Lect 9 FRP Shear Design1

FRP Shear Design FRP Shear Design
FRP Shear Design

¾ The shear resistance in typical steel/FRP reinforced beam is
provided by
Shear strength of concrete is influenced by flexural
stiffness of tensile bars.
Shear strength of top concrete that is not yet cracked.
Friction provided by the aggregate interlock.
FRP Shear Design Vertical component of force carried by the longitudinal
reinforcement.
Vertical component of force carried by the additional
rebars if provided.
Additional thrust provided by the compression (only in
deep beams)
¾ No analytical method available to compute individual shear
capacity but the shear contribution by above factors is taken
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

Javaid.Ahmad@nu.edu.pk
as cumulative and called concrete contribution shear
1 resistance Vc. 2

FRP Shear Design (Cont’d) FRP Shear Design (Cont’d)
¾ However, in typical FRP reinforced beam, the effect of these ¾ Therefore, the shear capacity of concrete significantly
factors is not the same as in steel reinforced beam, why? reduced when used with FRP rebars as compare to the steel
The depth of neutral axis is very small and, therefore, rebars.
Shear strength of top concrete is much lowered than its ¾ The same model as used to design shear reinforcement in
steel counterpart. steel reinforced beam cannot be applied to FRP reinforced
The width of cracks (allowed) in FRP reinforced beam is beam.
more than that in steel. ¾ Two major sources of shear resistance:
As FRP rebars are anisotropic, the shear force resisted by Cumulative effect of concrete Vc,
the vertical component of force carried by the Resistance from additional shear reinforcement Vs.
longitudinal reinforcement is small as compare to steel. ¾ In case of steel stirrups, it is assumed that steel yielded.
As FRP stirrups do not yield, therefore, stress in FRP ¾ However, in case of FRP stirrups, there is no such thing.
cannot be computed easily.
The tensile strength of bent portion of FRP rebars (not
recommended) is significantly lower then the straight

rebars.
3 4
¾ In LRFD method/approach, the factored nominal shear must ¾ The ACI code 440.1R-15:8.2a provides equation to compute
be more than the factored ultimate moment, i.e. Vc in both FPS and SI systems
ϕVn > Vu (for FPS units) (1)
¾ The nominal shear capacity Vn of an FRP beam is give by (for SI units)
(ACI code 440.1R-15).
Vn = Vc + Vf where k is neutral axis depth factor, bw is width of the beam
where Vc is the shear capacity of concrete and Vf is the shear web.
capacity of FRP stirrups.
(2)
¾ If Vu < 0.5ϕVc, then no shear reinforcement required.
¾ If Vu > 0.5ϕVc, then provide minimum amount of shear ¾ The strength reduction factor ϕ for shear is taken as 0.75.
reinforcement.
¾ If Vu > ϕVc, then design for additional reinforcement

5 6

¾ The shear capacity of FRP stirrups is calculated by ¾ The stress in the FRP stirrups ffv is taken as the smaller of:
assuming that critical shear crack is at 45° with the ffv = 0.004Ef
longitudinal axis (ACI 440.1R-15:8.2e-g) ್
<
(vertical stirrups) ್
(3) ¾ The strength reduction factor ϕ for shear is taken as 0.75.
(inclined stirrups)
¾ Now, compute stirrups spacing from Eq. ()
(continuous spirals) ϕ
(4)
ϕ
where
Afv is area of stirrups across the shear crack,
ffv is stress in the FRP stirrups,
s is the spacing between two stirrups along the beam axi,
is inclination between the stirrup and the beam
longitudinal axis.

