Republic of the Philippines

Bicol University
College of Education
Daraga, Albay

STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY PARENTS IN HOME-BASED LEARNING

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Course
RESEARCH IN EDUCATION

MARCAIDA, RECHELLE L.
ROSAL, ALEX JR. R.
MEJELA, ROLAND JR. C.

BEED 3-5
RESEARCHERS

FEBRUARY 2021
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Parents play a critical role in providing learning opportunities at home and

linking what their children learn at school. The enrichment of their child’s holistic

growth as they take learning far beyond the school gates. It is of much

importance that a child must be given attention and guidance through his or her

academic concerns and should have a good foundation of education so that

there will be no misconceptions on his or her studies. In such events, aside from

teachers, parents can help make it happen. To furnish them with good and

wholesome educational materials, supervise their activities, recreation and

association with others, protect them from bad company, and prevent them from

acquiring habits detrimental to their health, studies and morals as stated in the

Family Code of the Philippines Chapter 3. Title IX Parental Authority, are only

some of the many opportunities for parents to support their children.

In the field of education, instructional strategies are techniques teachers

use to help students become independent, strategic learners. These strategies

become learning strategies when students independently select the appropriate

ones and use them effectively to accomplish tasks or meet goals. In this study,

the strategies employed by parents in home-based learning will be given

attention (Alberta Learning 2002).

A strategy is a general plan or set of plans intended to achieve something,

especially over a long period of time. It is the bridge between policy or high-order
goals on the one hand and tactics or concrete actions on the other. It is a term

that refers to a complex web of thoughts, ideas, insights, experiences, goals,

expertise, memories, perceptions, and expectations that provides general

guidance for specific actions in pursuit of particular ends. It is a general

framework that provides guidance for actions to be taken and, at the same time,

is shaped by the actions taken. This means that the necessary precondition for

formulating strategy is a clear and widespread understanding of the ends to be

obtained. Without these ends in view, action is purely tactical and can quickly

degenerate into nothing more than a flailing about.

On the other hand, Ireland (2017) said that parental involvement refers to

the amount of participation a parent has when it comes to schooling and life of

his or her child. Some schools foster healthy parental involvement through

events and volunteer opportunities, but sometimes it is up to the parents to

involve themselves with their children’s education. Parents can foster a positive

social experience for their children by knowing what activities their children's

education. When children find that their parents are updated with their academic

endeavors, it is easier for them to share about everything and without any

hesitations. It also helps parents to monitor whether their children are doing great

or having trouble.

The term “homeschooling” or also referred to as home-based learning

suggests a school-at-home approach in which parents or tutors replicate the

instructional process of schools, including a set curriculum, traditional instruction,

assignments, and so on. It doesn’t need to be like school; instead, it can be a

continuation of how your family lived before your children became “school age.”

In the setting of new normal in the Philippines, students are directed to continue

their study at home. At this point, the interaction between the parents and their

child will be more frequent. However, this new set-up created new challenges

where parents got involved.

According to Dado (2020), several challenges were faced by parents in

education during the new normal. Additional to the existing family problems were

the additional works because of the needed support of parents in the learning of

their children, the lack of gadgets, and the effectiveness of the modular learning.

The researchers want to study the said topic because of the influx of the

shift to new learning modality at public schools in this time of pandemic. From the

normal face to face classes that the students have, the school administrators

chose to have modular learning, distance learning or blended learning due to the

health safety protocols released by the Inter-Agency Task Force for COVID 19 in

the Philippines. All of these can be summed-up to one term called home-based

learning. And the demand for parents in helping their children to work on with

their academic loads have increased because their home became the new

learning environment of their children.

The researchers will be conducting the study at Catamlangan, Pilar,

Sorsogon with parents whose children are enrolled at Catamlangan Elementary

School (CES). The researchers took advantage the fact which they got from one

of their members that in this community, parents have difficulties about their
children’s home-based learning specially answering modules. Parents struggle in

this kind of learning and seemed to be frustrated on how to help their children.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to identify the current strategies employed by parents in

home-based learning to help their children in learning the subjects during this

pandemic and the challenges that they faced along the way. Specifically, the

study will seek answers to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents along:

a. Educational qualification?

b. Occupation?

2. What strategies are employed by the parents in home-based learning?

3. What challenges/problems are encountered by the parents in home-based

learning?

4. What plan of action or measures may be proposed to improve the

employed strategies by parents in home-based learning?

Scope and Delimitation

This study is entitled “Strategies Employed by Parents in Home-Based

Learning”. This is solely devoted and focused to knowing and improving the

strategies employed by parents in home-based learning and the challenges or

problems encountered by parents. And from these, the researchers will formulate

and propose strategies to help them improve the current ones. The researchers

will choose parents whose children are enrolled in elementary grades and are

currently enrolled in a school that is utilizing modular learning as mode of

instruction. There will be 15 respondents coming from Catamlangan, Pilar,

Sorsogon and will be the participants of this study. The participants are limited

only to those who are from Catamlangan, Pilar, Sorsogon and whose children

are enrolled in Grade 3 at CES. Those parents at Catamlangan whose children

are in Grade 3 and also having modular learning but enrolled in other schools will

not be included as participants.

Significance of the Study

Studying the strategies of parents during this modular learning is important

because of the contribution of data to the improvement of the sectors that are

part in this system of learning.

