CONJUNCTIONS, PREPOSITIONS & ADVERBS

Where would you put a conjunction, a preposition or an adverb?

______ the rain, we went to the beach.
_______ it was raining, we went to the beach.
It was raining. _______, we went to the beach.
PREPOSITION the rain, we went to the beach.
CONJUNCTION it was raining, we went to the beach.
It was raining. ADVERB, we went to the beach.
Which ones?
[DESPITE/IN SPITE OF the rain], [we went to the beach.]
[ALTHOUGH it was raining], [we went to the beach.]
[It was raining].[HOWEVER, we went to the beach.]
 CONJUNCTIONS, PREPOSITIONS & ADVERBS
What can PREPOSITIONS be followed by?
PREPOSITION + Nouns / Pronouns / -Ing Verbs
BECAUSE OF / DUE TO / ON ACCOUNT OF / OWING TO are
prepositions which mean BECAUSE
[Flights from El Prat were cancelled] [owing to bad weather.]
[She can’t work much] [on account of the children.]
[He retired in 1987], [partly because of ill health.]
[He almost died] [due to lack of oxygen.]
Typical prepositions:
OF, AT, AFTER, BEFORE, INTO, OUT OF, WITH, WITHOUT,
INSTEAD OF, TO, ONTO, ON, OFF, IN, FOR, BY, UNTIL, PAST
 CONJUNCTIONS + CLAUSE
What is a clause?
Rewrite the [prep + noun] using a [conjunction + clause]:
[Flights from El Prat were cancelled] [owing to bad weather.]
[Flights from El Prat were cancelled] [because the weather was bad.]

What are the most typical conjunctions?

IF / WHEN / ALTHOUGH / BECAUSE / AS SOON AS / WHILE /
WHEREAS / UNLESS / EVEN IF / EVEN THOUGH / AS IF / SO (THAT)
The phrase [BY THE TIME] functions as a conjunction:
[BY THE TIME] we arrived, the other guests were already there.
[Conjunction + subject + conj. verb], [subject + conj. verb]
[Subject + conj. verb] [conjunction + subject + conj. verb]
 POSITION OF CONNECTING ADVERBS
CONNECTING ADVERBS -which join a sentence to a previous
sentence- go in front position.
[It was raining]. [HOWEVER, we went to the beach.]
Can you name a few typical connecting adverbs?
THEREFORE / NEVERTHELESS / AS A RESULT / MOREOVER /
IN ADDITION / IN ANY CASE / ANYWAY / FURTHERMORE /
ON (THE) ONE HAND … ON THE OTHER (HAND) / MIND YOU /
(THEN / THERE) AGAIN / CONSEQUENTLY / BESIDES / THOUGH
[Subject + conj. verb]. [Adverb, + subject + conj. verb]
[Subject + Verb] (,) [AND/BUT + Adverb + subject + verb]
The old system had its flaws, but nevertheless it was
preferable to the new one.
The exam was easy. I didn’t pass, though.
Though the exam was easy, I didn’t pass.
 BEFORE, AFTER, AS/AS, UNTIL
What is the problem with these words?
BEFORE, AFTER and AS can be conjunctions, prepositions or
adverbs; UNTIL can be a conjunction or a preposition.
[This message arrived] [after everyone had gone home.]
[AFTER the war], [I went back to work on the farm.]
He died on June 3rd and was buried the day AFTER.
AS = BECAUSE (As introduces a reason which is known by everyone.):
[AS it was getting late], [we decided to go home.]
AS = WHEN (As introduces a less important background action):
[AS we were sitting down to dinner], [the phone rang.]
[AS I was walking down the street], [I saw Rosalía.]
I work AS a teacher.
I can’t run AS fast AS you.
 CLAUSES of CONTRAST
Clauses of contrast express a contrast:
[DESPITE/IN SPITE OF the rain], [we went to the beach.]
[ALTHOUGH it was raining], [we went to the beach.]
[It was raining].[HOWEVER, we went to the beach.]
After DESPITE/IN SPITE OF we can use THE FACT + THAT-CLAUSE
[DESPITE/IN SPITE OF THE FACT that she is 85], [she’s still very active.]
DESPITE/IN SPITE OF can be followed by -ING.
How do you make the -ING negative?
A pesar de NO ser joven, ella aún es muy activa.
[DESPITE NOT BEING young], [she’s still very active.]
 CLAUSES of PURPOSE
Clauses of purpose express purpose -finalitat-.
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES with 2 VERBS
The typical mistake is to use FOR when the subject of the two
verbs is the same person:
[Peter went to the bank] [TO talk to the bank manager.]
Who went to the bank?
Who talked to the bank manager?
So, we have to use TO before the second verb, not FOR.
This TO is an infinitive marker: it occupies the position of a
conjunction, but it is not a conjunction.
The typical mistake is using a preposition instead of TO:
He went to the bank *for talk/ *for to talk/ *for talking…
 CLAUSES of PURPOSE
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES with [1 verb + a noun (phrase)]
When the second part of the sentence is a NOUN (phrase) we use FOR.
Peter went to the bank [FOR a MEETING] with the bank manager.
This alternation between + to inf. / for + noun phrase is very
frequent in English.
Translate the following sentences:
[Demanen als clients] [que no fumin a l’hotel.]
In Catalan we use: [Subj + Demanar] + [clause], but not in English:
[We ask guests not to smoke in the hotel.] [Verb pattern]
ASK + object + (NOT) TO INFINITIVE is a verb pattern, not a
clause of purpose. Verb Pattern= Lex Verb 1 + Lex Verb 2
El meu germà sempre m’està demanant diners.
My brother is always asking me for money.
 CLAUSES of PURPOSE
Another typical verb patterns is:
Lexical Verb 1 + Object + (not) + Lexical Verb 2
Conjugated v. + object pronoun + (not) + non-conjugated v.
to infinitive
-ing
bare infinitive
Ell vol que ella li digui la veritat.
He wants her to tell him the truth.
Look + to infinitive= aim, hope./Look to so to do something.
for something.
We were looking to finish by Friday.
They are looking to me to help improve sales figures.
Children look to their parents for guidance.
 CLAUSES of PURPOSE
NEGATIVE clauses of purpose. Translate the following sentence:
Vaig anotar el que (ell) em va dir per no (amb la finalitat de
no) oblidar-me'n.
I wrote down what he said SO AS NOT TO FORGET it.
IN ORDER NOT TO FORGET it.
Typical mistakes:
I wrote down what he said *to not/ *not to forget it.