7 8
Limits on FRP Shear Design Limits on FRP Shear Design (Cont’d)
¾ The maximum spacing permitted by the ACI code is d/2 or ¾ To prevent shear crushing failure, check the shear capacity
24 in. (This condition ensures that shear crack at 45° must be of concrete
intercepted by at least one stirrup). (6)
¾ The tail length of 90° hook of stirrups should be at least
12db.
¾ All stirrups hook must be anchored in compression zone.
Why ?
¾ The minimum amount of shear reinforcement is required if
Vu > 0.5ϕVc (in order to prevent brittle shear failure) as
given by ACI 440.1R-15:8.2.2.
ೢ
(for FPS units) (5)
೑ೡ

(for SI units)
೑ೡ
9 10

FRP Shear Design Procedure FRP Flexural Design Procedure (Cont’d)
Step 1 Step 4
¾ Calculate the shear demand. ¾ Design shear reinforcement based on permissible stress in
FRP stirrups and apply all the check.
Step 2 ?
¾ Determine the concrete shear capacity with FRP rebars. Step 5
Take physical properties of FRP rebars (FRP strength is ¾ Calculate factored shear strength and compare with ultimate
function of bar size). demand.
Take concrete cover as 2db. The strength reduction factor ϕ for shear is taken as 0.75.
Calculate effective depth d. If design is not met then redesign the beam
Step 3
¾ Check if additional shear reinforcement is required.
If Vu > 0.5ϕVc, then provide minimum amount of shear
reinforcement as defined in Eq. (5) on Slide # 8).

If Vu > ϕVc, then design for additional reinforcement.

11 12
FRP Shear Design Sample Problem
FRP Flexural Design Procedure (Cont’d) Sample Problem 1
Step 6 Design the shear reinforcement Geometric and physical
¾ Check/Apply the limits on shear reinforcement and concrete for a simply supported already properties:
strength. designed in Lecture 6. It is an FRP = 4000 psi
If designed is controlled by spacing of stirrups then reinforced beam used for an = 90 ksi
redesign by using the least diameter of the stirrups. interior purpose with length L = Ef = 6500 ksi
Apply checks for minimum shear reinforcement and 11-ft. = 0.014 (= /Ef)
concrete shear strength. Take the live load LL = 400 lb/ft
Step 7 and superimposed dead load DL = = 0.8*90=72 ksi
¾ Provide the detailing of the stirrups and draw a sketch for the 208 lb/ft in addition to its own A 12 x 7 section is
final design. weight. Take curvature of bent already designed with 2
stirrup bars rd/db = 3 # 6 (Af = 0.88 in2)
Assume FRP rebar strength is not rebars
a function bar size. 0.0086
ρf = 0.0129

d = 9.75 in.
13 14
Sample Problem Sample Problem
Sample Problem 1: Solution Sample Problem 1: Solution (Cont’d)

Step 1 Step 3
¾ Calculate the shear demand. ¾ Check if additional shear reinforcement is required.
Factored/Ultimate load wu = 1.2(208+87.5) + 1.6(400) = If Vu > 0.5ϕVc, then provide minimum amount of shear
994.6 lb/ft (ACI 318-05 or ASCE 7-02) reinforcement as defined in Eq. (5) on Slide # 8).
Shear demand Vu = wu(L/2 - d) = 4.66 kips • As Vu (4.66 kips) > 0.5x0.75x4.18, therefore,
minimum reinforcement is required
Step 2 If Vu > ϕVc, then design for additional reinforcement
¾ Determine the concrete shear capacity with FRP rebars. • As Vu (4.66 kips) > 0.75x4.18, therefore, design for
Modular ratio ηf = Ef/Ec = 6500*1000/(57000* ) additional reinforcement
Modular ratio ηf =1.8
Neutral axis depth ratio k, Eq. (2) on slide 6
k = 0.194
Using Eq. (4) on slide 7

= 4.18 kips
15 16
Sample Problem 1: Solution (Cont’d) Sample Problem 1: Solution (Cont’d)

Step 4 Step 5
¾ Design shear reinforcement based on permissible stress in ¾ Check for Minimum shear reinforcement and other limits
FRP stirrups and apply all the check ೢ
• (for FPS units)
Provide # 3 FRP bars for stirrups ೑ೡ
೑ೡǡ೘೔೙ ೑ೡ
Av = 0.11*2 = 0.22 in2. • or s =
ೢ
Take the stress in stirrups as smaller of
• s=
• ffv = 0.004Ef = 0.004x6500 = 26 ksi
್ • Take s= 4.9 in., use # 3 FRP bars with s = 4.5 in.
• =(0.05x3+0.3)72 = 32.4 ksi
್
• Take ffv = 26 ksi • Or Check area
0.75 0.22 26 9.75 ೢ
• = 27.4 in. • = 50*7*4.5/26 = 0.06 < 0.22 in2,
0.75 ೑ೡ
• As spacing s > d/2 , use s = d/2 = 9.75/2 = 4.9 in. OK
¾ = 34.5 kips > 4.18, OK