The researchers choose the following sectors to be the target beneficiaries

of this research:

Department of Education: The result of the study will give them an idea about

what is happening in the local setting of a school with the recent shift of learning

modality due to the pandemic.

School Administration: The result of the study will give them an idea about the

situation of their clienteles and how they will improve their strategies in giving

instructional materials and relevant information to the parents.

Teachers: The given results will help teachers to better implement a more

effective teaching learning process with the strategies gained by the parents to

integrate learning at home.

Parents: The proposed action plan or measures will guide and help parents to

know more about the right strategies in helping their children in their academic

works and improve their knowledge on how to help their children in a meaningful

way.

Students Who are Having Home-Based Learning: The results of this study will

provide students more opportunities to learn and integrate their learning from

their homes and gain more academic understanding in doing school related

works by the strategies and guidance from their parents.

BEED Students: As future educators, the results will be a source of information

which they can set as a guide if they will encounter the same situation of what is

happening today.

Researchers: The results will be helpful for the future endeavors of the

researchers as pre-service teachers.

Future Researchers: This study may serve as a reference material and related

research works. It will be also a great help for other researchers to benefit from

this study gaining insights relevant to their specific interest.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies, synthesis of the

state of the art, gap to be bridged by the study, theoretical and conceptual

framework as well as the paradigm and lastly definition of terms which terms are

defined conceptually and operationally.

Review of Related Literature

In collecting some data and information, the researchers found that there

are several literatures relevant to the study.

Parents play important roles in helping their children continuously learn

from what have been taught by teachers inside the school. Parents, as said to be

the first teachers, doesn’t literally mean that they teach the same way as what

teachers do. However, learning doesn’t end inside the four corners of the room, it

is endlessly happening outside where more aspects in the society can affect the

ongoing process especially at home.

Gonzalez, et. al. (1989) on their article entitled “Agents of Socialization”

stated that family is the major socializing agent that affects a child’s

transmittance of culture. Its members teach children what matters in life often
without realizing the impact they are making. Both the husband and wife have

roles and responsibilities on their child’s growth and development. Not only the

parents but also other members of the family such as siblings and others who are

living in the same roof with the child.

According to Ceka, A., & Murati, R. (2016), the education in the premises

of family life, has a double meaning: Firstly, it must be seen through the

perspective of its contribution to the overall child raising up and education, which

is crucial to his or her proper formation of children’s personality and further on,

his/her preparation for leading an independent life. On the other hand, the focus

must be put on the family as a whole, and the role of children which must be

based on their approach and contribution concerning family problems, which

should be dealt with, and finally solved by them. Offering education support to

children from their parents, concerning issues such as homework, would help

children to create an everyday routine of learning. Therefore, the responsibility of

raising a child includes helping him or her about on the academic concerns he or

she has as the present study seeks the employed strategies by parents in home-

based learning.

Iso (2020) said that the modular approach places Filipino learners to

continue with their academic life in the comfort of their homes amidst pandemic.

Parental guidance or presence is necessary. With the government extending

social distancing guidelines and health protocols, it’s clear that parents will

continue to be at home helping their children with their studies for an extended

period of time. The situation of limited contact with teachers will place parents as
the students’ model or the “More Knowledgeable Other” (MKO). And it is

important to strategize and not panic. This means that it is really important to

strategize student’s learning especially this time.

According to Gestwicki (2007), parents’ involvement in their children’s

education began since 20th Century during the start of nursery schools.

Teachers and parents started cooperating to improve the children’s education.

They call stay-at-home mothers as paraprofessionals inside the classroom where

their role is to assist the teachers in taking care of the facilities. In the present

study, these paraprofessionals are the parents who are staying at home and

helping their children accomplish their school tasks.

Back in those times, parents who are underprivileged are supported by the

government through programs such as parental self-development training and

learning just to ensure their ability to assist in the field of education. This program

is called the Head Start which was designed for unfortunate families (Wright, et.

al 2007). Parents who are beneficiaries of these have the capacity and ability to

strategize learning for their children at hoe through their guidance.

Wegner, et. al. (2013) on their study concluded that often times, school is

called the primary place of learning. Necessarily, school also has to be the place

where students learn how to learn and thus successfully acquire learning

strategies. In this study, home became the place of learning and in the beginning

even before the children go to school, it is the first and foremost place for

learning. Nevertheless, acquiring these has so far been a by‐product of school

teaching and still needs to be optimized and developed further. In the conflict
between imparting knowledge and developing the students’ learning competence

school education puts the focus on the former. If learning strategies and methods

have the importance of key qualifications, they should also be developed

systematically so that learners have developed a repertoire of strategies by the

time they leave school. And the same as when students are in their home. They

should acquire knowledge they must have through the guidance of their parents

having proper strategies employed.

