unit | Present Perfect Simple & Progressive x Camping is something that Ihave always loved doing holiday, all the others were great. My best friend, Bob, since I was a child, but, to be honest, | haven't been hasn't stopped camping at all for all those years. He has camping for years now. As far as can remember, I've just gone camping with his family and will come back in had some of the most exciting holidays of my life up in two weeks. He also took his favourite canoe with him. He the mountains in a little tent, The worst thing that has has been taking this canoe with him on camping trips ever happened 10 me on a camping holiday was when it ever since he was a boy. Actually, I have been thinking of rained non-stop for ten days. Except for that disastrous __ following his example and starting camping again. Present Perfect Affirmative Questions Thave (I've) worked Have you worked? He has (He’s) worked she worked? Negative It has not (hasn't) worked They have not (haven’t) worked The Present Perfect Simple is used: * for actions which happened in the past, but we don’t mention when exactly. I've already read this book. * for actions that happened in the past and their results are obvious in the present. Tim has washed his car. (It's clean.) + for actions which were completed a short time ago (usually with jus). T'm exhausted! I've just come back from hockey practice. ith the superlative form of adjectives and adverbs or with the expressions: the only/first/second ... etc his is the most expensive shirt I’ve ever bought. This is the second time Tina has seen this documentary. Time Expressions for, since, ever, never, before, always, recently, so far, once, twice, just, already, yet, how longpope 35 * have/has gone: indicates that someone went somewhere and is sill there have/has been: indicates that someone went somewhere and returned. Andy has gone to the supermarket Andy has been to Rome twice this year. note * We use the Present Perfect with for and since for actions that started in the past and continue up to the present. For + a period of time indicates the duration of an action. ince + a point in time indicates the starfing point of the action. I've had these rollerblades for two months. Ive had these rollerblades since September. + Present Perfect Simple + since + Past Simple: indicates the slarling point of an action which storted in the post ond continues up to the present. We haven't heard from Felix since he moved to Portugal. + Ago is always used with the Past Simple. Before is used with he Present Perfect Simple. Brandon went sailing two months ago. Brandon's been sailing before. * Yet is used only with the interrogative and negative form of verbs. It is placed at the end of the sentence. Have you finished yet? He hasn't arrived yet. * Already is used with the affirmative and interrogative form of verbs. It is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb, or at the end of the sentence for emphasis. I've already had dinner. You've finished eating already! Have you already done your homework? Present Perfect Progressive Affirmative Questions Thave been working / Sheree Have you been working? Negative It has not (hasn’t) been working The Present Perfect Progressive is used: + for actions which started in the past and continue up to the present. I've been collecting stamps since I was five years old. * for actions which were happening for a period of time in the past and may have finished, but their results are obvious in the present. Peter looks tired. He's been working all day. Time Expressions how long, for, since, all day/morning/night, etcRN | Grammar Practice A Circle the correct answer. 1, Emily isn’t here. She has been going / has gone to the hairdresser’s. 2. We haven’t heard / have been hearing from him for / since he started working at the stock market. 3. Alicia has been cooking / has cooked since / for early in the morning. 4, Ihave always been wanting / have always wanted to become a doctor. 5, My brother has been working / is working at that bank for sixteen years. 6. You reading / Have you read any good books just / recently? 7. Robert has been jogging / has jogged since / for seven o'clock. 8, Ted and Alf have been / gone to the golf club three times this week. B Choose the correct answer, a, b or c. 1, Have you received a letter from your pen pal . a, just b. still . lately 2 has Betty been on the phone for? a, How long b. Since ¢. When 3. Alex hasn’t repaired his car. a. yet b. still . already 4. I've interviewed ten people but none of them seem suitable for the job. a. yet b. already still 5. It has been snowing . L wonder when it will stop. a. all day b. yesterday . already 6. I’ve never ridden a motorcycle a. before b. recently ©. ago 7. Dennis has been playing golf two years, a. for b. before ¢. since 8. Have you thought of living in the country? a. before - ever never 9. Mrs Bell has left. She'll be back in two hout a. just b. ever . lately 10. We haven't been to Austria a. ago b. never ¢. before| C Expand the notes into sentences. Use the Present Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Progressive + for / since, where needed. 