Study on open system

A thermodynamic system is the material and radiative content of a macroscopic

volume in space, that can be adequately described by thermodynamic state
variables such as temperature, entropy, internal energy and pressure. Usually, by
default, a thermodynamic system is taken to be in its own internal state
of thermodynamic equilibrium, as opposed to a non-equilibrium state. The
thermodynamic system is always enclosed by walls that separate it from
its surroundings; these constrain the system. A thermodynamic system is subject to
external interventions called thermodynamic operations; these alter the system's walls
or its surroundings; as a result, the system undergoes thermodynamic
processes according to the principles of thermodynamics.
The thermodynamic state of a thermodynamic system is its internal state as specified by
its state variables. In addition to the state variables, a thermodynamic account also
requires a special kind of quantity called a state function, which is a function of the
defining state variables. For example, if the state variables are internal energy, volume
and mole amounts, that special function is the entropy. These quantities are inter-
related by one or more functional relationships called equations of state, and by the
system's characteristic equation. Thermodynamics imposes restrictions on the possible
equations of state and on the characteristic equation. The restrictions are imposed by
the laws of thermodynamics.
According to the permeability’s of the walls of a system, transfers of energy and matter
occur between it and its surroundings, which are assumed to be unchanging over time, until
a state of thermodynamic equilibrium is attained. The only states considered in equilibrium
thermodynamics are equilibrium states. Classical thermodynamics includes equilibrium
thermodynamics. It also considers: (a) systems considered in terms of cyclic sequences of
processes rather than of states of the system; such were historically important in the
conceptual development of the subject; and (b) systems considered in terms of processes
described by steady flows; such are important in engineering.
In 1824 Sadi Carnot described a thermodynamic system as the working
substance (such as the volume of steam) of any heat engine under study. The very
existence of such thermodynamic systems may be considered a fundamental postulate
of equilibrium thermodynamics, though it is only rarely cited as a numbered
law. According to Bailyn, the commonly rehearsed statement of the zeroth law of
thermodynamics is a consequence of this fundamental postulate.
In equilibrium thermodynamics the state variables do not include fluxes because in a
state of thermodynamic equilibrium all fluxes have zero values by postulation.
Equilibrium thermodynamic processes may of course involve fluxes but these must
have ceased by the time a thermodynamic process or operation is complete bringing a
system to its eventual thermodynamic state. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics allows its
state variables to include non-zero fluxes, that describe transfers
of matter or energy or entropy between a system and its surroundings.
There are 3 thermodynamics system
1. Open system
2. Closed system
3. Isolated
Many engineering devices are open system, we chose open system
Open system: In an open system, matter may pass in and out of some segments of
the system boundaries. There may be other segments of the system boundaries that
pass heat or work but not matter. Respective account is kept of the transfers of energy
across those and any other several boundary segments. In thermodynamic equilibrium,
all flows have vanished.
Examples of open system:
1. Nozzle
2. Turbine
3. Compressor
4.