ii)
n u n 1 We have
diverges if l  1 (iii) test fail if l  1 . un n1 / 2
lim  lim  lim
1
1
12. If D’Alembert’s ratio test fails then we apply Raabe’s test. n  v
n
n 
n  n  1 n  1
13. (Rabbe’s test) If 
u n be a series of positive term, then the 1 1
n
series u n
is convergent or divergent according to as Now we have v
1 
n 
1 
,  p   1, therefore the
  n1 / 2  2 
  u 
lim n  n  1  1 or < 1. auxiliary series  v n is divergent. So by comparison test  u n is
n  
  n 1 
u 
also divergent.
 n
1
Q.3. Test the convergence of the series
 2n  1 p
.
Now we have
 
 1  1 1
lim u 1n / n  lim    lim  1
n  n   1 n  n
1  1 e
Sol. The given series is
 2n  1 p 1 
 n 1  
 n 
Here we have u n  1 Consider vn 
1 Hence by the Cauchy root test the given series u n
is convergent.
2n  1 p np
Q.6. Test the series 2 x  3x  4 x  ..............  n  1 x .
2 3 n

We have 8 27 n3
Sol. The given series is 2 x  3x  4 x  ..............  n  1 x .
u np 2 3 n
lim n  lim 1 1 (finite and non-zero)
n  v n  2n  1 p  lim 
n n 
 1
p
2p 8 27 n3
2  
 n Here we have u n 
n  1 x n …(4.10)
Now we have  v n   1 , therefore the auxiliary series  v n
n3
np Then we have u n 1 
n  2 x n1
is convergent if p  1 or divergent if p  1 . Hence by comparison n  13
test u n
is also convergent if p  1 or divergent if p  1 . Now we have

 .
3
 1  1 
1   1  
n 1  n
n  1x n n  13
Q.4. Test the convergence of the series 3 3

 lim 
un n  n 
 
1
lim  lim 
Sol. The given series is n3 1  n3 . n  u n  n 3 n  2 x n1 n   2 x
n 1
1   x
Here we have un   n 1  n 
3 3
Here three cases arise:
 n 

 
Case-I: If  1 or x  1 by D’ Alembert’s ratio test the given
1 1
or u n  n 3  1  3  1
 n  x
series is convergent.
 1  
 1 1 1  2  1  Case-II: If  1 or x  1 by D’ Alembert’s ratio test the given
1
or u  n 3 / 2 1      .......................  1 x
n
 2n 
3
2 2!n 6 series is divergent.
 
Case-III: If x  1 then the D’ Alembert’s ratio test fails. Now we
  1  put x  1 in the equation (4.10), we have
 1   
or u n  n 3 / 2  3   6  ...........
1 2 n 1 1
un  , vn  2
 2n 2 2! n  n 3
n
 
un n n  1
2
 1
We have lim  lim  lim 1    1
 1 1  n  v n  n 3 n 
 n
or u n   3 / 2  9 / 2  ........... n
 2n 
 v   n ,  p  2  1, therefore the auxiliary
8n 1
Now we have n
1 2
Consider vn  series  v n is convergent. So by comparison test  u is also
n3 / 2 n

u 1 convergent. Hence the given series  u is convergent if x  1

We have lim n  (finite and non-zero) n
n  v
n 2 and x  1 is divergent.
,  p   1, therefore the auxiliary Q.7. Test 2 x  3 x 2  4 x 3  ...........  n  1 x n  ..........
Now we have  vn   3 1 2 3 n

n3 / 2  2  1 3
2 3
3 4
n n 1
series  v n is convergent. So by comparison test u n is also  Sol. The given series is
convergent. 2
x 
32 2 4 3 3 n  1
x  4 x  .................  n 1 x n  ..........
n

n2
 n 
3 3
1 2 3 n
Q.5. Test the convergence of the series   n  1  .
n  1
n

n2 Here we have u n  n 1
xn …(4.11)
 n  n
Sol. The given series is   n  1  .
Then we have u n 1  n  2 x n 1
n 1

n  1
2
n n2
Here we have u n  
n 

 1
n Now we have
n n2
 
n
 1  1
n n 1   x n n n 2 1  
n n  1  n  1n x n n  1n2
2
n /n n
We have  n   n  un
 lim n1  lim  n  n
u 1n / n       n lim
.n  2 x n1
n 1 n 1
 n 1  n  1 n 1 1  n  u
n 1
n  n n 
 2
  n n1n n1 1   x n x
 n  n
 u
n n2
 1  1 Therefore by Rabbe’s test, the given series is convergent
1   1   n