The American Institutes for Research (2020) suggested four flexible

elements in building positive conditions for learning at home in this time of

pandemic. They said to begin with a solid foundation: “make sure that YOU are

ready to support your child’s academic, social, and emotional learning. First, take

care of yourself and make sure you have the capacity to support your child. Next,

create a space that is emotionally safe and supportive—just as walls and a roof

provide safety and support for a house. Children cannot learn when they are

anxious or worried because these emotions trigger the stress response system

and that affects working memory, attention, and concentration. Then, safety goes

hand-in-hand with a supportive atmosphere. This means providing the warmth,

empathy, and encouragement your child needs as they learn new things in a new

setting (at home). Finally, add in the doors and windows that make learning fun

because this will help them stay engaged in their learning. Children are wired to

learn and explore, and they often do this by being introduced to new and

interesting things.” It is really important to establish these things so that the

learning process of the children goes on the parents will not find it difficult to

guide them.

Magsambol (2020) reported that DepEd survey also confirmed the

preference of parents in modular learning. Modular Learning is a mode of

learning which uses Self-Learning Modules based on the most essential learning

competencies provided by DepEd. According to the report, 8.8 million parents

prefer modular learning for their children after picking printed modules among the

choices in blended learning. Aside from the parents, Filipino students also prefer

modular learning based on the data gathered via DepEd’s National Learner

Enrolment and Survey Forms. But despite of this preference, most parents

specially those who are in the far-flung barangays find it difficult for their children

having modular learning. A parent that Magsambol had interviewed said that she

did not know what and how to help her child because she herself do not know

anything about it especially some lessons about Mathematics. So, there is a

need to address this problem of the parents.

Heflin (2020) divulged that parents are teaching their children from home;

some are doing voluntarily, like those who homeschool their children throughout

the year, and some are solicited to teach by circumstances, like those facing

school closures due to COVID-19 pandemic. Teaching from home is a feat that

bring plethora of emotions like stress and anxiety, especially for parents who are

new to teaching. And worst, it might end up for both the parent and the student

feel stressed and depressed about modular learning. Therefore, having right and
acceptable strategies on how to address modular learning and the strategies to

be used while teaching students at home is of great need.

As what Edwards (2016) said meaningful parent involvement can only be

achieved when the school reaches out to parents in new ways, helps parents

connect to resources, creates an environment that makes parents feel welcome

and provides numerous opportunities for participation.

Review of Related Studies

Studies regarding the strategies employed by parents in home-based

learning have been the focus of some researchers due to pandemic, the parents’

gradual participation and involvement in education is the currently and actively

happening. Several researches included in this study shown the situations of

parents, including their way of participating in the learning process of their

children and findings of previous researchers about the effectivity of the modular

class at home as well as the challenges they have encountered.

Results gathered in the Effective Strategies for engaging parent in

students learning to support achievement by Thompson, et. al. (2014), implies

why having a strategy while engaging students learning brings benefit to both the

child’s proficiency. One of these strategies include collaborative homework that

requires parents and children to work together---particularly for elementary and

middle age. This particular strategy helps to boost parent-student aspirations and

expectations when encouraging is done appropriately. This means that having

strategies brings a good result for both parents and students.

 On the study made by Moises (2015) at Lower Binogsakan High School

(LBHS), he found out that there are several opportunities provided by the school

mentioned for parent’s involvement in the academic needs of their children such

as Parents-Teachers Association (PTA), Brigada Eskwela, Child Protection

Policy and Supervised Livelihood Program. Also, LBHS parents have time to

follow up and monitor their children’s assignment. These parents want their

children to develop good study habits. Although poor, they find ways in order to

provide their children with financial support since they have high regards for

education. He then concluded that parent-activity programs can also be attended

by children and it will help strengthen the involvement of parents in the academic

needs of their children. Aside from that, parents have a positive response

towards the opportunities provided by the school for them to get involved

because attending these activities make them feel part of their child's education.

Therefore, parents already have the perseverance ever since on helping their

children regarding their academic concerns and were eager to learn new things

for their children’s academic endeavor.

Because of the predominant problem of the country which is poverty, a

significant number of students do not make the transition from elementary school

to high school. The Department of Education (DepEd) data shows that for every

100 children who enter Grade 1, close to 15 do not make it into Grade 2, and

roughly one-quarter or 24 percent have dropped out before Grade 4 (Luz, 2007).

Meanwhile, in December 2013, the NSO Census of Population and Housing

(CPH) shows that out of the 71.5 million individuals who are 10 years old and
above, 97.5 percent or 69.8 million are literate or could read and write (Selangan

2015). Under-investment in children is an identified problem in low-income

developing countries (Monteflor et al., 2006) and because of the emerging

economic problems of the country, both parents tend to work harder to earn

money for them to meet the needs of the family (Evangelista, 2008; Ochoa &

Torre, n.d.). In Monteflor’s (2006) study, parent interview and survey

questionnaires in Cebu, Philippines are used to determine some over-weighting

of parents on the academic achievement of their children. It reveals that parents’

motivation is associated with preschool performance. These results recommend

that further and protensive studies on parent–child developmental strategies

should be taken to help learn more about early childhood education. If these

future researches were to come true it can contribute fully to the later growth and

development of children, it can generate an income generation and occupational

success, and offsets for observed vulnerabilities and disadvantaged

environments.

However, social cultural/social contexts in which Filipino families are

ingrained have changed quickly over the past ten years and probably shaping in

turn the ways in which parents and children think about and relate with each

other (Ochoa & Torre, n.d.). Nowadays, Filipino parents make enormous efforts

to be involved in their children’s schooling. Especially in this time of pandemic

wherein the first and foremost responsibility of the parents is to take care of their

children at home while having modular learning.