1. Jess / not / start / driving lessons / yet 2, Olga / try / contact / Mary / two days 3.1/ know / Monica / she / be / ten 4, Jack / learn / Spanish / two years 5. Debbie's parents / never / be / China 6. My cousin / work / as an accountant / ten years 7. Brian / be / unemployed / last year 8. They / wait / bus / six o'clock / in the morning D Complete with the Past Simple, the Present Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Progressive of the verbs in brackets. Dear Eric, I hope you're fine. Camp is great! There are kids from many different countries here. We (1) (do) lots of interesting things since we (2) (get) here. ll quickly tell you about a few. Since the beginning of this camping holiday, we (3) (have) traditional dishes at dinnertime! Delicious! We (4) (try) pasta from the Italian team, ‘paella’ from the Spanish team, ‘enchiladas’ from the Mexican team and lots more. Last night the Moroccan team (5S) (maak) ‘tajine’. It (6) (bee) one of the best meals 1a (ever/have)! Tonight is Greek night. The Greek team O— (prepare) about 200 ‘souviakia’ and loads of Greek salads. | can’t wait! During our stay, we (9) (learn) lots of new things. The leaders of our teams (10) (talk) to us about the effects of pollution. | (11) (realise) that all countries must work together to control pollution. We (12) (clean) the beach near our campsite all week. Yesterday they (13) (show) us how the sea can be cleaned if an oil spill occurs. I'l show you the pictures when | get back. See you soon, Fredeed | Vocabulary Practice A Complete the sentences using the correct phrasal verb. 1. The moment Bruce picked up the old book, it in his hands. 2. Do you know what subjects in yesterday’s meeting? 3. I'm sure that Barbara can some more good ideas. 4, 1 must go home early today. I think I've the flu, 5. It's not my fault, Mum. I just touched it and the handle 6. As Sue was cleaning the attic the other day, she some old photographs with her schoolmates from high school. B Complete with the correct preposition (out, of, for, to, in, on) and then complete the sentences. ages 6. have no intention 2. be willing 7. be and about 3. tend & of the ordinary 4. top of that 9. have sth common i the future 10, every once a while 1. I don’t think we can become close friends. We have nothing 2. Well, Walter’s poems are nice, but not anything 3, We don’t see the boss very often lately. He only comes 4, We haven't seen Janet . Thope she’s alright. 5. I'm really sorry, Max. I offending you. 6. They don’t spend much time playing on the computer. They prefer playing football. 7. He's do whatever it takes to keep his children happy. 8. Yesterday Nina lost her purse and her sunglasses, . she broke her arm. 9. I'm sure they'll move to Canada at some point 10, My brother can’t stand staying at home all day long. He likesunit 08 Must — Have To — Need / Had Better / Would Rather - Hi, Ken! What’s up? What about joining me at the pottery class? ~ Well, thanks, Carl but Ican’t make it today. I have to cut the grass and water the garden all by myself. - Oh, you can always do it tomorrow, Ken. ~ You know that I'd rather come with you, but I promised my mother to finish off today and I really must keep my promise. I need to get some extra ‘money for my new scooter. Sorry, Carl. Maybe some other time. - OK, then, Pd better leave now, or V'll be late for my pottery class. Bye, Ken. - Bye, Carl. See you tomorrow. must - have to - need EXPRESSING OBLIGATION AND PROHIBITION + must + base form expresses personal obligation in the present or future, I must finish this by tonight. I say so) + have to + base form expresses external obligation in the present or future, You have t0 drive on the left when you're in England. s the law) + mustn’t + base form expresses prohibition in the present or future. You musin’t park here. (= You aren't allowed to) + had to + base form expresses obligation in the past. When I was at school, I had to wake up at 7 o'clock every morning, had better Had better + base form is used to give strong advice. It often expresses threat or warning, It refers to the present or future, not the past. Its negative form is had better not. In spoken English the short form is commonly used (I'd beter, you'd better, etc:). You'd better ask a doctor about it. EXPRESSING NECESSITY AND ABSENCE OF NECESSITY + need to + base form expresses necessity in the present or future. I need to know how many people will be at the seminar. + don’t haye to / don’t need to / needn’t + base form. express absence of necessity in the present or future You don't have to call us again. (= It isn’t necessary) He doesn’t need to send his CV again. You needn't worry. Everything is under control, + needed to + base form expresses necessity in the past. We needed to buy some more soft drinks, so we went to the supermarket, didn’t have to / didn’t need to + base form express absence of necessity in the past (something wasn’t necessary and may or may not have been done). Mr Brown didn't have to / didn’t need to pick up the kids from school. would rather Would rather + base form is used to express preference about the present or future. It is usually followed by than. Its negative form is would rather not, In spoken English the short form is commonly used (I'd rather, you'd rather, etc.). I'd rather play tennis than football.