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TG Structural Interpretation Ganjil 20-21
TG Structural Interpretation Ganjil 20-21
Program Studi Teknik Geologi Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT, IPU
Fakultas Teknologi Kebumian dan Energi Semester Ganjil_2020 - 2021
Universitas Trisakti
LECTURE MATERIALS
1 • INTRODUCTION: Defini0on, Level Petroleum Inves0ga0on, Role of Geophysical Methods
FWS 04
Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 9 – Overview Interpretation
Exploration’s Task
Identify
Opportunities Capture
Prime Areas
Acquire
Seismic Data Drill
Process Wildcats
Seismic Data
Interpret
Failure Success
Seismic Data
Assess Confirmation
Prospects Well
Uneconomic Success
To Development
Drop
Or Production
Prospect
FWS 04
Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 9 – Overview Interpretation
Geologic Framework
Using all available data (wells, seismic, outcrop,
regional studies, gravity, magnetics, etc.) build a
framework of present-day structure and stratigraphy
Ø Structural Interpretation
• Faults & Folds
• Subsidence & Uplift
• Structural Trends
• Structural Features
Ø Stratigraphic Interpretation
• Unconformities
• Stratal Packages
• Environments / Facies / Lithologies
• Ages
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Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 9 – Overview Interpretation
FWS 04
Applying the Framework for Prospecting
FWS 04
Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 9 – Overview Interpretation
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION AND
PETROLEUM SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Petroleum
• Structural System • Geological
Identification
• Source Rock Risk
• Stratigraphic
Identification • Reservoir • Project
• Facies Interpretation • Traps and Seals Economic
• Migration
Geology
Prospects
Model
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
Structural and Stratigraphic Interpretations
Seismic Modeling
Seismic Geology
Sections
Interpretation Model
Seismic section Well log Synthetic Geology Model Facies model Structure & Facies map
STRUCTURAL SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
WORK FLOW
Interpretation
• Seismic section • Prospects
• Base map • Well Seismic Tie Area
• Well Log • Horizon Picking
• Velocity Data • Horizon Tracing • Project
• Mistie Analysis
• Faults Identification and
reconstruction
Economic
• Horizon reading and posting
Data • Contouring
Report
Preparation
DATA PREPARATION
Persiapan
Penampang Seismik :
• bentuk stack migrasi dan umumnya adalah PSTM .
• Skala umumnya horisontal 1 : 20 000 dan vertikal 1 cm = 100 msec.
• Pada penampang seismik juga memuat informasi tentang :
bagian atas : data kecepatan, nomer SP, Trace , posisi crossing line, topografi,
shot hole depth
bagian samping (kanan) : nama lintasan, nomer SP dan status processing,
informasi data acquisition, informasi processing dan sekuennya, peta indeks
Data Sumur
• Final log, untuk mengetahui puncak formasi atau lapisan tertentu sebagai
marker atau zona-zona mengandung HK (DST, UKL).
• Log sonic dan densitas, digunakan untuk membuat sintetik seismogram untuk
seismic well tie
• WVS/VSP, untuk mengetahui kecepatan rata-rata tiap interval atau
menkonversi data kedalaman ke data waktu atau sebaliknya, dan sebagai
kalibrasi synthetic seismogram
Data geologi
• data navigasi,
• data sumur dan data lainnya yang terkait. (dapat dikerjakan
pada saat loading data ke workstation)
• kesesuaian penempatan lintasan-lintasan seismic ataupun
penempatan inline dan crossline dari suatu set data
seismic,
• penomoran SP/CDP ataupun penomoran inline/crossline
• arah-arah lintasan , dan apakah arah dari lintasan- lintasan
tersebut sudah sesuai berdasarkan pengetahuan geologi
daerah
setempat
• kesesuaian nama lintasan seimik baik antara header data,
data
seismik tersebut maupun dalam peta dasar.
• pastikan sistim koordinat yang digunakan.
Lecture 7
Synthetic Trace
Time (ms)
Depth
Time
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Courtesy of ExxonMobil ‘06
L 7 – Well-Seismic 17
Objectives of Well-Seismic Ties
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L 7 – Well-Seismic 18
Measurements In Time and In Depth
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insert it again.