 In the mixed method study of Evangelista (2008), it aims to find the

relationship between academic involvement of grade one parents and their

children’s scholastic performance. It shows that academic involvement of parents

is still visible to their children in terms of peers, school activities, and others.

Because of this, parents are still involved in their child’s learning with regards to

other linkages he/she is in. It recommends that parents should participate and be

involved in the development of their children’s education especially during their

fundamental years because this stage will be the foundations of children for them

to accelerate in the next level of higher education and the school should consider

informing parents on how much involvement they should give to improve their

child’s scholastic performance. This study shows the distinction of the great

benefits of having a relationship between academic involvement to a child’s

scholastic performance, accordingly doing it with appropriate strategy will be a

much greater effect than just being involved. It is important that students are

guided in this stage for proper and rich developmental years.

According to Nierva (2009), parent involvement in the Philippines is vague

because there is still a need to improve parent involvement practices, especially

those promoting the parents’ active involvement in the child’s learning at home

and in school. Much of the practices of Filipino are brought about by history

including the ways parents race their children. The Philippines is facing different

problems that cause and greatly affects families. Thus, our country, like other

countries continually seeks for solutions to bridge the gapped and unpublished

research on parenting, child-rearing and discipline conducted among Filipino

families from 2004 to 2014 using document analysis. However, other researches

have been more critical of the relevance of parental control. Therefore, ways to

improve parental involvement onto children’s academic related activities should

be given attention.

Recently, Dangle and Sumaong (2020) conducted a study about the

implementation of Modular Distance Learning in the Philippines that took place

during this pandemic. The study identified that great numbers of activities in each

module became the main problems of the students and parents. This problem is

followed by the duration given by the school in finishing the modules which was

found to be not enough. Aside from these, blurred texts and photos,

misunderstood instructions, and difficulty in communication were the struggles of

students and parents with the modular set-up. These are some challenges for

parents and most especially for the students.

Problems in this mode of learning didn’t end with the module issues. In the

study of Nelson (2009), he emphasized the educational background of parents

as the factor that constitutes to the success of students in learning. In his

findings, he stated that parents’ involvement in learning was not confined to

academic participation but more on the emotional aspect of a learner.

Sometimes, students who are engaged in such like this learning was seem to be

weak emotionally because parents gone wrong about integrating this aspect. And

if parents have a synchronized strategy that will help them, it will not result to

such events.
 On the other hand, Miller and Lin (2019) concluded in their study that it is

important to create opportunities for families to share aspects of their lives that

often go uninvestigated or are misunderstood. Using photography to share

information from the home to school allows schools and communities to identify

existing strengths and extend these strengths, rather than focus on deficits or

assume families are not engaging in learning-related activities. Their findings

shed light on the different types of activities children engage in at home in both

lower income and higher income families, as well as how parents explicate those

activities. Certainly, the influence of parenting on educational achievement is

complex and difficult to define because of the layers of influences on parents’

decisions and their interactions with children. The study further emphasized that

focusing on “what” children are doing must be considered in relationship to “how”

and “why” they are engaging in those activities to fully understand home-based

learning. And for the present study, these can be one of the strategies employed

by the parents in home-based learning.

From the study of Thuba, et. al. (2017), it was noted that home-based

activities of the parents were significant to quality of education offered in public

day secondary schools. It was noted clear that all parents could be involved in

their children’s education regardless of their children’s gender, family type and

other background variables, as long as they knew the importance of their

involvement. So, improving home-based involvement of the parents can lead to

improvement in school attendance, homework completion, improved learning

behaviors and even better learner’s discipline. This indicates that parents’
involvement in education of their children at home is a powerful force in

enhancing the quality of education offered in public day secondary schools.

Furthermore, if parental involvement would be improved provided with proper

strategies as their guide, home-based learning will be more productive and

fruitful.

Synthesis of the State of the Art

In the article Gonzalez, et. al (1989) mentioned that the partitioned roles of

the child’s family in his/her development portrays the family as the first ones to

make impact to the child’s growth and development. And Iso (2020) added some

responsibilities that parents during the pandemic.

Furthermore, Ceka and Murati (2016) added that it is not only the parents

who are responsible for the child's development but also other family members.

All of which focuses on how each member in the family can be part of the child’s

growth and development.

Wright, Stegeli, Hartle (2007) introduced how countries designed

programs and trainings like Head Start for families to support parental self-

development. This corresponds to the actions accomplished by the authorities to

support and strengthen the bond between the parents and teachers as they tag

each other for the sake of the children and learners.

Wegner, et.al. (2013), American Institutes for Research (2020), presented

several things that can be considered to have a good home environment

conducive for learning which supported by the statements of Heflin (2020) and

Edwards (2016) about what can parents do to make it happen.

The challenges presented in previous studies are becoming more evident

in the current situation of the Philippines due to the pandemic which has alter the

mode of learning. Magsambol (2020) stated that parent’s preferred blended

learning this time of pandemic.

While the literatures helped the researchers to have a wide idea about the

problem being studied, the studies gathered also helped to identify what would

be the flow and concept of the study to be conducted. The researchers

discovered that several studies gathered have similarities to the present study in

terms of some variables used. However, there are differences in terms of the

design and methodologies.

