Performance Analysis of a High Voltage DC (HVDC)

Transmission System under Steady State and Faulted

Conditions

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
ASHISH CHHABRA - 17BEE0009
SANJAY J P - 17BEE0026
KARTHIK SIVARAMAKRISHNAN – 17BEE0264
NASHID NOOR MOHAMMED - 17BEE0321

Course Code: EEE4009

Course Title: FACTS & HVDC

Under the guidance of

Prof RAVI K
Associate Professor (Senior)
SELECT
VIT, Vellore.

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

May, 2020

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “Performance Analysis of a High
Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission System under Steady State and Faulted
Conditions ” that is being submitted by “ASHISH CHHABRA, SANJAY J P ,
KARTHIK SIVARAMAKRISHNAN , NASHID NOOR MOHAMMED
” for FACTS & HVDC (EEE4009) is a record of bonafide work done under my
supervision. The contents of this Project work, in full or in parts, have neither been
taken from any other source nor have been submitted for any other CAL course.

Place: VIT, Vellore

Signature of students:
ASHISH CHHABRA - 17BEE0009
SANJAY J P - 17BEE0026
KARTHIK SIVARAMAKRISHNAN – 17BEE0264
NASHID NOOR MOHAMMED - 17BEE0321

Signature of Faculty:

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 INDEX

Sno. Contents Pg No.

1 Abstract 4
2 Introduction 4
3 Methodology 6
4 Circuit Diagram 11
5 Simulation 11
6 Output 15
7 Results 23
8 Conclusion 23
9 Advantages of HVDC 23
10 References 24

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1. ABSTRACT
The cutting edge High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission innovation
relies upon the improvement of intensity gadgets dependent on the semiconductor.
This venture presents a straightforward model of HVDC transmission framework
in which the converter and filter have been intended to build the stability of
transmission system. Utilizing the model made in MATLAB (Simulink Model),
the present voltage qualities have been simulated for consistent state condition.
The equivalent has likewise been simulated for fault condition. With the
introduced technique the HVDC framework can give helpful and conservative
approach to transmit electric power over the significant distance, in this way
improving the mass transmission of electric power and power system stability.

2. INTRODUCTION
High voltage direct current(HVDC)convert AC voltage to DC voltage in a rectifier
and transmits DC power through the transmission line, and afterward modifies DC
into AC power in inverter and supplies the force. With the quick advancement of
converters (rectifiers and inverters) at higher voltages and larger currents, DC
transmission has become a major factor in the planning of the power transmission.

The HVDC innovation discovers application in the transmission of control over

long distances or by methods for submerged cables, which are a basic part of a
voltagesource converter–high-voltage direct current transmission system in any
seaward electrical power scheme and in the interconnection of diversely managed
power frameworks which might be worked simultaneously or nonconcurrently.

Alternating current (AC) is the fundamental main driving force in the industries
and local locations; anyway for the long transmission line AC transmission is more
costly than that of DC transmission. What's more, AC transmission line control is
more complex because of the frequency. DC transmission doesn't have these
constraints, which has led to transfer bulk power over long distances. In the first
place all HVDC plans utilized mercury bend valves for high power and voltage end
up being a fundamental advancement for High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
transmission.

At that point the improvement of power electronic innovation and the moderately
high switching frequency of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), HVDC transmission
framework dependent on Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) has taken on some

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great advantages. The high-voltage high power completely controlled
semiconductor innovation keeps on significantly affecting the improvement of
cutting edge power electronic apparatus used to help advanced tasks and efficient
administration of electrical grids and create both HVDC transmission and
adaptable AC transmission (FACT) technologies.

There are various sorts of Simulation software/instruments for analyzing the

stability of power system. MATLAB utilizes a specific Toolbox Simulink for
simulating control systems and has a powerful graphic user interface with a large
library of blocks . The HVDC transmission framework dependent on another
inductive filtering current source converter CSC HVDC framework improved
consistent and transient-state operating characteristics.

