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Economic Development Final Term Public Private Partnership
Economic Development Final Term Public Private Partnership
FINAL TERM
PPP emphasizes the VALUE FOR MONEY, focusing on reduced costs, better risk alleviation,
faster implementation, improved services and possible generation of additional revenue.
1. PPPs allow large scale government projects, such as roads, bridges, or hospitals, to be
completed with private funding.
2. These partnerships work well when private sector technology and innovation combine with
public sector incentives to complete work on time and within the budget.
1. Availability PPP - A form of PPP wherein the public authority contracts with a private
sector entity to provide a public good, service or product at a constant capacity to the
implementing agency (IA) for a given fee (capacity fee) and a separate charge for usage
of the public good, product or service (usage fee). Fees or tariffs are regulated by contract
to provide for recovery of debt service, fixed costs of operation and a return on equity.
2. Concession PPP - A form of PPP wherein the government grants the private sector the
right to build, operate and charge public users of the public good, infrastructure or
service, a fee or tariff which is regulated by public regulators and the concession contract.
Tariffs are structured to provide for recovery of debt service, fixed costs of operation, and
return on equity.
AGRI TRANSFORMATION AND ECONDEV
Agriculture Development
Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising
livestock. It includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and
their distribution to markets.
Providing assistance to the crop producers with the help of various agricultural resources.
Providing protection, assisting in the research sphere, employing latest techniques,
controlling pests
Develop “better” system of agriculture production.
Rural Development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of
people living in rural areas, often relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas
Role of Agriculture in Rural Development
Increases sustainability and productivity by investing in good practices of water
management, irrigation and strengthening systems for small producers so they can access
better seeds, pesticides and fertilizers it is possible to introduce production system that
pay off. This in turn leads to better revenue and high crop yields.
Reasons Rural CommunityDevelopment is hard to do:
Change is not comfortable.
Parochial attitudes shut themselves off from the outside.
Lack of resources and capacity.
Leadership capacity
Lack of education
Unemployment
Lower prices of agricultural products.
Workers with higher qualification migrates to the cities.
People remain mostly in retirement age
Key issues in Rural Development
Development of alternate occupations other than agriculture
Investment in Human Capital in rural areas
Land Reforms
Development of Infrastructure in rural areas
Availability to affordable credit
1. Northwestern Europe
2. Eastern Europe- Russia/Ukraine
3. Eastern North America
4. East Asia- S. Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore “Asian Tigers”
POPULATION DYNAMICS- looks at how the population of a country or a region or even the
world changes.
1. Fertility - increases the population; average number of children born to women during
their reproductive years
2. Migration is the movement of people from one permanent home to another
3. Mortality measures the number of deaths in a particular population, per unit of time;
decreases the population
EMPLOYMENT is an economic situation in which all available labor resources are being used
in the most efficient way possible.
Employment vs. Self-employment
Employment is the state of working for other people or for the company in exchange of
compensation or wages while Self-employment is the state of working for oneself rather than an
employer.
Types of Employment
Full-time employment – This is the most prevalent type of employment. Employees
under this category are considered regular and enjoy the usual benefits that come with
being officially part of the company.
Part-time employment – Workers under this category render less hours than their
regular, full-time peers. This allows more flexibility, but pays less and not all workers are
given the standard benefits that comes with being a full-time employee.
Fixed-term employment -Fixed-Term Employment is when the employee renders
service for a definite period of time and the employment contract must be terminated
after such period expires.
Probationary Employment - Those under probationary employment are either in
training or being assessed whether they fit the job role they’re occupying. This period can
be anywhere from three to six months depending on the employer. Once the candidate
passes this period, he or she is then offered the regular job position. Probationary workers
also don’t get the full benefits and perks of being a regular employee.
Project employment - is defined when an employee is hired for a specific project or
undertaking and the employment duration is specified by the scope of work and/or length
of the project. A project employee may acquire the status of a regular employee when
they are continuously rehired after the completion of the project or when the tasks they
perform are vital, necessary, and indispensable to the usual business or trade of the
employer.
Employees and Employers
Employee
Employer and managerial control within an organization rests at many levels and has
important implications for staff and productivity alike, with control forming the
fundamental link between desired outcomes and actual processes.
18 years old is the minimum age for employment, below that age is not allowed. Persons
of age 15 to 18 can be employed given that they work in non-hazardous environments.
DOMESTIC FINANCING advises and assist in areas of domestic finance, banking, and other
related economic matters. This is a process and activity assisting domestic financial sectors,
banks and other related agencies by developing the economy of the country through savings and
financial intermediation.
Saving refers to money you put aside for future use rather than spending it immediately.
Financial Intermediation is a process performed by banks of taking in funds from a depositor
and then lending them out to a borrower. The banking business thrives on the financial
intermediation abilities of financial institutions that allow them to lend out money at relatively
high rates of interest while receiving money on deposit at relatively low rates of interest.
Banks
Mutual fund
Financial Advisors
Credit Union
Intermediaries for insurance, pension, investments and others.
The environment does not only mean surroundings. Environment refers to air, water and
land and the interrelationship of all these factors with human beings. Environment and
development cannot go against each other. They should be complementing each other. If all the
resources on earth are utilized for the development of the world, without the thought of
preserving them, soon the earth will turn into an uninhabitable place.
Directly, by providing resources and raw materials such as water, timber and minerals
that are required as inputs for the production of goods and services; and
Indirectly, through services provided by ecosystems including carbon sequestration,
water purification, managing flood risks, and nutrient cycling.
A new model of economic development that is in line with nature and the
environment.
It makes a positive connection between ecology and economics and thus increases the
well-being of society.
This aim is to achieve an economy that is in harmony with nature and environment.
It requires changes in the consumption of resources, emission reduction and funding
for innovations in the environment sector.
1. Mercantilism
2. Absolute Advantage
3. Comparative Advantage
The theory was first introduced by David Ricardo in the year 1817. Comparative
advantage suggests that countries will engage in trade with one another, exporting the
goods that they have a relative advantage in productivity. This introduces opportunity
cost as a factor for analysis in choosing between different options for production.
4. Heckscher – Ohlin Theory
The Heckscher – Ohlin theorem states that a country which is a capital – intensive
good. Likewise, the country which is labor – abundant will export the labor – intensive
good. Each country exports that good which it produces relatively better than the other
country. In this model, a country’s advantage in production arises solely from its relative
factor.
The idea that countries with similar qualities are most likely to trade with each
other. These qualities may include level of development, savings rates, and natural
resources, among others. The country similarity theory is based on the idea that economic
actors with similar qualities are going to want many of the same things. Most trade in
manufactured goods will be between countries with similar per capita incomes, and
intra-industry trade will be common.