Moises (2015) concluded on his study that it is important to provide

opportunities for parents to be involved in school. Hence, Thompson, et. al.

(2014) cited from their study some strategies for engaging parents in students

learning.

Ochoa and Torre (n.d.), Miller and Lin (2019), Thuba, et. al. (2017) and

Getswicki (2007) presented if what kind of parental involvement must be done in

order to be successful in helping their children at home. They also stated the

responsibilities, the level of involvement, and other factors that are helpful for

parent’s participation in their child’s academic performance. Meanwhile,

Evangelista (2008) found out a good relationship between the academic

involvement of parents and the children’s scholastic performance.

Nierva (2009), Dangle and Sumaong (2020), and Nelson (2009)

enumerated several challenges and problems encountered by parents at home

during their children’s home-based learning.

Home-based learning emits both advantages and disadvantages

particularly to the parents since they are the closest support around their

children. They play the crucial roles and get affected by the challenges that the

situation serves. Published articles that tackle this kind of study provides clearer

explanation of the existing process and situation of learning. It is important that a

well-established study addresses this kind of situation in education and provide

plausible suggestions and solutions to the problem.

Gap to Be Bridged by the Study

After analyzing the related studies, the researchers found out that none of

the studies conducted a research on the strategies employed by the parents in

home-based learning. Although it shared similar ideas, it differs from the

variables used.

The researchers identified the gaps to be addressed by this action

research. This study will provide formal strategies to the parents whose children

are enrolled in the modular learning during the COVID-19 pandemic since the

alteration of the mode of learning is new in the system. Also, this study will serve

as the bridge for the parents who are struggling to pick an effective strategy
suitable for their situations and their children. This study will also give solutions

on the challenges faced by the parents with their current strategies used. Using

the data in this research, related literature, and related studies, the researchers

will give concrete and effective recommendations and suggestions based on their

own conclusions.

These are the gaps to be bridged by the study.

Theoretical Framework

The researchers identified four theories that will address the variables in

the study. The following theories are Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory,

Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, Geoffrey P. Chamberlaine’s Theory of

Strategy, and Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory. These theories are related to

the expected findings of the researchers at the end of this study and will also

explain the problems in the study.

Piaget’s cognitive development theory explains the constructive role of

experience with the individuals surrounding the child. Piaget’s theory believed in

the power of constant drive that the child gets from his or her surrounding which

helps in their internal and external constructions. Other people are important in

the child’s improvement through the experiences given by the family and peers.

In this study, the researchers want to address the problem by considering the

profile of the parents since their background can cause a major development

within the child. The parents’ ability to help their child in learning can be
manifested in their personal background where their expertise can be evident. In

this modular learning, home became the main environment of students and their

interaction with their parents is vital.

Sociocultural theory of Lev Vygotsky, which explains the Zone of Proximal

Development as an important concept in the child’s learning, is relatable to the

objective of this study since the absence and participation of parents can create

a difference in the level of learning of their children. According to Vygotsky, there

is a potential development when parents participate in the learning of their

children. Since the study aims to discover the strategies of parents at home, the

theory can be related to the aim since the difference in the level of learning of a

child can be supported because of the strategies employed by the parents.

On the other hand, Geoffrey P. Chamberlaine’s Theory of Strategy

introduces a specific and consistent interpretation of strategy of the build.

Chamberlain argues that it is not possible to begin to analyze and compare

strategies if we cannot clearly describe and categorize what we see. This means

that in order to start analyzing and have a good strategic plan, the vision must be

clearly described and categorized to everyone in the group. In the case of this

study, for parents to have a preferable strategy about helping their children in

home-based learning, they must a background on what is being studied by their

children and the target learning goals for their children. Given these, they can

start planning and analyzing about the suitable strategy they can use.

Since the study also aims to know the challenges faced by the parents,

Bronfenbrenner’s theory can be used to explain possible challenges which can

be encountered due to the factors in the institution. In the microsystem, parents

can face challenges from the lack of support from school, health, and

neighborhood. In the ecosystem, the parents can experience challenges because

of their workplace that can intervene with their time to help their child with the

modules. Another important layer is the macro system where bigger challenges

for the parents can occur because of the factors from attitude, culture, morals,

values, and worldviews. The factors vary in every type of family which can mean

different approach and strategy of parents can be applied toward academic

activities.

These theories will contribute to the analysis of researchers on the

answers of parents from the interview. The researchers will utilize these theories

to come up with an effective action plan that is clearly explained and supported

by the theorists.

Cognitive
Development
Ecological Theory
Theory
 Sociocultural Theory Theory of Strategy

Improved strategies of parents

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

Conceptual Framework

This study entitled “Strategies Employed by Parents in Home Based-

Learning” seeks results that will answer the research questions imposed by the

researchers. The researchers will conduct an interview to 15 selected parents

who are actively helping their child in accomplishing their weekly modules. The

researchers will utilize a set of questions as their instrument in achieving the

objectives of the study.

In order to distinguish the validity of the respondents, the first questions

which seek to know the profile of the parents. It will be done during the interview
and will be recorded by the researchers through voice recording, video recording,

and writing. The profile will only include the educational qualification and

occupation of the parents. The second question will determine the strategies of

parents in helping their child with the school activities. Third question is to identify

the challenges that the parents face, it can be internal or external problems. And

these will be the input of the study.