Vertical depth
Base of
Weathering
Two-way time
Depth
FWSchroeder
Courtesy of ExxonMobil ‘06
L 7 – Well-Seismic 19
Comparison of Seismic and Well Data
FWSchroeder
100 m
Courtesy of ExxonMobil ‘06
L 7 – Well-Seismic 20
Seismic-Well Tie Flow-Chart
Estimate
Pulse
External Well -
Well -
Pulse Seismic Tie
Seismic Tie
Check Shots/
Time Depth
Information
FWSchroeder
Courtesy of ExxonMobil ‘06
L 7 – Well-Seismic 21
Check Shot Data
Time
Depth
– Used to determine start time of
top of well-log curves
FWSchroeder
Courtesy of ExxonMobil ‘06
L 7 – Well-Seismic 22
The Modeling Process
Reflection
Lithology Velocity Density Impedance Wavelet Synthetic
Coefficients
Shale
x
Sand
Shale = ⇒ * ⇒ ⇒
Sand
Shale
• We ‘block’ the velocity (sonic) and density logs and compute an impedance ‘log’
• We calculate the reflection coefficients at the step-changes in impedance
• We convolve our pulse with the RC series to get individual wavelets
• Each RC generates a wavelet whose amplitude is proportional to the RC
• We sum the individual wavelets to get the synthetic seismic trace
FWSchroeder
Courtesy of ExxonMobil ‘06
L 7 – Well-Seismic 23
SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM
Our Example
Well A
FWSchroeder
Courtesy of ExxonMobil ‘06
L 7 – Well-Seismic 25
Tying Synthetic to Seismic Data
Time (ms)
– Without check shots estimate start time
of first bed
FWSchroeder
Courtesy of ExxonMobil ‘06
L 7 – Well-Seismic 26
Assumptions for Synthetic Well Ties
FWSchroeder
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L 7 – Well-Seismic 27
Common Pitfalls
Pemilihan horizon :
didasarkan pada : kontinuitas refleksi, amplitude yang mudah dikenal,
sifat-sifat khusus yang mewakili atau horizon yang ekwivalen dengan
lapisan produktif.
Persiapan Pemetaan
Pembacaan / Gridding
• Pembacaan /gridding untuk mengetahui harga dan posisi horizon atau fault yang
akan dipetakan , dengan syarat seluruh data seismic sudah cocok (tie).
• Hasil pembacaan kemudian di plot pada peta dasar . Dalam beberapa kasus
apabila lintasan seismic yang terdapat pada peta dasar masih jarang (jarak antar
lintasannya jauh) maka harga pada posisi antar lintasan akan diinterpolasi .
Mistie
Mistie adalah perbedaan waktu refleksi pada horizon dan posisi yang
sama antara dua penampang seismic yang berpotongan.
Mistie antara 1 - 10 msec, dapat diabaikan untuk kepentingan pemetaan
regional (kontur intervalnya 20 - 50 msec),
Untuk pemetaan detail dengan interval kontur 5 - 10 msec, mistie diatas
5 msec harus dikoreksi.
Hor. 1
Hor. 2
Hor. 3
• Termination of reflections
• Offset in stratigraphic markers
• Abrupt changes in dip
• Abrupt changes in seismic patterns
• Fault plane reflections
• Associated folding or sag
• Discontinuities
A
A B C
B N S W E
C
Structural Structural
Observations Concepts
Structural Structural
Observations Concepts
• Fault segments on seismic lines • Tectonic Setting
• Fault plane orientation – Divergent zones
• Sense of motion – Convergent zones
• Magnitude of offset – Strike-slip zones
• Range of depths – Mobile substrate
• Relative timing • How Structures Evolve
– when faults moved – Fault-bend folds
– when structures grew – Fault-propagation folds
– Salt movement
– etc.