 lim 
n  n
u
1
n 1
 when x  1.
2
Hence the given series is convergent if
n 
 2 x n
x 1  
 n x 2  1 and x 2  1 is divergent.
2 2 2 2 2 2
 1 or x  1 by D’ Alembert’s ratio test the given
1
Case-I: If Q.9. Test the series 1  1 3  1 3 5  ...............
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 2 2 4 2 4 6
series is convergent. 1 2
1 2 2
3 12 32 5 2
Sol. The given series is    ...............
Case-II: If  1 or x  1 by D’ Alembert’s ratio test the given
1
22 22 42 22 4262
Here we have u n  1 3 5 ................2n  1
x 2 2 2 2
series is divergent.
2 2 4 2 6 2................2n 
2
Case-III: If x  1 then the D’ Alembert’s ratio test fails.
Now we put x  1 in the equation (4.11), we have Then we have u  1 3 5 .....................2n  1 2n  1
2 2 2 2 2

2 2 4 2 6 2......................2n  2n  2
n 1
n  1n
2 2
nn 1
un  n 1
and vn 
n 1
 . Using D’Alembert’s ratio test, we have
n n n 2
 2
u n  1  n
. n  1 2  
We have lim n  lim 

 lim 1    e  1 un
 lim
2n  2 
2
 lim 
n   1 (i.e., test fail)
 n
n  v n  n 1 n 
n lim
n n   2n  12 2
n  u
n 1
n 
 1 
Now we have  vn   1 ,  p  1, therefore the auxiliary series 2  
n  n
Now applied Raabe’s test, we have
v n
is divergent. So by comparison test u n
is also divergent.
u   2n  22 
Hence the given series u is convergent if x  1 and x  1 is lim n  n  1  lim n   1
 un 1  n   2n  1
n n  2

divergent. 
3 5 7  4n 2  4  8n  4n 2  1  7n   3  4n 
Q.8. Test 1  x  1 x  1.3 x  1.3.5 x ...............  lim n    lim n 2 
1 2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7 n 
 2 n  3 2
 n 
 2n  1 
Sol. The given series is 3 
n . n   4  3
x 1 x 3 1.3 x 5 1.3.5 x 7 4   4
1    ...............  lim  n   n    1. (i.e., test fail)
1 2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7 n  2  lim 4
 1 n 2
 1 
1.3......................2n  1 x 2 n 1 …(4.16) n 2 2  2  2  2 
Here we have un   n   n 
2.4.......................2n 2n  1 Now apply De Morgan’s Bertrand’s test, we have
Then we have u n 1  1.3...............2n  12n  1 x
2 n 3
  u     4n 2  3n  
2.4....................2n 2n  22n  3 lim n  n  1  1 log n  lim   1 log n
n  
  un 1    n   2n  1
2
 
So we have un  2n  22n  3 …(4.17)  4n 2  3n  4n 2  1  4n  
u n 1 2n  12 x 2  lim   log n
2n  1
Now we have lim un  lim 2n  22n  3  1
2
n 
  
n  u n  2n  12 x 2 x2   1 
  n  1 
n 1
   1    1
1  lim   log n  lim   n   log n    0  0  1.
 1 or x  1 by D’ Alembert’s ratio test the given
2
 2n  1 
Case-I: If 2
x 2 n 
 n     1  n
2 2
2   
series is convergent.   n  
Case-II: If 1  1 or x  1 by D’ Alembert’s ratio test the given
2
Hence by De Morgan’s Bertrand’s test, the given series  u n is
2
x divergent.
series is divergent.
1! 2! 3! 4!
1 Q.10. Test the series 1  x  2 x 2  3 x3  4 x 4  ..............
 1 or x  1 then the D’ Alembert’s ratio test
2
Case-III: If 2 3 4 5
2
x Sol. The given series is
fails. Now we put x  1 in the equation (4.17), we have
2
1! 2! 3! 4!
un 2n  22n  3 1 x  2 x 2  3 x3  4 x 4  ..............
 2 3 4 5
u n1 2n  12 n! x n n  1 x n1
Using Raabe’s test, we have Here we have u n  Then u 
 u    4n 2  10n  6  4n 2  1  4n  n  1n n 1
n  2n1
lim n n  1  lim n   Using D’Alembert’s ratio test, we have
n 
  un 1  n    2n  12  n 1
 2
1  
 6n  5  6
5
un
 lim
n  2
n 1
 lim 
n