When the interview is done, the researchers will summarize the answers

and they will try to connect the response by analyzing each answer. When the

researchers have already finalized the answers and have ensured complete

response in every question in their questionnaire, they will start relating the

answers by reviewing the related literature and studies. Comparing and

contrasting the response to the previous studies can also confirm the validity of

some answers from the parent-respondents which is considered to be part of the

process.

The study will end up with an action plan created by the researchers

where every finding from the research contributes to its crafting. The action plan

will be presented as a support and solution to the problems in this study. It will be

consisting of the proposed measures on improving parents’ strategies. The

action plan will fit to the beneficiaries mentioned in the study. It will be the final

output of the study.

The feedback then will be the indicator if the study was successful or not,

if it needs to be enhanced or if it will continue the intervention given in the action

plan. It will also provide the researchers with any comments about the study

conducted.

Input Process Output

 Data Gathered Data
-Profile of the Interpretation
Proposed
respondents
-Analysis measures to
-Strategies improve
-Compare and
-Challenges contrast to the parents’
encountered present and strategies
previous studies

Feedback

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

Definition of Terms

The following terms of the study are conceptually and operationally

defined.

Parents. A mother or a father. In this study, it is the respondent of the study.

Involvement. The fact or condition of being involved with or participating in

something. In this study, it is referred to as the participation done by parents in

their children’s academic activities.

Strategies. A plan of action or policy designed to achieve a major or overall aim.

Ion this study, these will be gathered during the interview with the parents and

will be determined if it is helpful or not.

Home-Based Learning. It is an educational process where parents or tutors

teach children at home, instead of having them formally educated in a public or

provide school setting. In this study, it is the specific learning mode of the

learners.

Challenges. It is defined as to dispute especially as being unjust, invalid, or

outmoded. In this study, these are the conflicts encountered by the parents while

they are helping their children with academic activities.

Proposed Strategies. This is a proposed plan of action made to achieve a

certain goal. In this study, it will be the strategies to be made and proposed by

the researchers to help the parents improve their strategies employed in home-

based learning.

Learning. It is the process a child learns the basics of education and everything

a child has to know about. In this study, learning is the way the child learns in the

modular set-up, assisted by the parents.

School Related Activities. These are the activities that are provided by the

school for the student’s learning. It is also an opportunity for the parents to be

involved in the academic activities of their children. In this study, they are the

activities done at home that are on the modules given by the school.
 Chapter III

RESEARCH DESIGN

This chapter clearly defines the research methods used to conduct the

study. The researchers explain how the necessary data and information to

address the research objectives and questions were collected, presented and
analyzed. Reasons and justifications for methodology, data source, procedure,

instrumentation, and analytical plan used are given.

Methodology

This study will be a mixture of action research and qualitative research

design. The researchers will use a combination of these to make the study

successful and to present data to be gathered clear and concise. It will also help

the researchers to explain the result properly to the readers and its benefactors.

Action research refers to a wide variety of evaluative, investigative, and

analytical research methods designed to diagnose problems or weaknesses—

whether organizational, academic, or instructional—and help educators develop

practical solutions to address them quickly and efficiently (Action Research –

Education Reform, 2015). It is a research that anyone can do on his/her practice

to improve it. It can be conducted with the assistance or guidance of professional

researchers in order to improve strategies, practices and knowledge of the

environments within which they practice (Ferrance, 2000). This will help the

researchers to analyze and evaluate the strategies employed by the parents and

help them improve it based from the data that will be gathered.

The researchers will also utilize the qualitative type of research because of

the non-numerical data that will be drawn from the response in the interview and

questionnaire. Qualitative research is a type of social science research that

collects and works with non-numerical data and that seeks to interpret meaning
from these data that help understand social life through the study of targeted

populations or places. It is typically focused on the micro-level of social

interaction that composes everyday life (Crossman, 2020). And in this study,

there will be a focused group containing 15 respondents that will be participating

in the study.

An interview about the profile of the respondents will be conducted before

the participants answer the checklist in the interview questionnaire. It will be

conducted face to face since a member of the researchers is near in the

community. 

Data Source

The researchers will only use the interview with the parents and the

interview questionnaire as the only source of data for the study. It will give

sufficient information and response to the questions because of the first-hand

experiences that will be shared and will be subjected to analysis.  

Sampling Procedure

Along with its systematic process, the researchers will seek permission

first to the school principal if the school administration can be used as partners in

the study through the letter made by the researchers. The parents will also be

informed about it and will be asked if they are willing to be part of the study. Upon

the approval of the principal and the parents, the researchers will immediately

conduct the data gathering procedure. 

 The researchers will use simple random sampling in choosing the

participants of the study. The researchers will make a focus group consisting of

15 members that will be the participants of the study. To create this, the

researchers will ask for a copy of the list of the parents of Grade 3 students of

CES from the adviser. After it, the researchers will contact the parents and will

inquire about their availability for the interview.

The interview will be done face to face with observance of the minimum

health safety protocols. The duration of each interview will depend on the way

the respondents answer. 

Instrumentation

The researchers made an interview questionnaire that will be used to

gather the necessary data needed in this study. The interview questionnaire

consists of a set of open-ended questions and checklists. Along with these is the

letter of consent that will be a supporting document which signifies that the

respondent agreed with the researchers to be one of the participants of the

study. 