CONTRAC- UPLIFT,
EXTENSION LATERAL
TION SUBSIDENCE
BASEMENT detached
fold-and- tear faults salt, shale
DETACHED normal
thrust belts (detached) diapirism
faulting
1 mile
103 °30’
103°00 ’
TUNGKAL
DEEP
DEEP
LEGEND:
TIGA PULUH
HIGH TAF >300m
A.MENDAHARA-1 TIUNG-1 GERAGAI-1
TAF 100-300m
TIUNG-2
SOGO-1
SPT-B
SPT-B
MANIS
TAF <100m
MATA-1
MRT-A
MRT-B
TAF absent
BETUNG-1
AAB-1 Igneous rock
BKP-A
BKP-B
HARI-1
RCD-A
RCD-B SG-5
GEGER
KALONG-1 M-1 P-2
P-1 KT-3
MERSAM-1
LI
K ENA
MUARA
SABAK-1
P-1A
N-1
S.MEDAK-1
MERANG-1
JANGGA-1
BL-2
E
G-1 SIAPO -1
KALIBERAU-5 NIKAM -1
KUKU
LAMBAR-1
AWS
BAKUNG-1
0 5 15 km
104°0 0’
1 03°30’
104°15 ’
103 °4 5’
TUNGKAL-1
104°45’
1 04°30’
103°15’
Model Penampang seismik pada sesar naik
Pitfalls in Seismic Interpretation
1.Multiple
Multiple occurs when the wavefront is reflected more than one time.
2t Seismic reflector
1st multiple
t = two way time
LONG PATH
LONG PATH
MULTIPLE
MULTIPLE
PRIMARY
SURFACE
PEG LEG GHOST GHOST
reflector
Seismic
Figure 2. General type of multiple
WBM
sideswipe
WBM
Figure 5. Examples of multiple : WB – water bottom multiple, IBM-interbed multiple and sideswide
2.Diffraction
Diffraction occurs due to the sharp change of reflector plane geometry, for
examples due to the faults, instrusion, karst, etc (Figure 9). The sharp plane
refract energy to all direction and recorded as hyperbolic trace with diffraction
source as its apex. The position of fault plane can be estimated by joining the
apexes (Figure 10).
Even though diffraction can be minimized using migration technique, they still
appear in seismic records and interfere interpretation.
Geophone Source
! ! ! ! ☼
(b)
Figure 10d. Seismic examples of a burried focus. (a) Stacked section showing the bow-tie effect.
(b) Migrated section, revealing the true synclinal shape of the reflector (courtesy Norsk Hydro)
3.Velocity Efect
Changes of rock properties, for instances due to formation thickness and facies
can create velocity change. The change can give distortion between the stacked
time section and the real thickness and depth.
Down-dip apparent thinning occurs due to the increasing interval velocity with
depth for a constant thickness bed. This makes the bed become thinner to the
depth in time section (Figure 11). Apparent thinning can also accur along fault
plane due to the change of rock velocity across the fault plane (Figure 12).
Velocity anomaly also often occurs beneath low-angle dip fault plane like in the
case of thrust and lystric normal fault because of the lateral velocity change due
to the faulting (Figure 13-14)
Pull-up velocity anomaly will also develop under salt structure, and high-
velocity carbonate or channel (Fig.15-17). On the contrary, push down velocity
anomaly can occur beneath shale diapir or carbonates with lower velocity than
the surroundings (Figure 18). Extreme change of water depth can also cause
severe velocity anomaly (Figure 19).
SEISMIC SECTION SEISMIC SECTION
Figure 18. Velocity anomaly beneath carbonate reef. (a) and (b) Pull-up.
(c) and (d) pull-down (Badley, 1985)
surface
Inter
val ve
locity
incre
ases The effect of increasing velocifty with
depth on the seismic expression of a
Depth dipping unit.
(a) (a) Geological model of a thick dipping
sandstone unit. The sandstone’s
interval velocity increases with depth
due to diagenesis, but its thickness
remains constant.
(b) Seismic expression : The sandstone
unit appears to thin. It takes less
time for the seismic signal to travel
Time Interval thins in time through the sandstone as its interval
(b) velocity increase.
Figure 11. Apparent bed thinning due to velocity effect (Badley, 1985)
Downbending of reflections into a
V1 fault. This can occur when low-velocity
V1 material is faulted by a dipping fault.
In the zone beneath the fault plane,
V2
downbending of reflections can occur
V2 due to the lower velocities (and,
there-for, longer traveltimes) in
V3 lower-velocity downthrown rocks.
V3
V = Velocity
V3>V2>V1
Downbending
of reflection
Figure 12. Apparent downbending effect due to the velocity effect (Badley, 1985)
Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator
(DHI)
Railsback's Petroleum Geoscience and Subsurface Geology
Here the bright spot has become a red-white spot, Here the bright spot has become a blue-white spot,
and the flat spot is a blue horizontal reflection. and the flat spot is a red horizontal reflection.