17 18
Sample Problem 1: Solution (Cont’d) Sample Problem 1: Solution (Cont’d)

Step 6 Step 7
¾ Calculate factored shear strength and compare with ultimate ¾ Provide the detailing of the stirrups and draw a sketch for the
demand, use Eq. (3) on slide 6. final design.
= 0.22x26x9.75/4.5 = 12.39 kips Use close loop stirrups with minimum tail length of 12db
= 4.18+12.39 = 16.57 kips = 12x0.375 = 4.5 in
0.75*16.57 = 12.43 kips > 4.66 kips, OK Make sure that hooks are placed in compression zone of
¾ This beam is overdesigned for shear because of maximum the beam.
spacing requirement.

19 20
Sample Problem FRP Punching Shear Design
Sample Problem 1: Solution (Cont’d) Punching Shear Design

Step 8 (Optimizing Shear design) ¾ The punching shear failure is a critically mechanism that
¾ Compute distance from support beyond which no shear usually occurs in slabs (particularly the flat slabs) and the
reinforcement is required.. footings.
xm= (Vsupport - Vc/2)wu = 4.5 in ¾ The force acting on the slab around a column exceeds its
xm= (0.9946x5.5 - x4.18/2)0.9946 = 4.5 in resistance and the slab falls down around the column
¾ Look at the typical punching shear failure mechanism.
¾ Compute distance from support beyond which no shear
reinforcement is required..
xm= (Vsupport - Vc)wu = 4.5 in
xm= (0.9946x5.5 - x4.18)0.9946 = 2.35 in
¾ The punching shear failure at one column can cause a

complete failure/collapse of the structure.
21 22
FRP Punching Shear Design Sample Problem

Punching Shear Design Sample Problem 2
¾ The punching shear capacity of two-way concrete slab with Design the punching shear Geometric and physical
FRP bars is calculated as (ACI 440.1R-15:8.4a). reinforcement for a bridge deck properties:
(7) slab already designed in Lecture = 4000 psi
(for SI units) 8. = 90 ksi
In previous design, 3 # 5 FRP Ef = 5920 ksi
where b0 is the perimeter of critical section at depth d/2 from
the concentrated/point load.
rebars were used, Af = 0.93 in2. = 0.014
Live load factor LL = 1.3*1.67
¾ The punching shear design should be based on AASHTO
= 2.17 (already calculated in = 0.8*90=72 ksi
2002 where the tire footprint is taken as 0.01P in2 and the
lecture 8).
ratio of width to length is 2.5 3 # 5 (Af,T = 0.93 in2)
Impact factor = 0.3 of LL (See 0.0112
lecture 8) dT = 6.94 in.
For more detail, see lecture 8. 2 # 5 (Af,L = 0.?? in2)
0.0082


dL = 6.31 in.
23 24
Sample Problem 2: Solution Sample Problem 2: Solution

Step 1 Step 2 (Cont’d)
¾ Calculate the shear demand. ¾ Use Eq. (5) to compute punching shear capacity.
Punching shear load is the wheel load multiplied by
AASHTO LL factor and impact factors. Foot print/tire area = 0.01P20 = 0.01*16000 = 160 in2.
Punching Shear demand Vu = 2.17(P20)1.3 = 45.14 kips Length L =2.5LxL = 160 , L = 8 in. and W = 20 in.
Punching shear perimeter = (L+ davg) + (W+ davg)
Step 2 = (8+6.63) + (20+6.63) = 82.5 in.
¾ Determine the concrete punching shear capacity with FRP Modular ratio ηf = Ef/Ec = 5920*1000/(57000* )
rebars. Modular ratio ηf =1.64
For punching shear case under the wheel load, only Neutral axis depth ratio k, Eq. (3) on slide 6 of Lecture 7
bottom reinforcement is considered as active. Take k = 0.163 (Use 0.0097)
average value of transverse and longitudinal
= 56.4 kips
reinforcement at the bottom
= 56.4 kips
davg = (6.94+6.31)/2 = 6.63 in.