— — | Grammar Practice A Choose the correct answer a, b or c. 1. Max never to go to the post office, because his brother works there. a. needs b. hasn't ¢. doesn’t have to 2. Terry go on business trips abroad twice a month. a.need b. has to ¢. don’t have to 3. 1 can’t go out tonight. I finish my project. |. had to. b. need ¢. must 4. Take your time reading the book. You give it back to me for another week. a. need b. don’t have to ¢. must not 5. We to water the garden more often now that it’s summer. a. need b. had better ¢. must 6. Excuse me, sir. You park in here. It’s forbidden. a. needn't b. don’t have to €. mustn't 7. Tina, you cook. We're eating out tonight. don’t have b. don’t need eneedn’t 8. Martin get back home before midnight or else he'll be in trouble, a. needs b. has to ¢. needn't B Circle the correct answer. 1. You'd better not stay / to stay up late tonight since you must wake up early tomorrow morning. 2. Well, I don’t really like curry. I'd rather to order / order something less spicy. 3. We'd better hurried up / hurry up or we'll miss the train, It’s almost half past three, 4. The children had / would better wear their helmets when they go cycling. 5. My grandmother would rather travelling / travel by train than by plane because she’s afraid of heights. 6. The manager would rather check / to check all his e-mails by himself. 7. You'd better / rather not eat so many sweets since you're on a diet. 8. Don’t you think we'd better buy / buying some more wood for the fireplace tomorrow? It’s getting colder and colder every day.a ” C Rewrite the sentences making the necessary changes using had better or would rather. 1. Chris got sunburnt. He must put some after-sun cream on. He 2.1 don’t want to go out tonight. I'm very tired. I 3. George wants to lose weight. Why doesn’t he go to the gym? He 4, I's a good idea to clean the house before noon. We $. I's raining, Don’t leave without taking an umbrella, You 6. They don’t want spaghetti. They prefer to order a pizza. They D Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word given. ‘You must use between two and five words including the word given. 1. He doesn’t want to order sushi, because he can’t stand the smell of fish. and the smell of fish. rather He sushi, because he can’ 2, Ladvise you to see her right now, because she’s leaving in a while. had You right now, because she’s leaving in a while. 3, It isn’t necessary for him to take them to the train station. med He them to the train station. 4, Parking your car in front of that building is forbidden. not You in front of that building. 5. It’s necessary to buy your own racket to start tennis lessons. have You racket to start tennis lessons. 6. I think that you must ca better Tthink thatthe plumber today. TT | Vocabulary Practice A Complete the sentences using the correct “do” expression. the plumber today. do research do sb good do one’s homework do the best I can/do one’s best do the cooking do well/badly 1. Tell your friends that you can play only when you've 2, Nathan promised that he'll to help your children, 3. Ashley usually and Donna lays the table. 4, Is your throat sore, Linda? A cup of hot tea will then, 5.1 was glad to hear that they both in their exams. 6. Mr Welles and his scientific team are on gorillas.ST B Complete with the correct phrasal verb. get on well with sb: have o good/friendly ——_get through: finish doing sth relationship with sb get away with: not punished for sth wrong get across: make sth understood you've done get by: manage fo live 1. Oscar broke the kitchen window, but he didn’t it. 2. Unfortunately, 1 don’t our new French teacher 3. The lecturer found it difficult to his ideas tous, 4, Jessica managed to only the first two exercises in the test. 5. Now that he’s working part-time, he'll have to learn to on less C Fill in the word formation table and then complete the text using the correct derivative. VE NOUN BU Oe UAE RUS consideration considerably 2. located - 3 fascination F - re - anxious 5 mind mindlessly 6. i 4 terrifyingly, terribly 7 bore boredom 8. selective Buying a home can cause a person a (1) CONSIDER amount of stress. All you have to remember is that 2), is everything, You can buy the LOCATE most (3) house, but if it inthe wrong FASCINATE neighborhood it’s only going to lose its value and cause you a great amount of (4) ANXIOUS. So what should you look out for? Here are some things to consider before making a (5), decision, Houses near lakes or parks MIND usually hold on to their value whereas those in industrial, noisy areas drop in value. Another important factor to consider is safety. Why buy a house in a neighborhood where you are too (6) to step outside for a walk? TERRIFY And what if you were feeling (7), 2 Wouldn’t it be great if there BORE was a (8) of shops and restaurants near your house? These are SELECT just a few things you might want to think about before buying your house.