Statistical Treatment

 The analysis phase will be done once the interview is done and the

answers are gathered. The analysis will start from the trimmed and simplified

answers of every respondent.

 The researchers will use frequency and percentage to identify the profile

of the respondents and for the remaining variables being studied. Rank will also

be utilized to know the highest and the lowest of the frequency. 

The researchers will use the formula:

P = f/N (100)

Where P is the percentage, f is the frequency and N is the number of

respondents. The frequency will be divided by the number of the respondents

and the quotient will be multiplied by 100 to get the percentage. After getting the

percentage, it will be ranked from highest to lowest.    

References

The Family Code of the Philippines Title IX Parental Authority Chapter 3. Effect
of
Parental Authority Upon the Persons of the Children article 220 No. 4
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/06/executive-order-no-209-s-
1987/
Alberta Learning (2002). Instructional Strategies.
https://education.alberta.ca/media /482311/is.pdf

Ireland, K. (2017, June 13) The Definition of Parental Involvement

https://www.hellomotherhood.com/article/75306-definition-parent-
involvement/

Alternatives to School, (n. d.)

https://alternativestoschool.com/articles/home-based-
learning/#:~:text=The%20term%20%E2%80%9Chomeschooling
%E2%80%9D%20suggests%20a,%2C%20assignments%2C%20and
%20so%20on.

Dado, N. (2020). Challenges parents face in education’s new normal.

https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/08/09/business/sunday-business-i-
t/challenges-parents-face-in-educations-new-normal/752688/

Gonzalez, M.M. A., et al. (1989). Teaching Strategies in the Social Sciences for
Elementary Grades (Teaching Strategies II): Agents of Socialization, page
5. MG.
Reprographics. 7-1 Villamor Street San Juan, Metro Manila.

Ceka, A., & Murati, R. (2016). The Role of Parents in the Education of Children.
Journal
of Education and Practice. Volume 7. No. 5. p. 61
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1092391.pdf

Iso, G. M. (2020, October 18). ‘More Knowledgeable Others’.

https://dumaguetemetropost.com/hmore-knowledgeable-othersh-p12770-
776.htm

Gestwicki (2007), Parent Involvement Revisited: Background, Theories, and

Models.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268079028_Parent_Involvement
_Revisited_Background_Theories_and_Models

Wegner, Dr. C., Minnaert, L., Strehlke, F. (2013). The importance of learning
strategies
and how the project ‘Kolumbus-Kids’ promotes them successfully.
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1108220.pdf

American Institutes of Research (2020, April 7). Building Positive Conditions for
Learning
at Home: Strategies and Resources for Families and Caregivers.
Spotlight. https://www.air.org/resource/building-positive-conditions-
learning-home-strategies-and-resources-families-and-caregivers
Magsambol, B. (2020, October 6). Parents bear the brunt of distance learning as
classes
shift online. Rappler.com. https://www.rappler.com/nation/parents-bear-
brunt-distance-learning-school-opening-philippines-2020

Heflin, D. (2020, May 6). Tips for Parents Teaching at Home: Teaching
Strategies.
TeachHub.com. https://www.teachhub.com/teaching-
strategies/2020/05/tips-for-parents-teaching-from-home/

Edwards, P. (2016). A New Vision: Seeing More Clearly: New Ways to Engage
Parents:
Strategies and Tools for Teachers and Leaders, K-12. Teachers College
Press. https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=1yfKDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=

Thompson, K., Gillis T., Fairman, J., Mason, C. (2014 March). Effective
Strategies for
Engaging Parent’s in Students Learning to Support Achievement. Maine
Education Policy Research Institute.
https://usm.maine.edu/sites/default/files/cepare/Effective_Strategies_for_E
ngaging_Parents_in_students_Learning_to_Support_Achievement.pdf

Dangle, Y. and Suaong, J. (2020). The Implementation of Modular Distance

Learning in
the Philippine Secondary Public Schools.
https://www.dpublication.com/abstract-of-3rd-icate/27-427/

Nelson, H. (2009), Parental Involvement in Middle School - American

Psychological
Association. https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/dev453740.pdf

Selangan. (2015). The Reading Profile of Children in the Philippines. Literacy

and World
Languages Article. Retrieved from
http://www.edutopia.org/discussion/reading-profile-children-philippines

Evangelista, A. D. (2008). Academic Involvement of Parents and their Children’s

Scholastic Performance. Trinity University of Asia (Thesis).

Ochoa, D., & Torre, B. (n.d.). Parenting in the Philippines: A Review of the
Research
Literature 2004 to 2014. PETA Arts Zone Project Terre de Hommes
Germany.
Monteflor et al. (2006). Parent motivation strategies and the performance of
preschoolers
in a rural Philippine municipality. Early Childhood Education Journal,
33(5). DOI 10.107/s10643-005-0035-1

Ochoa, D., & Torre, B. (n.d.). Parenting in the Philippines: A Review of the
Research
Literature from 2004 to 2014. PETA Arts Zone Project Terre de Hommes
Germany.

Evangelista, A. D. (2008). Academic Involvement of Parents and their Children’s

Scholastic Performance. Trinity University of Asia (Thesis).