Moreover, the examination is to research the consistent state and the dynamic
execution of a 12 pulse HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) utilizing a
framework in Matlab/Simulink under various fault conditions. Likewise, a hybrid
multilevel voltage source converter (VSC) with ac side cascaded Hbridge cells
offers the operational adaptability of VSC based HVDC framework in terms of
active and reactive power control and improved ac fault ride-through capability
with current limiting capability during dc fault.

In this project a basic model of HVDC transmission framework is designed so as to

analyze the performance at consistent and dynamic state activity under various
faulty conditions. The HVDC framework has been simulated with respect to
nominal voltage, frequency and the physical values of various devices and
component parameters. By utilizing MATLAB/Simulink to observe the
characteristics of voltage and current both in rectifier and inverter side and analyze
the simulation result at steady state activity under with and without fault
conditions.

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3. METHODOLGY
In this project there are two major components used
 Rectifier
 Inverter
Let us see the working principle of each of them

3.1 Rectifiers
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which
periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one
direction.
The procedure is known as rectifcation, since it "straightens" the direction of
current. Truly, rectifiers take various structures, including vacuum tube diodes, wet
chemical cells, mercury-arc valves, heaps of copper and selenium oxide plates,
semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based
semiconductor switches. Truly, even coordinated electromechanical switches and
motors have been utilized. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, utilized a
"cat's whisker" of fine wire pushing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to fill in as
a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector". In our project we have utilized a three
stage rectifier.
3.1.1 Three Phase Rectifiers
 Half Wave (Three Pulse)
The 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER consolidates three single stage half
wave controlled rectifiers in a single circuit feeding a common load. The thyristor
T1 in series with one of the supply phase windings 'a-n' goes about as one half
wave controlled rectifier. The second thyristor T2 in series with the supply phase
winding 'b-n' goes about as the subsequent half wave controlled rectifier. The third
thyristor T3 in series with the supply phase winding goes about as the third half
wave controlled rectifier. The 3-stage input supply is applied through the star
connected supply transformer as appeared in the figure. The common neutral point
of the supply is connected with one end of the load while the other end of the load
is connected to the common cathode point.

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 Fig 1 Three Phase Half wave Rectifier Circuit

Fig 2 Three Phase Half wave Rectifier Output Waveforms

 Full Wave (SIX pulse)

Three phase full converter is a completely controlled bridge controlled rectifier
utilizing six thyristors connected in the form of a as a full wave bridge design. All
the six thyristors are controlled switches which are turned on at a appropriate times
by applying suitable gate trigger signals. This circuit is otherwise called three stage
full wave bridge or as a six pulse converter. The thyristors are activated at an
interval of (∏/3) radians (for example at an interim of 30°). The frequency of
output ripple voltage is 6fs and the filtering necessity is less than that of three stage
semi and half wave converters.

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 Fig 3 Three Phase Full Wave Rectifier Circuit

Fig 4 Three Phase Full wave Rectifier Output Waveforms

3.2 Three Phase Inverters

A three-phase inverter converts a DC input into a three-phase AC output. Its three arms are
ordinarily deferred by an edge of 120° in order to create a three-stage AC supply. It is only three
single stage inverters put over a similar DC source. The pole voltages in a three stage inverter
are equivalent to the pole voltages in single stage half wave inverter.

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 Fig 5 Circuit Diagram for Three Phase Inverter

Every device is in conduction state for 180° where they are switched ON at 60° intervals. The
terminals A, B and C are the output terminals of the bridge that are connected to the three-phase
delta or star connection of the load.
Table 6 Switching table for Three Phase Inverter

Intervals (degree) Transistor On Polarities

0-60 S1 , S4 , S5 +-+
60-120 S1 , S4 , S6 +--
120-180 S1 , S3 , S6 ++-
180-240 S2 , S3 , S6 -+-
240-300 S2 , S3 , S5 -++
300-360 S2 , S4 , S5 --+

The operation of a balanced star connected load is explained in the diagram below. For the
period 0° − 60° the points S1, S4 and S5 are in conduction mode. The terminals A and C of the
load are connected to the source at its positive point. The terminal B is connected to the source
at its negative point. In addition, resistances R/2 is between the neutral and the positive end
while resistance R is between the neutral and the negative terminal.