(0.0112+0.0082)/2 = 0.0097
25 26
Sample Problem Case Study
Sample Problem 2: Solution Case Study: Punching Shear Failure

Step 3 ¾ Collapse of 2000 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston
¾ Calculate factored shear strength and compare with ultimate
demand,
0.75*56.4 =42.3 kips < 45.14 kips, Not OK
¾ The factored capacity is slightly less than the ultimate
demand, therefore, the bottom reinforcement should be
slightly increased
Increase the bottom reinforcement in longitudinal
direction from 2 to 3 # 5 bars per width of slab, i.e.
0.0112
0.0112
Recalculate neutral axis depth ratio k,
k = 0.1? (Use 0.0112)
= ?.? Kips > 45.14,

OK
27 28
Case Study Case Study
Case Study: Punching Shear Failure Case Study: Punching Shear Failure
¾ Collapse of 2000 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston ¾ Collapse of 2000 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston (Cont’d)
A 16-story apartment building collapsed under The design (28-day) strength of 3,000 psi.
construction. At the time of the failure, 47 days after casting, the
A cast-in-place reinforced concrete flat slab. concrete strength was less than 3,000 psi.
The punching shear was believed to be the cause of the concrete at the
collapse. point of the collapse had been cast on December 3 or 9,
failure took place in three phases: 1970.
• The punching shear failure in the main roof; The concrete strength was at 1,600 and 1,900 psi at 47
• Collapse of the roof slab; and 53 days, respectively.
• The progressive collapse of remaining structure The slab thickness did not meet code requirements at the
• The mishap happened during the construction in front point of failure against the punching shear.
of the workers: The construction loading was limited to 30 psf but actual
• ‘‘I can’t believe my eyes. I see this slab coming down load was 130 psf.
around the column.’’

• The design documents specified
• a 28-day strength of 20 MPa ~3,000 psi!. At the time 29 30
f th
Case Study Case Study
Case Study: Punching Shear Failure Case Study: Punching Shear Failure
¾ Collapse of 2000 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston (Cont’d) ¾ Collapse of 2000 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston (Cont’d)
No ties were provided in the bottom 3 to 4 ft of several The code requirement that at the removal of formwork,
columns; the concrete must first reach 70% of its 28 day strength
• Concrete clear cover in columns was between 1/2 and 8 was not fulfilled.
in. instead of the 1-7/8 in. ¾ The collapse of Skyline Plaza, Virginia and Harbour Cay
The column had only six instead of eight longitudinal condominium building, Florida, are blamed to punching
reinforcing bars, shear failure.
The slab reinforcement was at or below the mid-depth of
the slab,
The collapse occurred near a construction joint, where no
dowel bars were placed.
The bottom slab bars were not long enough to tie into the
walls or columns.
No mechanism was provided to protect the concrete

against the effects of cold weather.

31 32

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FRP Shear Design FRP Shear Design

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FRP Shear Design FRP Shear Design

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FRP Shear Design FRP Shear Design

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 If Vu > ϕVc, then design for additional reinforcement.

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Sample Problem Sample Problem

Sample Problem 1: Solution Sample Problem 1: Solution (Cont’d)

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Sample Problem 1: Solution (Cont’d) Sample Problem 1: Solution (Cont’d)

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Sample Problem Sample Problem

Sample Problem 1: Solution (Cont’d) Sample Problem 1: Solution (Cont’d)

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Sample Problem 1: Solution (Cont’d) Punching Shear Design

¾ The punching shear failure at one column can cause a

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FRP Punching Shear Design Sample Problem

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Sample Problem 2: Solution Sample Problem 2: Solution

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Sample Problem Case Study

Sample Problem 2: Solution Case Study: Punching Shear Failure

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against the effects of cold weather.

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If Vu > ϕVc, then design for additional reinforcement.