In formal English we can use: IN ORDER TO INF/ SO AS TO INF:

Me he mudado de piso para estar cerca del trabajo.
I moved to a new flat SO AS TO BE near my work.
(Él) se levantó temprano para tener tiempo de hacer las maletas.
He got up early IN ORDER TO HAVE time to pack.
 AFFIRMATIVE CLAUSES of PURPOSE WHEN THE
SUBJECT IS AN OBJECT, NOT A PERSON
When the subject of a purpose clause is an object, we use the
pattern:
Object (tool) (not a person) + … + FOR + -ING
A corkscrew is a tool used for pulling the corks out of wine bottles.
What happens if the subject is a PERSON + Verb + OBJECT?
Usamos un sacacorchos para sacar el tapón de las botellas de vino.
We use corkscrews to pull the corks out of wine bottles.
If the subject is a person + verb + object, we usually use TO INF.
because it is obvious that a corkscrew pulls corks.
a tool used for pulling the corks out of wine bottles  corkscrew
 AFFIRMATIVE CLAUSES of PURPOSE WITH
IN ORDER TO/ SO AS TO (formal)
Informal/standard examples:
(Él) se fue al extranjero para (con el fin de) olvidar.
He went abroad to forget.
Me voy a Austria para aprender alemán.
I’m going to Austria to learn German.
The standard way is to use TO INF. We can also use IN ORDER
TO INF/ SO AS TO INF, but it is a bit formal.
Formal examples:
Me he mudado de piso para estar cerca del trabajo.
I moved to a new flat SO AS TO BE near my work.
(Él) se levantó temprano para tener tiempo de hacer las maletas.
He got up early IN ORDER TO HAVE time to pack.
 CLAUSES of PURPOSE with SO THAT
We can also SO THAT + SUBJECT + AUXILIARY/MODAL VERB
to express purpose.
I went to the bank SO THAT I COULD talk to the bank manager.
In an informal style we can omit that.
Entra sin hacer ruido para que (ella) no te oiga.
Come in quietly so (that) she doesn’t hear you.
He venido pronto para poder hablar contigo.
I’ve come early so I can talk to you.
SO (THAT) is the typical conjunction we use when there are
two different subjects in a sentence:
Come in quietly so (that) she doesn’t hear you.
 We use IN CASE to imagine a precaution necessary for a
possible future situation, to avoid possible future problems.
It is not the same as if. Compare:
I'll take an umbrella in case it rains.
(It may rain or not, but I'll take an umbrella anyway.)
I'll take an umbrella if it rains. (I'll only take one if it rains.)
IN CASE is a conjunction; IN CASE OF is a preposition:
IN CASE OF an emergency, pull the cord.
IN CASE OF fire, do not use the elevator.
Could we rearrange my timetable so that / in case I don’t
have so many classes on a Friday afternoon?
so that  What we say after in case may happen or not; but
what we say after so that will definitely happen if we
rearrange my timetable, I won’t definitely have so many
classes on a Friday afternoon.
 HOW CAN WE KNOW THE FUNCTION OF A WORD?
For example, MEANWHILE. Is it a conjunction, and adverb or
a preposition?
Meaning #1 is the typical adverb position: after a full-stop
and before a comma. But adverbs can be also used between
2 commas, or with and -with or without commas-.
Look at the other 2 meanings of MEANWHILE on Macmillan:

Without the and we must use a conjunction. Which one?

WHILE
He accepted money while (he was) spending it on cruises.
After while we can omit the subject and the auxiliary if the
subject of the two clauses is the same. But if we omit them,
while it is still a conjunction, not a preposition.
Without the and we must use a conjunction, which one?

Rewrite the sentence in 3 using whereas:

You throw food away, whereas children are starving all over the world.
 http://www.engvid.com/english-grammar-the-sentence/
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-85663.php

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-107625.php

http://random-idea-english.blogspot.com.es/2014/08/exploring-concession-and-contrast.html

http://www.engvid.com/vocabulary-though/
http://www.engvid.com/how-to-express-opposing-ideas-in-english/

http://www.engvid.com/writing-transitions-therefore-thus-consequently/

http://www.engvid.com/to-or-for/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cv9afxcMXGA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2PZd2qiGyo
https://www.test-english.com/grammar-points/b1-b2/clauses-contrast-purpose/
https://elt.oup.com/student/englishfile/advanced3/grammar/file01/grammar01_b01?cc=global&selLanguage=en

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1O_0XlgoL4