e ….. (4.23)
 lim n 2   lim
n  6  3  1. lim
n   n  1  
 2n  1 
n  u n 1 n 1
n  2 n 1 x n   1  x
n 
 1 4 2 1   x
2    n
 n
 e 1
Case-I: If  1 or x  e by D’ Alembert’s ratio test the given Case-II: If log
1
 1 or x  by Logarithmic test the given
x x e
series is convergent. series is divergent.
e
Case-II: If  1 or xe by D’ Alembert’s ratio test the given Case-III: If log
1 1
 1 or x  then the Logarithmic test fails.
x x e
series is divergent.
Now put x  1 and apply alternative Bertrand test, we have
e
Case-III: If  1 or x  e then the D’ Alembert’s ratio test e
x  u    n 1  
xe lim  n log n  1 log n  lim  log  1 log n
fails. Now put in equation (4.23), we get n   1 / e 
n 1
 un 1   n   n  1 
 2
1    n    1 
 lim   1 log n  lim 
 lim  
un n e2 (i.e., test fail) log n
lim n 1
 lim 1 n 
 n  1   n  n  1
 
n  u n  n  e 2
n 1  1 
1   e  
 n   1 log n    1.0  0  1 (divergent)
Now apply Logarithmic test, we have  lim  . 
1  1 n 
n
  u      2  1     n 
lim n  log n   lim n  n  1log1    log1    log e 
n 
  un 1  n       n  n    Therefore by alternative to Bertrand’s test, the given series  u n is
  2 8  
 n  1   2  3 
   n 2n
4
3n 
 divergent at x  1 . Hence the given series u n
is convergent if
 lim n   e

  n  1  1  1  1 ....  1 
n  1 and 1 is divergent.
x x
   n 2n
2
3n 3   
 e e

   2 2   Q.12. Test the series 1 

1 1 1 1
2 8 8
  2   3 .....    2  3 ........      ..............
 n 3n  n n 3n   1! 2! 3! 4!
 lim n 
n  
 1 1  1 1 1   1 1 1 1
Sol. The given series is 1      ..............
   1   2 .......    2  3  
1! 2! 3! 4!
   2n 3n   n 2n 3n  

 8   2 8  Here the given series is in form
  1 n 1
un i.e., alternating series,
2n  2  3n ....  2  n  2 .... n 1
   3n 
 lim  where u n  1
1
n  
 1 1   1  and u n 1 
 n   ...  1 
1
 2 .. n! n  1!
  2 3n   2n 3n 
So we have u n 1  u n 
1 1  
  n ! n  1 !  0
 1 
  2  2   1    0.
1
n  1! n ! n!n  1!
 2  2
Hence by Logarithmic test, the given series  u n is divergent. i.e., u n1  u n , n
Now we have lim un  lim
1
1
1 1 1
1 
1 1 1
1    0.
Q.11. Test x  x 2
x 2 3
x 2 3 4
 ........... n  n  n!
Sol. The given series is Hence by Leibnitz’s test for alternative series, the given series is
1 1 1 1 1 1 convergent.
1 1  1  
xx 2
x 2 3
x 2 3 4
 ........... Q.13. Test the series 1 
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
   .................
1  ....... 2 4 8 16
Here we have un  x 2 3 n
Sol. The given series is 1  1  1  1  1 .................
1 1 1 1 2 4 8 16
1  .......... 
Then we have u n1  x 2 3 n n 1 

Using D’Alembert’s ratio test, we have

Here the given series is in form   1
n 1
n 1
un i.e., alternating
u 1
lim n  lim 1  1 (i.e., test fail) 1 1 1 1
n  u
n 1
n  series, where un  1 
   .............
x n 1 2 4 8 16
Now apply Logarithmic test, we have So we have   1n 1 un  1  1  1  1  1  ........
1 /  n 1
 u   1  2 4 8 16
lim n log n   lim n log   1
n 
 un 1  n  
  x  Now we have u n '
  2n
 n  1 
 lim  log    lim  1 log 1   log 1 Using Cauchy root test, we have
n n  1
  x  n   1  x  x 1 1
 lim   1 (i.e., convergent)
1/ n
1   lim u 'n
 n  n  n  2 n/n
2
1 Hence the given series is absolutely convergent.
Case-I: If log  1 or x  1 by Logarithmic test the given series
x e
is convergent.