Nierva, M. (2009). Relationship between Parental Involvement and Family Status

Variables of Grade One Parents of Siena College Quezon City SY 2006-
2007: Implication for the School Shared Responsibility of the Home and
the School. Ateneo de Manila University (Thesis)

Miller, K and Lin, M. (2019). Making Home-Based Learning Visual: Family

Perspectives
on Early Learning and Development Through Photographs. School
Community Journal, 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2.
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1236589.pdf

Thuba, E., Kathuri, J.N., Mariene, J. (2017). Effects of Home - Based Parental
Involvement Practices in Promoting Quality of Education in Public Day
Secondary Schools in Igembe Sub County, Meru County – Kenya.
https://www.ijier.net/ijier

Action research – Education Reform (2015). Action research

https://www.edglossary.org/action-research/

Fernance, E. (2000). Action Research. Themes in Education.

https://www.brown.edu/academics/education-
alliance/sites/brown.edu.academics.education-
alliance/files/publications/act_research.pdf

Crossman, A. (2020 February 02). An overview of Qualitative Research Methods.

Thought.co. https://www.thoughtco.com/qualitative-research-methods-
3026555

https://www.calculatorsoup.com/calculators/math/percentage.php

References for the questionnaire

NAUDU Education, (2020, April 23). 5 Tips for Parents for Effective Home-Based
 Learning. Information retrieved from https://newsroom.nuadu.com/news/5-
tips-for-parents-for-effective-home-based-learning/Lee, L. (2020, April 3).
7 Guiding Principles for Parents Teaching from Home.
https://www.edutopia.org/article/7-guiding-principles-parents-teaching-
home

California State Parent and Teacher’s Association (n. d.) How to Support Student
Learning At Home. http://toolkit.capta.org/programs/family-
engagement/how-to-support-student-learning-at-home/

Williamson, R. (n.d.) Principles of Hoe Based Learning for Parents.

https://theeducationhub.org.nz/principles-of-home-based-learning-for-
parents/

Elgersma, C. (2020, July 30). Help Parents and Caregivers Keep kids focused,
interested,
and balanced while learning from home.
https://www.commonsense.org/education/articles/parent-tips-and-tricks-
for-distance-learning

Bitterli, J. (2020, April 24). School #FromHome: The Challenges of Online

Learning for
Parents and Kids. https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/consumer/family-
safety/school-from-home-the-challenges-of-online-learning-for-parents-
and-kids/

Wakefield, J. (2021, January 11). COVID 19. The Challenges of home-schooling.

https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55573803

Bicol University
College of Education
Daraga, Albay

STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY PARENTS IN HOME BASED-LEARNING

Interview Questionnaire and Checklist
Instructions: Answer the following questions. Rest assured that the information
given will be treated with outmost confidentiality.

Specific Questions Mother Father

Name of Parents
(Optional)
Educational Background (Please put a check on the tab that is applicable to
you.)
a. Elementary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
Occupation

1. Who among you (father and mother) is the one helping your child in
answering the modules and doing other academic related activities?
___________________________________________________________
_____
(Whoever may the answer in this question, he/she will be the only one to
continue answering the remaining questions below.)

2. Please check the strategies you employ for the home-based learning of
your children. Check all that is applicable to you.

o I made a learning space for my child while s/he is studying at home.

o I still bought the school supplies needed before the classes started.
o I made a time schedule for the things she will do everyday including
studying, breaks or snack time and play time as well as a healthy
living activity such as sleeping time, meal time, and a time for
stretching.
o I see to it that every week, we will have a short quiz for every
subject to check whether s/he learned something in the modules.
o I gave him/her some presents or praises whenever s/he will have
simple success.
o I allow him/her to go in our backyard and explore things by
himself/herself.
o I always check his/her assignments, modules, projects and other
school activities.
o I made a schedule for reading and writing activities except from
answering modules for improvement of speech and writing skills.
o I spend time attending his/her sessions while studying and
answering modules.
o I prepare snacks for his/her breaks.
o We make agreements about having movie marathons and using
gadgets.
 o I go to school early during the scheduled time to pick up his/her
modules.
o I prepare the materials s/he needs for a certain activity.
o I see to it that his/her learning space is clean whenever s/he will
stay there.
o I made creative materials to integrate learning from the things s/he
love.
o I give effort in meeting his/her expectations about school matters.
o I let him/her to do tasks within the time frame given.
o I always ask him/her if what how is she doing about school works.
o I talk to him/her always.
o I made a bulletin board which s/he can post his/her outputs and
tasks done and to do list to motivate him/her.
o I encourage him/her to make activities passionately.
o I inspire them to ask questions as much as they want to.
o Others: Please specify
________________________________________

3. Please check the challenges/problems you encountered in home-based

learning of your children.
Check all that is applicable to you.

o Lack of resources such as school supplies, internet connection,

gadgets, other school laboratory tools.
o Low income to no income at all.
o Home learning and work from home go together.
o Far workplace with same schedule to child’s home school hours.
o Tough time management
o Children having same schedule of classes within a day.
o Limited forms of transportation
o Illiteracy about gadget’s use and
o Balancing household responsibilities and teaching
o Children’s short attention span
o Inadequate learning materials given by the Department of
Education
o Noise pollution within the learning environment
o Lack of social interaction
o Lack of connection with school teachers
o Short temperance
o Others: Please
specify_________________________________________