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 Fig 6 Resistances used in the output terminals of Three Phase Inverter

As in the single phase voltage source inverters PWM technique can be used in three-phase
inverters, in which three sine waves phase shifted by 120° with the frequency of the desired
output voltage is compared with a very high frequency carrier triangle, the two signals are mixed
in a comparator whose output is high when the sine wave is greater than the triangle and the
comparator output is low when the sine wave or typically called the modulation signal is smaller
than the triangle. This phenomenon is shown in Figure 4.6. As is explained the output voltage
from the inverter is not smooth but is a discrete waveform and so it is more likely than the output
wave consists of harmonics, which are not usually desirable since they deteriorate the
performance of the load, to which these voltages are applied.

(a) (b)
Fig 7 PWM illustration by the sine-triangle comparison method (a) sine-triangle comparison (b) switching pulses.

3.3 Working Principle

The simulink model comprises of three phase ac systems, ac filters, rectifiers , inverters ,
impedance , dc transmission line. AC voltage is changed over to DC voltage with the assistance
of rectifiers, converters. Here, AC filters are utilized to improve the efficiency and remove noise.
The smooth DC voltage is then sent through the transmission line to significant distances. At the
following station miles away, DC voltage is received and is changed over back to AC voltage
with the assistance of inverter and filters are utilized to reduce noise. The HVDC connections
can be utilized to interconnect asynchronous AC frameworks that can be operated with different
nominal frequencies.

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4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 8 (a) Schematic diagram of a HVDC link (b) Equivalent circuit

5. SIMULATION
1) No fault :

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2) Only DC fault :

3) Only AC fault :

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4) Both Faults :

5) L-G Fault :

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6) LL-G Fault :

7) LLL-G Fault :

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6. OUTPUT
1) No fault :

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2) Only DC fault :

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3) Only AC fault :

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4) Both Faults :

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5) L-G Fault :

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6) LL-G Fault :

7) LLL-G Fault :

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7. RESULT :
 Current and Voltage Characteristics were obtained.
 Current and Voltage Characteristics on the Inverter and Rectifier side at
steady state WITHOUT fault conditions were obtained.
 Current and Voltage Characteristics on the Inverter and Rectifier side at
steady state WITH fault conditions were obtained

8. CONCLUSION :
This project shows a simple approach of HVDC model by considering
power electronic devices for control the overall system in order to improve
power transfer as well as to achieve reliability in the power transfer. The
analytical results that could be obtained in this proposed model would be a
useful tool in system design and optimization.

9. Advantages of HVDC :
 Controlled power operation is achieved.
 Asynchronous operation possible between regions having different electrical
parameters.
 No restriction on line length as no reactance in dc lines.
 Requires less number of conductors for same power transfer.
 No system stability problems.

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10. REFERENCES
1) Jovcic D. Thyristor-Based HVDC with Forced Commutation. IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery. 2007; 22(1): 557, 564.
2) Wang Y, Xu L. Transmission Network Support Using VSC-based HVDC
Systems. The International Conference on Electrical Engineering. 2009.
3) Aliyu Tukur. Simulation of the performance of High Voltage Direct Current
(HVDC) System with Si- GTO and Sic-GTO thyristors in terms of
efficiency. International journal paper, JEMI. 2010; 1;
4) Flourentzou N, Agelidis VG, Demetriades GD. VSC-Based HVDC Power
Transmission Systems: An Overview. IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics. 2009; 24(3): 592, 602.
5) Shri harsha J, Shilpa GN, Ramesh E, Dayananda LN, Nataraja C. Voltage
Source Converter Based HVDC Transmission. International journal paper,
IJESIT, ISSN: 2319-5967. 2012; 1(1).
6) Sybille G. Theory and application of power system Blockset, a
MATLAB/Simulink- Based Simulation Tool for power system. IEEE PES
Winter Meeting Conference Proceedings. 2000; 1: 774-779.
7) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263426624_Performance_Analysis
_of_a_High_Voltage_DC_HVDC_Transmission_System_under_Steady_Sta
te_and_Faulted_Conditions

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