THE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM When you cite references in the text of your assignment, include:

In the Harvard referencing system, cited publications are referred to as citation in the text by giving the author’s family name and the  the author or editor’s family name (or organisation responsible) - do NOT include given names or initials
year of publication, and the details are listed in the reference list at the end of the text/work.  the year of publication
 page(s) of publication (if appropriate and where available)
The process of citing references consists of two inter-related parts:
i. Citing - the way a writer refers from the text to the sources used in the assignment. THE REFERENCE LIST
ii. Referencing - the process of creating a reference list of each source a writer has used in writing the assignment. The reference list in the Harvard referencing system:
 is titled ‘References’
CITATION IN THE TEXT  is arranged alphabetically by author’s family name
When writing a piece of work, you will need to refer to materials written or produced by others. This procedure is called citing or  is a single list – books, journal articles and electronic sources are listed together and not arranged in a separate list
quoting references. The system that you have used to cite the sources must be consistent and accurate to enable readers to identify  includes the full details of your citation in the text
and locate the materials to which you have referred to. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference.
 is NOT a bibliography – you do not need to produce a bibliography for your assignments unless specifically asked to do so by your
lecturer. A bibliography lists everything you may have read but did NOT use it in the course of doing the assignment while a
reference list is limited to the citation in the text references used in your assignment.
EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING
Material An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list
Single author An important factor is… (Cameron 2002, p. 158) Cameron, SS 2002, Business student’s handbook: Learning skills for study and employment, Prentice Hall, Harlow.
Khoo (1977, p. 45) argues that… Khoo, KK 1977, The western malay states, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur.
Two or three authors According to Kim and Mauborgne (2005), … Kim, WC & Mauborgne, R 2005, Blue ocean strategy: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant, Harvard Business School, Boston.
Guelich, S, Gundavaram, S & Birznieks, G 2000, CGI programming with perl, 2nd edn, O’Reilly, Cambridge.
BOOKS

Four or more authors As suggested by Sandler et al. (1995, p. 14) … Sandler, MP, Patton, JA, Coleman, RE, Gottschalk, A, Wackers, FJ & Hoffere, PB 1995, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
The industry… (Leeders et al. 1996) Leeders, SR, Dobson, AJ, Gibbers, RW, Patel, NK, Mathews, PS, Williams, A & Marriot, DL 1996, The Australian film industry, Dominion, Adelaide.
Electronic book Gottshalk and Solli-sather (2006) contend that… Gottschalk, P & Solli-saether, H 2006, Managing successful IT outsourcing relationship, viewed 30 July 2007,
<http://site.elibrary.com/lib/tarc/document/display.jsp?docID=1008436&page=1>.
Chapter in an edited book Ezhar (2001) notes that… Ezhar, T 2001, ‘Working with foreigners’, in Understanding Malaysian workforce, eds Asma Abdullah & A Low, Malaysian Institute of Management, Kuala Lumpur, pp.
179-196.
Single author Ho (2007, p. 2) argues that … Ho, S 2007. ‘Knowledge sharing - a fear factor’, Malaysian Management Review, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 1-22.
Two or three authors Bilosvalavo and Lynn (2006, p. 774) acknowledge… Bilosvalavo, R & Lynn, M 2006, ‘Mission statements in Slovene enterprises: Institutional pressures and contextual adaptation’, Management Decision, vol. 45, no. 4, pp.
JOURNAL

Journal article from an electronic
journal using electronic database
A World Wide Web site
Electronic book
PUBLICATIONS
773-788.
The impact of IT… (Li & Clifford 2007, p. 163). Li, G & Clifford, N 2007, ‘When a talking computer agent is half human and half humanoid’, Human Communication Research, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 163-193.
…and this has been established by Eisend and Eisend, M & Schucherta, P 2006, ‘Explaining counterfeit purchases: A review and preview’, Academy of Marketing Service, vol. 2006, no. 2, viewed 31 July 2007,
Schucherta (2006). <http://www.amsreview.org/articles/eisend12-2006pdf>.
The result of the test can… (Potter 2005). Potter, J 2005, The big five personality test, viewed 11 July 2007, <http:// www.outofservice.com/bigfive>.
Holland (2004) maintains that… Holland, M 2004, Guide to citing internet sources, 2nd edn, updated 2 November 2005, viewed 10 July 2007,

<http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/guide_to_citing_internet_source.html>.
ELECTRONIC

Media releases on the World Wide
Web
Discussion lists or newsgroups
Email
Conference paper
SPECIAL PUBLICATONS &
Ong (2007) notes that sustainable living…
Marsh (2007) postulates that…
Amir confirmed this by email on 1 July 2007…
It has been shown (Chang 2003) that…
Chang (2003) contends that…
Ong, KT (Minister of Housing and Local Government) 2007, Sustainable living in Malaysia, media release, 16 June, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Kuala
Lumpur, viewed 30 July 2007, <http://aplikasi.kpkt.gov. my/ucapan.nsf>.
Marsh, A <marsha@gmail.com> 2007, ‘Time management’, list server, 28 March, Google Recreational Gardens, viewed 30 July 2007,
<http://groups.google.com/group/rec.gardens/browse_thread/thread/e0ec899/2956944565b8e75c#2956944565b8e75c>.
Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal email messages are not included in a reference list.
Chang, CC 2003, ‘Malaysia’s outline perspective plan towards prosperity in the trend of globalisation’, in Proceedings of the Seventh World Chinese Entrepreneurs
Convention, 21-26 July 2003, Sunway Resort, Petaling Jaya, The Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Malaysia, ACCIM, Kuala Lumpur, pp.

28-38.
Newspaper article with author As Fernandez (2007) notes in his articles, … Fernandez, T 2007, ‘I didn’t make any threats: Kayveas’, Sun, 31 July, p. 2.
MATERIALS

Note: ‘The’ in the English language newspaper title is omitted.

Newspaper article with no author …in the Sun (31 July 2007, p. 3).
Government article The strategic approaches include…
(Ministry of Agriculture 1998).
Thesis Lee (1995) recommends that …
Acts of Parliament The Service Tax (Amendments) (2000) states that …
Sun 2007, ‘Master plan boost for northern corridor’, 31 July, p. 3.
Ministry of Agriculture 1998, The third national agriculture policy, Ministry of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur.
Lee, CW 1995, ‘Characteristics of rubber products for mining applications’, Unpublished final year advanced diploma project, Tunku Abdul Rahman College.
Service Tax (Amendments) 2002.
 QUICK GUIDE TO
HARVARD
REFERENCING
SYSTEM

Compiled by

Dr Chook Ka Joo
Quality Assurance Department

and

Mr Johnny Chin Fui Chung

School of Social Science and Humanities

For more examples of Harvard Referencing System, please refer to the TARC
Harvard Referencing System through your lecturer.